Acropolis of Athens

1. What does the word 'Acropolis' mean in ancient Greek?

A) Central plaza
B) Upper city
C) Fortified tower
D) Golden temple

2. On which hill is the Acropolis of Athens located?

A) Hill of the Olive Trees
B) Mars Hill
C) Acropolis Hill
D) Pnyx Hill

3. Who ordered the construction of the most important monuments on the Acropolis in the 5th century BC?

A) Pericles
B) Socrates
C) Cleisthenes
D) Herodotus

4. What is the main function of the Propylaea in the Acropolis of Athens?

A) Monumental entrance to the Acropolis
B) Theater for dramatic performances
C) Temple dedicated to Athena
D) Portico for merchants

5. What is the most famous temple on the Acropolis of Athens?

A) Temple of Zeus
B) Erechtheion
C) Temple of Athena Nike
D) Parthenon

6. What giant bronze sculpture was located in the Acropolis of Athens and was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World?

A) Statue of Zeus in Olympia
B) Colossus of Rhodes
C) Aphrodite of Cnidus
D) Frieze of the Panathenaic Games

7. What was the predominant material used in the construction of the buildings on the Acropolis?

A) Concrete
B) Granite
C) Brick
D) Marble

8. Which Greek goddess is the namesake of the city of Athens and protects the Acropolis?

A) Athena
B) Artemis
C) Aphrodite
D) Hera

9. What is the meaning of the word 'Acropolis'?

A) 'Highest point, city'
B) 'Temple complex'
C) 'Sacred hill'
D) 'Ancient fortress'

10. Which legendary figure was Cecropia named after?

A) Cecrops
B) Pericles
C) Theseus
D) Hercules

11. What event caused significant damage to the Parthenon and other buildings in 1687?

A) A fire started by Athenians
B) A flood
C) The Venetian bombardment during the Morean War
D) An earthquake

12. What was the primary material used for the Older Parthenon's construction before it was changed to marble?

A) Granite
B) Piraeus limestone
C) Sandstone
D) Marble

13. What was the Hekatompedon also known as?

A) Temple of Athena Nike
B) Ur-Parthenon
C) Erechtheion
D) Older Parthenon

14. What was the purpose of the well near the northeastern edge of the Acropolis?

A) Stored grain for the city
B) Provided protected drinking water during sieges
C) Used for religious ceremonies
D) Served as a sacrificial site

15. What was the name of the nine-gate wall built around the Acropolis during the Archaic era?

A) Enneapylon
B) Propylaea
C) Cyclopean Wall
D) Erechtheion

16. What happened to the Arkhaios Neōs during the Second Persian invasion?

A) It remained untouched
B) It was destroyed
C) It was converted into a palace
D) It was expanded

17. What was buried ceremoniously on the Acropolis after the Persian invasion?

A) Scrolls and manuscripts
B) Statuary, cult objects, religious offerings, and unsalvageable architectural members
C) Weapons and armor
D) Gold and silver treasures

18. What was the approximate height of the Acropolis hill above sea level?

A) 200 meters (656 feet)
B) 150 meters (490 feet)
C) 100 meters (328 feet)
D) 250 meters (820 feet)

19. What was the name of the gate built by Peisistratos?

A) Cyclopean Gate
B) Erechtheion
C) Enneapylon
D) Propylaea

20. What was the name of the largest water spring at the northwestern foot of the Acropolis?

A) Clepsydra
B) Agora Spring
C) Erechtheion Well
D) Pnyx Fountain

21. What was the primary material used in the construction of the Cyclopean circuit wall?

A) Wood and clay
B) Large stone blocks with earth mortar called emplekton
C) Brick and lime
D) Marble and gold

22. What was the approximate length of the Cyclopean circuit wall?

A) 900 meters (2,953 feet)
B) 760 meters (2,490 feet)
C) 1,000 meters (3,281 feet)
D) 500 meters (1,640 feet)

23. What was the name given to the temple built between 570 and 550 BC?

A) Erechtheion
B) Temple of Athena Nike
C) Older Parthenon
D) Hekatompedon

24. What was the name of the temple referred to as 'ancient temple' by the Pisistratids?

A) Temple of Athena Nike
B) Erechtheion
C) Arkhaios Neōs
D) Older Parthenon

25. What happened to the Arkhaios Neōs during 406/405 BC?

A) It was converted into a palace
B) It remained untouched
C) It was expanded
D) It was burnt down

26. What was the primary reason for revising the plan to use marble after the Battle of Marathon?

A) Marble was found to be cheaper
B) Victory allowed for more resources
C) A new architect was hired
D) Limestone became unavailable

27. What happened to the Older Parthenon during the Persian invasion in 480 BC?

A) It was converted into a palace
B) It remained untouched
C) It was burned and looted
D) It was expanded

28. What was the primary archaeological deposit excavated on the Acropolis by 1890?

A) Greek pottery
B) Roman artifacts
C) Mycenaean tools
D) Persian debris

29. Which sculptor was responsible for overseeing the reconstruction of major temples on the Acropolis?

A) Phidias
B) Praxiteles
C) Mys
D) Polygnotus

30. Who began building the Propylaea in 437 BC?

A) Mnesicles
B) Ictinus
C) Phidias
D) Callicrates

31. Which artist decorated the northern wing of the Propylaea with paintings?

A) Phidias
B) Praxiteles
C) Mys
D) Polygnotus

32. What type of columns lined the entrance to the Erechtheion?

A) Corinthian columns
B) Composite columns
C) Ionic columns
D) Doric columns

33. Which unusual architectural feature does the Erechtheion have on its southwest porch?

A) Statues of gods
B) Caryatids
C) Doric columns
D) Paintings

34. What did Athena hold in her left hand according to the statue of Athena Promachos?

A) A spear
B) A giant shield
C) An olive branch
D) A helmet

35. Who decorated Athena's shield on the statue of Athena Promachos?

A) Mys
B) Phidias
C) Praxiteles
D) Polygnotus

36. What was the goddess Artemis represented as in the Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia?

A) An owl
B) A lioness
C) A swan
D) A bear

37. Who erected monuments in front of the NW corner of the Parthenon during the Hellenistic period?

A) Augustus
B) Eumenes II
C) Attalos II
D) Herodes Atticus

38. Who built a grand amphitheater on the south slope of the Acropolis in 161 AD?

A) The Herulians
B) Augustus
C) Herodes Atticus
D) Eumenes II

39. What was the Parthenon converted into during the Ottoman period?

A) A church dedicated to the Virgin Mary
B) A mosque
C) A gunpowder magazine
D) An administrative center

40. What structure was built to protect the Klepsydra spring during the Greek War of Independence?

A) A bulwark named after Odysseas Androutsos
B) The Beulé Gate
C) A sanctuary for Apollo
D) The Frankopyrgos Tower

41. During the Latin Duchy of Athens, what was the Parthenon used as?

A) An amphitheater
B) The cathedral
C) A mosque
D) A gunpowder magazine

42. What was added to the Acropolis during the Latin Duchy of Athens and later demolished?

A) The Beulé Gate
B) The Frankopyrgos Tower
C) A minaret inside the Parthenon
D) An odeon

43. Who was responsible for constructing a stoa on the south slope similar to that of Attalos in the agora?

A) Eumenes II
B) The Herulians
C) Herodes Atticus
D) Augustus

44. What was the Erechtheum turned into during the Ottoman period?

A) An administrative center
B) A church dedicated to the Virgin Mary
C) The governor's private harem
D) A mosque with a minaret

45. What was constructed during the 3rd century to restrict entrance in front of the Propylaea?

A) A new tower named Frankopyrgos
B) A sanctuary for Apollo
C) An amphitheater by Herodes Atticus
D) The Beulé Gate

46. In what year was the Parthenon mosque demolished?

A) 1821
B) 1843
C) 1901
D) 1875

47. Who was responsible for the restoration of the Acropolis in the 19th century?

A) Wolf Seidl
B) Phidias
C) Iktinos and Kallikrates
D) Leo von Klenze

48. Where is the Acropolis Museum located in relation to the Parthenon?

A) Inside the Parthenon
B) Directly beneath the Parthenon
C) On the southern slope, 280 metres away
D) To the north of the Parthenon

49. Which structure is east of the entrance and north of the Parthenon?

A) Odeon of Herodes Atticus
B) Erechtheum
C) Temple of Athena Nike
D) Propylaea

50. What significant event did Greek Prime Minister Georgios Papandreou celebrate on the Acropolis in 1944?

A) End of World War I
B) Restoration of the Parthenon
C) Independence of Greece
D) Liberation from the Nazis

51. When did the Acropolis Restoration Project begin?

A) 1985
B) 1950
C) 2000
D) 1975

52. What is anastylosis in the context of the Acropolis restoration?

A) Using entirely new materials for reconstruction
B) Covering old structures with modern designs
C) Removing all existing structures
D) Restoring using reassembled original material

53. Which festival rivaled the Olympic Games in popularity?

A) Pythian Games
B) Olympic Festival
C) Great Panathenaea
D) Delphic Games

54. How many tons of architectural members were restored?

A) 2675 tons
B) 3000 tons
C) 1500 tons
D) 5000 tons

55. What lithostratigraphic unit is softer and reddish in color?

A) Mount Pentelicus marble
B) Acropolis limestone
C) Lykabettos rock
D) Athens schist

56. Approximately how many million years ago were the original sediments of Athens schist deposited?

A) 72 million years ago
B) 100 million years ago
C) 30 million years ago
D) 50 million years ago

57. Which period does the Acropolis limestone date from?

A) Late Jurassic period
B) Late Cretaceous period
C) Paleozoic era
D) Triassic period

58. How much older is the Acropolis limestone compared to the Athens schist?

A) About 50 million years
B) About 30 million years
C) About 72 million years
D) About 10 million years

59. What natural threat is posed by the instability of the Acropolis limestone?

A) Landslides
B) Rock slides
C) Earthquakes
D) Floods

60. Which measure has NOT been implemented to protect the Acropolis site?

A) Retaining walls
B) Rock bolts
C) Drainage systems
D) Geothermal heating systems

61. Name one of the hills in Athens formed by erosion similar to that of the Acropolis.

A) Lykabettos
B) Hymettus
C) Mount Olympus
D) Parnitha Mountain

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