Information theory - Kvíz
Information theory
  • 1. What are pseudorandom number generators in computer language libraries almost universally unsuited for?
A) Seismic exploration
B) Cryptographic use
C) Gambling
D) Bioinformatics
  • 2. What must cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators have to work as intended?
A) Random seeds external to the software
B) High Shannon entropy
C) Integrated neural clusters
D) Analog processing methods
  • 3. How can random seeds for pseudorandom generators be obtained?
A) Through Shannon entropy
B) By using semiotic signs
C) Via digital noise
D) Via extractors
  • 4. What is the measure of sufficient randomness in extractors?
A) Min-entropy
B) Effective information
C) Free energy
D) Dynamic core hypothesis
  • 5. Min-entropy is related to Shannon entropy through which other type of entropy?
A) Rényi entropy
B) Thermal entropy
C) Algorithmic entropy
D) Conditional entropy
  • 6. Where is Rényi entropy also used?
A) In seismic oil exploration
B) In evaluating randomness in cryptographic systems
C) In minimizing free energy
D) In semiotic code control
  • 7. Does a random variable with high Shannon entropy guarantee it is satisfactory for use in an extractor?
A) No
B) Only in cryptographic systems
C) Yes
D) Only for pseudorandom numbers
  • 8. What was one early commercial application of information theory?
A) Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
B) Black hole analysis
C) Seismic oil exploration
D) Bioinformatics
  • 9. What did information theory make it possible to do in seismic exploration?
A) Strip off and separate unwanted noise from the desired seismic signal
B) Minimize free energy in the brain
C) Generate secure pseudorandom numbers
D) Decode dominant social messages
  • 10. What methods offered a major improvement of resolution and image clarity over previous analog methods in seismic work?
A) Extractors and Rényi entropy
B) Information theory and digital signal processing
C) Free energy principles
D) Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators
  • 11. Which semioticians considered Charles Sanders Peirce as having created a theory of information?
A) Karl J. Friston and Andrey Kolmogorov
B) Gerald Edelman and Giulio Tononi
C) Umberto Eco and Ferruccio Rossi-Landi
D) Doede Nauta and Winfried Nöth
  • 12. How did Doede Nauta define semiotic information theory?
A) The separation of unwanted noise from seismic signals
B) The minimization of free energy in a self-organized system
C) The measurement of sufficient randomness in extractors
D) The study of the internal processes of coding, filtering, and information processing
  • 13. Which semioticians used concepts like redundancy and code control to explain ideology?
A) Umberto Eco and Ferruccio Rossi-Landi
B) Doede Nauta and Winfried Nöth
C) C.E. Shannon and R.V.L. Hartley
D) Gerald Edelman and Karl J. Friston
  • 14. In semiotic explanations of ideology, how does a dominant social class emit its message?
A) Through digital signal processing of seismic signals
B) By using signs that exhibit a high degree of redundancy
C) By utilizing cryptographically secure pseudorandom seeds
D) By applying the free energy principle
  • 15. Where have quantitative information theoretic methods been applied in cognitive science?
A) To extract random numbers for cryptography
B) To explore seismic oil deposits
C) To analyze the integrated process organization of neural information
D) To study black holes and bioinformatics
  • 16. What neurological problem is linked to the analysis of neural information organization?
A) The problem of algorithmic complexity
B) The paradox of extraterrestrial intelligence
C) The issue of seismic noise filtering
D) The binding problem in cognitive neuroscience
  • 17. Whose functional clustering model and dynamic core hypothesis define an information-theoretical measure in neural processing?
A) Gerald Edelman and Giulio Tononi
B) Doede Nauta and Winfried Nöth
C) R.V.L. Hartley and C.E. Shannon
D) Umberto Eco and Ferruccio Rossi-Landi
  • 18. What is Giulio Tononi's integrated information theory (IIT) of consciousness based on?
A) Seismic signal processing
B) Effective information
C) Shannon entropy
D) Min-entropy
  • 19. What underlies the definition of measures in the context of neural information organization?
A) A high degree of redundancy in signs
B) A reentrant process organization
C) Analog methods of data transmission
D) External cryptographic random seeds
  • 20. What does a reentrant process organization refer to?
A) The filtering of unwanted noise from desired seismic signals
B) The synchronization of neurophysiological activity between groups of neuronal populations
C) The generation of pseudorandom numbers using extractors
D) The coding and filtering processes studied in semiotics
  • 21. Whose free energy principle (FEP) states that every adaptive change leads to a minimization of free energy?
A) Karl J. Friston
B) Giulio Tononi
C) Gerald Edelman
D) Charles Sanders Peirce
  • 22. What type of system does the free energy principle apply to?
A) A self-organized system
B) A dominant social class
C) An analog seismic receiver
D) A cryptographic random number generator
  • 23. Along with the free energy principle, what other hypothesis is mentioned in relation to statistical methods in the brain?
A) The Bayesian brain hypothesis
B) The dynamic core hypothesis
C) The integrated information theory
D) The semiotic information theory
  • 24. Which field, aside from cryptography and seismology, has applications in information theory?
A) Astrology
B) Alchemy
C) Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
D) Phrenology
  • 25. Which physical phenomenon is listed alongside extraterrestrial intelligence as having applications for information theory?
A) Neural clusters
B) Black holes
C) Seismic waves
D) Tectonic plates
  • 26. What life-science field is mentioned as having applications in information theory?
A) Biophysics
B) Bioinformatics
C) Biochemistry
D) Biomechanics
  • 27. What recreational activity is listed as an application of information theory?
A) Crosswords
B) Gambling
C) Cipher creation
D) Chess
  • 28. Who is listed in the history section alongside C.E. Shannon and Andrey Kolmogorov?
A) Umberto Eco
B) Gerald Edelman
C) Doede Nauta
D) R.V.L. Hartley
  • 29. Who is mentioned in the history section alongside R.V.L. Hartley and Andrey Kolmogorov?
A) Winfried Nöth
B) Giulio Tononi
C) Ferruccio Rossi-Landi
D) C.E. Shannon
  • 30. Who is listed in the history section alongside R.V.L. Hartley and C.E. Shannon?
A) Winfried Nöth
B) Karl J. Friston
C) Charles Sanders Peirce
D) Andrey Kolmogorov
  • 31. What is the historical figure H.P. Yockey associated with in the text?
A) Integrated information theory
B) Free energy principle
C) History of information theory
D) Dynamic core hypothesis
  • 32. What do physiological systems use information theory to exchange, process, and integrate as?
A) A network
B) A brute force attack
C) A single organ
D) A block cipher
  • 33. What do physiological systems generate alongside functions in health and disease?
A) Distinct physiological states
B) Information theory units
C) Unicity distances
D) Symmetric keys
  • 34. What does network cross-communication and regulation reveal within the organism?
A) How encryption keys are generated
B) Why it ceases permanently
C) How it occurs
D) Why brute force attacks succeed
  • 35. Which interactions are listed as applications of information-theoretic approaches in physiology?
A) Cryptographic interactions
B) Cardio-respiratory interactions
C) Enigma machine interactions
D) One-time pad interactions
  • 36. In what kind of environments is network physiology applied according to the text?
A) Simulated virtual environments
B) Underground bunker environments
C) Extreme environments
D) Cryogenic laboratory environments
  • 37. What was the name of Turing's information unit used in the Ultra project?
A) The ban
B) The shannon
C) The bit
D) The byte
  • 38. In which project was Turing's information unit used?
A) The Enigma project
B) The Unicity project
C) The Venona project
D) The Ultra project
  • 39. What German machine code was broken during World War II with the help of the ban?
A) Symmetric key code
B) Lorenz cipher code
C) Enigma machine code
D) One-time pad code
  • 40. What does information theory lead us to believe about keeping secrets?
A) It is completely impossible under any circumstances
B) It requires no computational effort
C) It is extremely easy using symmetric keys
D) It is much more difficult than it might first appear
  • 41. What kind of attack can break systems based on asymmetric or symmetric key algorithms?
A) An information-theoretic attack
B) A network physiology attack
C) A brute force attack
D) A conditional mutual attack
  • 42. What are symmetric key algorithms sometimes called?
A) One-time pads
B) Asymmetric algorithms
C) Unicity distance algorithms
D) Secret key algorithms
  • 43. What is an example of a commonly used method of symmetric key algorithms?
A) Bans
B) Transfer entropy
C) Block ciphers
D) One-time pads
  • 44. What must be used correctly even when applying information-theoretically secure methods?
A) Care
B) Transfer entropy
C) Block ciphers
D) Brute force
  • 45. Which project was able to crack the one-time pads of the Soviet Union?
A) The Ultra project
B) The Venona project
C) The Enigma project
D) The Network Physiology project
  • 46. In which type of data compression must the data be reconstructed exactly?
A) Rate-distortion theory
B) Lossless data compression
C) Channel coding
D) Lossy data compression
  • 47. What justifies the division of coding theory into compression and transmission?
A) Pragmatic information
B) Channel resolvability
C) Source-channel separation theorems
D) Rate-distortion theory
  • 48. What do source-channel separation theorems justify the use of as the universal currency for information?
A) Bits
B) Entropy
C) Distortion functions
D) Bytes
  • 49. What type of channel involves more than one transmitter?
A) The relay channel
B) The multiple-access channel
C) The wiretap channel
D) The broadcast channel
  • 50. What type of channel involves more than one receiver?
A) The relay channel
B) The multiple-access channel
C) The broadcast channel
D) The wiretap channel
  • 51. What type of channel involves intermediary helpers?
A) The multiple-access channel
B) The relay channel
C) The wiretap channel
D) The broadcast channel
  • 52. What should joint entropy not be confused with despite similar notation?
A) Kullback-Leibler divergence
B) Conditional entropy
C) Cross-entropy
D) Mutual information
  • 53. What type of space does the vector give values in for joint entropy?
A) Euclidean space
B) Product space
C) Vector space
D) Metric space
  • 54. What is the formula for self-information I(pi)?
A) -log2(pi)
B) -ln(pi)
C) log2(pi)
D) 1 / pi
  • 55. What is the entropy H relative to the surprisal of all possible symbols?
A) The median
B) The maximum value
C) The geometric mean
D) The weighted average
  • 56. If 1000 bits are transmitted and each is independently and equally likely to be 0 or 1, how much information has been transmitted?
A) 1 shannon
B) 2000 bits
C) No information
D) 1000 shannons
  • 57. In what year was Claude Shannon's paper 'A Mathematical Theory of Communication' published?
A) 1952
B) 1960
C) 1939
D) 1948
  • 58. In what decade was information theory established and formalized?
A) 1940s
B) 1920s
C) 1930s
D) 1950s
  • 59. In what context was information theory initially formed?
A) Quantum computing
B) Molecular biology
C) Artificial intelligence
D) Telecommunication
  • 60. What is the entropy of a coin flip when you already know the outcome after it has landed?
A) 0.5 bits
B) 1 bit
C) Zero
D) 2 bits
  • 61. What is an example of source coding or data compression mentioned in the text?
A) DSL
B) Voyager missions
C) Compact discs
D) ZIP files
  • 62. What is an example of channel coding mentioned in the text?
A) ZIP files
B) DSL
C) Artificial intelligence
D) Mobile phones
  • 63. Whose success was crucially impacted by information theory regarding deep space missions?
A) Voyager missions
B) Hubble telescope
C) Apollo missions
D) Curiosity rover
  • 64. Which invention's success was crucially impacted by information theory?
A) Television
B) Radio
C) Compact disc
D) Steam engine
  • 65. What technology's feasibility was made possible by information theory?
A) Automobiles
B) Airplanes
C) Mobile phones
D) Electric guitars
  • 66. What modern developments were impacted by information theory alongside artificial intelligence?
A) The Internet
B) The postal service
C) The telegraph network
D) The printing press
  • 67. Which computational paradigm is listed alongside artificial intelligence as an application of information theory?
A) Quantum computing
B) Distributed computing
C) Optical computing
D) Cloud computing
  • 68. Which of the following artistic applications is mentioned as a use case for information theory?
A) Sculpture casting
B) Oil painting restoration
C) Architectural drafting
D) Art creation
  • 69. What specific musical topic is analyzed using information theory according to the text?
A) Acoustic room resonance
B) Musical instrument design
C) Music
D) Vocal cord anatomy
  • 70. Which philosophical field is listed at the end of the text as an application area of information theory?
A) Aesthetics
B) Metaphysics
C) Ethics
D) Epistemology
  • 71. Which historian rated Shannon's 1948 paper as the most important development of 1948?
A) Ralph Hartley
B) Vannevar Bush
C) James Gleick
D) Harry Nyquist
  • 72. In what year did Shannon outline some of his initial ideas in a letter to Vannevar Bush?
A) 1928
B) 1940
C) 1939
D) 1948
  • 73. To whom did Shannon write a letter outlining initial ideas of information theory in 1939?
A) Vannevar Bush
B) Alan Turing
C) Ludwig Boltzmann
D) James Gleick
  • 74. Who wrote the 1924 paper 'Certain Factors Affecting Telegraph Speed'?
A) Alan Turing
B) Claude Shannon
C) Ralph Hartley
D) Harry Nyquist
  • 75. What relation was given in Harry Nyquist's 1924 paper?
A) PV = nRT
B) W = K log m
C) H = log Sn
D) E = mc2
  • 76. What unit of information was sometimes called the hartley in honor of Ralph Hartley?
A) The decimal digit
B) The byte
C) The bit
D) The baud
  • 77. Who used similar ideas in 1940 as part of the statistical analysis of breaking German Enigma ciphers?
A) Alan Turing
B) Harry Nyquist
C) Claude Shannon
D) Ralph Hartley
  • 78. Who made important contributions connecting information-theoretic entropy and thermodynamic entropy in the 1960s?
A) Rolf Landauer
B) Vannevar Bush
C) Harry Nyquist
D) James Gleick
  • 79. What logarithmic base is the bit or shannon based on?
A) Natural logarithm
B) Common logarithm
C) Binary logarithm
D) Decimal logarithm
  • 80. What logarithmic base is the nat based on?
A) Base-two logarithm
B) Natural logarithm
C) Binary logarithm
D) Common logarithm
  • 81. What logarithmic base is the decimal digit based on?
A) Common logarithm
B) Base-e logarithm
C) Binary logarithm
D) Natural logarithm
  • 82. What does the maximum value of entropy represent?
A) A deterministic sequence
B) The most unpredictable state
C) The lowest possible information content
D) The most predictable state
  • 83. What logarithmic base measures entropy in bytes per symbol?
A) Base-e
B) Base-256
C) Base-10
D) Base-2
  • 84. What type of trial has two outcomes for the binary entropy function?
A) A logarithmic trial
B) A Markov trial
C) A Bernoulli trial
D) An equiprobable trial
  • 85. What is another name for conditional entropy?
A) Marginal entropy
B) Mutual information
C) Equivocation
D) Joint entropy
  • 86. What is another name for mutual information according to the text?
A) Transinformation
B) Pointwise mutual information
C) Kullback-Leibler divergence
D) Log-likelihood ratio
  • 87. In what field is mutual information particularly important for maximizing shared information between sent and received signals?
A) Thermodynamics
B) Quantum mechanics
C) Communication
D) Macroeconomics
  • 88. Mutual information can be expressed as the average of which divergence?
A) Jensen-Shannon divergence
B) Mahalanobis distance
C) Euclidean distance
D) Kullback-Leibler divergence
  • 89. With which statistical test is mutual information closely related in the context of contingency tables?
A) Shapiro-Wilk test
B) Log-likelihood ratio test
C) Mann-Whitney U test
D) Student's t-test
  • 90. What type of mathematical function is the KL divergence classified as?
A) Inner product
B) Euclidean metric
C) Semi-quasimetric
D) Linear transformation
  • 91. In the alternative interpretation involving Alice and Bob, who knows the true probability distribution p(x)?
A) Neither
B) Both
C) Alice
D) Bob
  • 92. According to the surprise interpretation, who will be more surprised on average upon seeing the value of X?
A) It is impossible to determine
B) Both will be equally surprised
C) Alice
D) Bob
  • 93. What type of set is X assumed to be when drawing a random number in the surprise interpretation?
A) An empty set
B) A finite geometric set
C) A discrete set
D) An infinite continuous set
  • 94. Does directed information apply to statistical physics?
A) Only in macroscopic mechanics
B) Yes
C) No
D) Only in quantum states
  • 95. What does the random process Xn consist of?
A) {X0, X1, ..., X_{n-1}}
B) {X1, X2, ..., X_n}
C) {X1, Y1, ..., X_n, Y_n}
D) {Y1, Y2, ..., Y_n}
  • 96. What do the two expressions for the rate give for stationary sources?
A) The same result
B) A result of zero
C) Completely different results
D) An undefined value
  • 97. How is the noise nature of the channel considered in the text?
A) An inherent fixed property
B) A completely controllable variable
C) A negligible factor in modern systems
D) An unpredictable random variable that changes constantly
  • 98. What is the crossover probability of a binary symmetric channel denoted as?
A) p
B) Hb
C) e
D) i
  • 99. What does a binary symmetric channel do to the input bit with probability p?
A) Duplicates the input bit
B) Erases the input bit
C) Delays the input bit
D) Flips the input bit
  • 100. What feature do many channels have in practice?
A) Memory
B) Gaussian noise
C) Ternary input
D) Zero capacity
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