- 1. The Rise of Nationalism in the Balkans in the 19th Century was a complex and pivotal phenomenon that marked a significant turn in the region's history, driven by a confluence of factors including the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the influence of romantic nationalism, and the desire for self-determination among various ethnic groups. In the early part of the century, the Balkans were largely under Ottoman control, yet a growing sense of national consciousness began to emerge as intellectuals and political leaders sought to promote the distinct identities of the Slavic peoples, Greeks, Bulgarians, and others. The spread of ideas from the Enlightenment and the impact of the French Revolution ignited aspirations for independence, leading to uprisings and movements that aimed to challenge Ottoman authority. The Greek War of Independence (1821-1832) served as a catalyst for neighboring nations, demonstrating that revolt against the Ottomans was possible and inspiring a wave of nationalist sentiments. Furthermore, the involvement of Great Powers such as Russia, Britain, and Austria-Hungary added layers of complexity, as these nations sought to expand their influence in the region while simultaneously supporting nationalist movements for their strategic interests. Throughout the 19th century, the emergence of new nation-states like Serbia and Bulgaria, coupled with the Balkan Wars at the turn of the century, culminated in a dramatic reconfiguration of the political landscape, with profound implications for social cohesion and ethnic relations, laying the groundwork for future conflicts that would resonate into the 20th century.
Which country successfully gained independence from the Ottoman Empire first?
A) Serbia
B) Bulgaria
C) Greece
D) Montenegro
- 2. Which major power supported Balkan nationalism in the 19th century?
A) Austria-Hungary
B) Britain
C) Germany
D) Russia
- 3. What was the significance of the Treaty of San Stefano (1878)?
A) It ended the Greek-Ottoman War.
B) It unified Italy.
C) It established the Kingdom of Serbia.
D) It proposed a large Bulgarian state.
- 4. Which ethnic group in the Balkans sought independence from Austro-Hungarian rule?
A) Bulgarians
B) Romanians
C) Greeks
D) Serbs
- 5. Which conference attempted to resolve the Balkan crisis in 1878?
A) Vienna Congress
B) Constantinople Conference
C) Congress of Berlin
D) London Conference
- 6. Which kingdom acquired the territory of Kosovo after the Balkan Wars?
A) Bulgaria
B) Montenegro
C) Greece
D) Serbia
- 7. What term describes the policies aimed at promoting the interests of a particular national group?
A) Colonialism
B) Imperialism
C) Nationalism
D) Feudalism
- 8. Which event marked the end of the First Balkan War?
A) Treaty of Versailles
B) Treaty of Bucharest
C) Treaty of San Stefano
D) Treaty of London (1913)
- 9. Which leader is associated with the unification efforts of Bulgaria?
A) King Ferdinand I
B) Alexander I of Bulgaria
C) Mikhail Lermontov
D) Tsar Boris III
- 10. Which event triggered the outbreak of World War I in the Balkans?
A) Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
B) Fall of Constantinople
C) Treaty of Versailles
D) Balkan Wars
- 11. The term 'Balkanization' refers to:
A) Unification of Balkan states
B) Economic cooperation
C) Cultural assimilation
D) Fragmentation of a region into smaller political units
- 12. Who was the prime minister of Serbia who fostered Slavic unity?
A) Milan Obrenović
B) Vladislav Petković Dis
C) Aleksandar Karađorđević
D) Nikola Pašić
- 13. Which empire controlled most of the Balkans during the 19th century?
A) Austro-Hungarian Empire
B) Ottoman Empire
C) British Empire
D) Russian Empire
- 14. Which war resulted in the independence of Bulgaria?
A) World War I
B) Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)
C) Second Balkan War
D) First Balkan War
- 15. What event in 1912 marked increased tensions in the Balkans?
A) Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
B) First Balkan War
C) Second Balkan War
D) Start of World War I
- 16. Which modern-day country was part of Yugoslavia, a product of 19th-century nationalism?
A) Hungary
B) Greece
C) Croatia
D) Austria
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