Parasite
  • 1. What is the relationship between a parasite and its host?
A) A commensal relationship where one organism benefits without affecting the other.
B) A mutualistic relationship where both organisms benefit equally.
C) A close relationship where the parasite lives on or inside the host, causing it harm.
D) An independent relationship with no interaction between the two species.
  • 2. Who characterized parasites' way of feeding as 'predators that eat prey in units of less than one'?
A) Entomologist E. O. Wilson
B) Ridley Scott
C) Francesco Redi
D) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
  • 3. Which of the following is an example of a single-celled protozoan parasite?
A) Hookworms
B) The agent of malaria
C) Mistletoe
D) Vampire bats
  • 4. What distinguishes parasites from predators in terms of size and host interaction?
A) Parasites only interact with their hosts briefly.
B) Parasites and predators both always kill their hosts.
C) Parasites are larger than their hosts and typically kill them quickly.
D) Parasites are much smaller than their hosts, do not kill them, and often live on or in them for an extended period.
  • 5. Which type of parasitism involves transmission through being eaten?
A) Trophically-transmitted parasitism
B) Vector-transmitted parasitism
C) Directly transmitted parasitism
D) Parasitic castration
  • 6. What is the major axis of classification concerning a parasite's location relative to its host?
A) Size difference between parasite and host
B) Invasiveness, distinguishing between endoparasites and ectoparasites.
C) The speed at which parasites reproduce
D) The type of food the parasite consumes
  • 7. What is a key way parasites increase their own fitness?
A) By avoiding interaction with other species
B) By providing benefits to their hosts
C) By living independently of any host
D) By exploiting hosts for resources necessary for survival, such as feeding on them.
  • 8. Which ancient civilization had knowledge of parasites like roundworms and tapeworms?
A) The Aztec Empire
B) The Inca Civilization
C) Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome
D) Medieval Europe
  • 9. Who first observed Giardia lamblia using a microscope?
A) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1681
B) Jonathan Swift
C) Francesco Redi
D) E. O. Wilson
  • 10. Which literary work features a blood-drinking parasite?
A) Ridley Scott's film Alien
B) Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula
C) Leeuwenhoek's scientific observations
D) Jonathan Swift's 'On Poetry: A Rhapsody'
  • 11. What is the origin of the word 'parasite'?
A) From a 19th-century scientific term.
B) From English Middle Ages terminology.
C) From Latin parasitus directly.
D) From Medieval French parasite, from Latinised form parasitus, from Ancient Greek παράσιτος (parasitos).
  • 12. What is the earliest known use of the word 'parasite' in English?
A) 1611
B) 1539
C) 1733
D) 1681
  • 13. Which term describes parasites with complex life cycles involving multiple hosts?
A) Obligate
B) Direct
C) Facultative
D) Indirect
  • 14. Which of these is an example of a macroparasite?
A) Protozoans
B) Viruses
C) Helminths
D) Bacteria
  • 15. Which sensory input is not typically used as a host cue?
A) Exhaled carbon dioxide
B) Vibration
C) Skin odours
D) Light
  • 16. What type of parasite is the snubnosed eel considered to be?
A) Macroparasite
B) Facultative endoparasite
C) Microparasite
D) Obligate ectoparasite
  • 17. Which of the following insects is an obligate parasite?
A) Caterpillar
B) Scale insect
C) Butterfly
D) Aphid
  • 18. Which parasitic strategy involves parasites that destroy or impair their host's ability to reproduce?
A) Directly transmitted parasitism
B) Parasitic castrators
C) Vector-transmitted parasitism
D) Trophically-transmitted parasitism
  • 19. Which genus of parasitic crustaceans is known for causing damage to the gonads of their host crabs?
A) Toxoplasma
B) Schistosoma
C) Sacculina
D) Ancylostoma
  • 20. What happens to male crab hosts infected by Sacculina?
A) Their claws grow larger.
B) They develop female secondary sex characteristics.
C) They become immune to other parasites.
D) They lose their ability to swim.
  • 21. What is the distribution pattern of directly transmitted parasites among host individuals?
A) Random distribution
B) Continuous distribution
C) Uniform distribution
D) Aggregated distribution
  • 22. Which parasite is known to chemically castrate the intertidal marine snail Tritia obsoleta?
A) Schistosoma mansoni
B) Zoogonus lasius
C) Toxoplasma gondii
D) Ascaris lumbricoides
  • 23. What is the term for when a parasite's entire life cycle occurs within a single host?
A) Autoinfection
B) Serial transmission
C) Cross-infection
D) Vector-borne infection
  • 24. Which of the following is NOT a major parasitic strategy mentioned in the text?
A) Parasitic castration
B) Parasitoidism
C) Trophically-transmitted parasitism
D) Directly transmitted parasitism
  • 25. Which of the following is an example of a directly transmitted parasite?
A) Acanthocephalans
B) Trematodes
C) Lice
D) Copepods
  • 26. Which type of parasitism involves the parasite developing in the host's gonad and killing reproductive cells?
A) Directly transmitted parasitism
B) Trophically-transmitted parasitism
C) Parasitic castration
D) Vector-transmitted parasitism
  • 27. Which of the following is an example of a trophically-transmitted parasite?
A) Mites
B) Lice
C) Bacteria
D) Cestodes
  • 28. Which disease is transmitted by the deer tick Ixodes scapularis?
A) Lyme disease
B) Chagas disease
C) Toxoplasmosis
D) Malaria
  • 29. Which genus includes the malarial parasites that are vector-transmitted?
A) Giardia
B) Plasmodium
C) Trypanosoma
D) Leishmania
  • 30. Which group of parasitoids includes phorid flies?
A) Koinobionts
B) Idiobionts
C) Endoparasites
D) Ectoparasites
  • 31. Which type of parasitoids carry their prey to a nest after capture?
A) Idiobiont parasitoids
B) Ectoparasites
C) Koinobiont parasitoids
D) Endoparasites
  • 32. Which of the following is an example of a micropredator?
A) Vampire bats
B) Mosquitoes
C) Lampreys
D) Leeches
  • 33. What type of feeding behavior do most micropredators exhibit?
A) Hematophagic
B) Omnivorous
C) Carnivorous
D) Herbivorous
  • 34. Which type of parasitism involves a parasite feeding on another parasite?
A) Hyperparasitism
B) Brood parasitism
C) Social parasitism
D) Kleptoparasitism
  • 35. What is an example of a hyperparasite controlling its host's population in agriculture?
A) Bombus bohemicus taking over bee hives
B) Bacteriophages limiting bacterial infections
C) Ant mimicry by Phengaris arion larvae
D) CHV1 virus controlling chestnut blight
  • 36. Which insect is an example of a social parasite?
A) Large blue butterfly, Phengaris arion
B) Leeches
C) Vampire bats
D) Mosquitoes
  • 37. Which of the following is NOT a transmission strategy used by parasites?
A) Physical contact
B) Photosynthesis
C) Vectors
D) Fecal–oral route
  • 38. Which organism is an example of a vertebrate micropredator?
A) Mosquitoes
B) Leeches
C) Lampreys
D) Fleas
  • 39. What percentage of cuckoo species in the family Cuculidae are obligate brood parasites?
A) Over 40%
B) About 30%
C) Exactly 50%
D) Less than 20%
  • 40. What is a common defense mechanism of host species against brood parasitism?
A) Building stronger nests
B) Hiding in dense foliage
C) Egg polymorphism
D) Laying more eggs
  • 41. What is kleptoparasitism derived from Greek meaning?
A) Brother
B) Predator
C) Sibling
D) Thief
  • 42. Which bird family is known for specializing in pirating food from other seabirds?
A) Cuckoos
B) Cowbirds
C) Skuas
D) Whydahs
  • 43. What is adelphoparasitism also known as?
A) Kleptoparasitism
B) Sibling-parasitism
C) Sexual parasitism
D) Brood parasitism
  • 44. Which parasitic strategy involves stealing food gathered by another organism?
A) Adelphoparasitism
B) Kleptoparasitism
C) Brood parasitism
D) Sexual parasitism
  • 45. Which family of birds includes species that are obligate brood parasites?
A) Whydahs
B) Cowbirds
C) Skuas
D) Cuculidae
  • 46. What structures do parasitic plants use to extract nutrients?
A) Modified roots called haustoria
B) Stems
C) Leaves
D) Flowers
  • 47. Which plants are among the most economically destructive?
A) Species within the Orobanchaceae (broomrapes)
B) Striga
C) Cuscuta
D) Mistletoe
  • 48. How many species of parasitic plants are known?
A) About 10,000 species
B) About 4,500 species
C) About 50 species
D) About 100 species
  • 49. Which type of parasitic fungi derive nutrients from living plant cells?
A) Necrotrophs
B) Hemibiotrophs
C) Biotrophs
D) Saprophytes
  • 50. What is an example of a biotrophic pathogen?
A) Ustilago maydis
B) Plasmodium
C) Microsporidia
D) Armillaria
  • 51. Which fungi are known to kill host cells and feed saprophytically?
A) Necrotrophic pathogens
B) Hemibiotrophs
C) Biotrophs
D) Symbionts
  • 52. What is the term for fungi that begin as biotrophs and then switch to necrotrophy?
A) Symbiotic transition
B) Host adaptation
C) Biotrophy-necrotrophy switch
D) Pathogenic shift
  • 53. Which fungal genus is an example of a root-colonising honey fungus?
A) Ustilago
B) Plasmodium
C) Microsporidia
D) Armillaria
  • 54. What disease is caused by the fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis?
A) Corn smut
B) Sleeping sickness
C) Malaria
D) Amoebic dysentery
  • 55. Which group of fungi are obligate intracellular parasites affecting insects and vertebrates?
A) Necrotrophs
B) Hemibiotrophs
C) Microsporidia
D) Biotrophs
  • 56. What disease is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma?
A) Sleeping sickness
B) Corn smut
C) Amoebic dysentery
D) Malaria
  • 57. Which protozoan is responsible for amoebic dysentery?
A) Entamoeba
B) Trypanosoma
C) Plasmodium
D) Borrelia
  • 58. Which bacterium causes anthrax and is spread by contact with infected animals?
A) Haemophilus influenzae
B) Borrelia
C) Campylobacter jejuni
D) Bacillus anthracis
  • 59. Which bacterium is a cause of gastroenteritis and can be spread by eating insufficiently cooked poultry?
A) Treponema pallidum
B) Campylobacter jejuni
C) Borrelia
D) Haemophilus influenzae
  • 60. Which bacterium is transmitted by sexual activity and causes syphilis?
A) Campylobacter jejuni
B) Treponema pallidum
C) Bacillus anthracis
D) Haemophilus influenzae
  • 61. Which organisms do most viruses infect?
A) Animals
B) Plants
C) Fungi
D) Bacteria
  • 62. How many species of helminth parasites do humans have?
A) 70
B) 342
C) 300,000
D) 75,000
  • 63. Which dinosaur's mandible holes may have been caused by parasites?
A) Triceratops
B) Tyrannosaurus
C) Stegosaurus
D) Velociraptor
  • 64. What type of parasite is Saurophthirus?
A) Flea
B) Worm
C) Protozoan
D) Bacterium
  • 65. In what period did the nematode worm eggs found in phytosaur coprolite date back to?
A) Permian
B) Jurassic
C) Late Triassic
D) Early Cretaceous
  • 66. Which bacteria are essential for some nematode worms to reproduce or survive?
A) Wolbachia
B) Staphylococcus aureus
C) Escherichia coli
D) Bacillus subtilis
  • 67. Who argued that natural selection drives relationships from parasitism to mutualism when resources are limited?
A) Peter Kropotkin
B) Charles Darwin
C) Gregor Mendel
D) Lynn Margulis
  • 68. What process may have been involved in the formation of eukaryotes?
A) Fermentation
B) Photosynthesis
C) Respiration
D) Symbiogenesis
  • 69. How long have simian foamy viruses cospeciated with Old World primates?
A) 100 million years
B) 5 million years
C) 50,000 years
D) At least 30 million years
  • 70. What hypothesis is supported by the effective infection of sympatric hosts?
A) The Red Queen hypothesis
B) The Lamarckian inheritance hypothesis
C) The Darwinian evolution hypothesis
D) The Mendelian genetics hypothesis
  • 71. Which parasite modifies its killifish host to reduce their ability to avoid predators?
A) Henneguya zschokkei
B) Cyclosa argenteoalba
C) Toxoplasma gondii
D) Euhaplorchis californiensis
  • 72. What is the final host for Euhaplorchis californiensis?
A) Cats
B) Mice
C) Egrets
D) Killifish
  • 73. Which parasite causes infected rats to be attracted to cat odors?
A) Euhaplorchis californiensis
B) Toxoplasma gondii
C) Henneguya zschokkei
D) Cyclosa argenteoalba
  • 74. What function have many insect ectoparasites lost due to parasitism?
A) Ability to see
B) The ability to fly
C) Ability to reproduce
D) Ability to hear
  • 75. Which parasite is known for losing the ability to respire aerobically?
A) Euhaplorchis californiensis
B) Henneguya zschokkei
C) Cyclosa argenteoalba
D) Toxoplasma gondii
  • 76. What is a physical barrier that vertebrates use to protect against parasites?
A) Lysozyme
B) Tears
C) Antibodies
D) Skin
  • 77. Which enzyme found in saliva and tears breaks down bacterial cell walls?
A) Testosterone
B) Hydrochloric acid
C) Sebum
D) Lysozyme
  • 78. Who described the 'takeover of parasitism by parasitologists'?
A) Charles Darwin
B) Robert Poulin
C) Rachel Carson
D) E.O. Wilson
  • 79. In food webs, where do parasites usually occupy?
A) The top position.
B) A middle position.
C) The bottom position.
D) They are not depicted in food webs.
  • 80. Who is credited with the first description of a trematode endoparasite?
A) Avicenna
B) Galen
C) Hippocrates
D) Jehan de Brie
  • 81. Which book by Francesco Redi described ecto- and endoparasites?
A) Esperienze Intorno alla Generazione degl'Insetti
B) Osservazioni intorno agli animali viventi che si trovano negli animali viventi
C) De Motu Cordis
D) Micrographia
  • 82. Which parasite was identified as causing scabies by Giovanni Cosimo Bonomo and Diacinto Cestoni?
A) Fasciola hepatica
B) Giardia lamblia
C) Sarcoptes scabiei
D) Echinococcus granulosus
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