CRIM- 7 CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1 AND 2
  • 1. Which term refers to a systematic plan of procedures for collecting and interpreting criminological data?
A) Police Operations
B) Rehabilitation Program
C) Criminal Typology
D) Ethical Standards
E) Research Methodology
  • 2. What research method aims to describe characteristics or events in criminal justice without manipulating variables?
A) Predictive Modeling
B) Operational Policing
C) Descriptive Research
D) Experimental Approach
E) Tactical Profiling
  • 3. Which study focuses on presenting detailed accounts of criminological phenomena through observation and documentation?
A) Predictive Studies
B) Descriptive Studies
C) Legal Commentary
D) Forensic Analysis
E) Comparative Research
  • 4. What research examines statistical relationships between criminological variables without proving cause-and-effect?
A) Action Research
B) Field Surveying
C) Penal Code Interpretation
D) Correlation Studies
E) Predictive Controls
  • 5. Which research approach explores individuals’ lived experiences related to crime or victimization?
A) Tactical Investigation
B) Phenomenological Studies
C) Administrative Profiling
D) Civil Litigation
E) Forensic Evaluation
  • 6. What philosophical approach emphasizes understanding human experiences behind criminal actions and justice practices?
A) Social Learning Theory
B) Rational Choice Theory
C) Phenomenology
D) Conflict Model
E) Retributive Justice
  • 7. What research method involves in-depth study of one person, event, or criminal institution?
A) Case Studies
B) Legal Drafting
C) Patrol Mapping
D) Court Hearings
E) Criminal Profiling
  • 8. Which research type clarifies why criminological events occur by determining causal relationships?
A) Legal Review
B) Tactical Reporting
C) Conflict Resolution
D) Narrative Inquiry
E) Which research type clarifies why criminological events occur by determining causal relationships?
  • 9. What research design manipulates independent variables to observe effects under controlled conditions?
A) Community Survey
B) Experimental Research
C) Policy Monitoring
D) Field Audit
E) Ethnographic Study
  • 10. Which design uses comparison groups without random assignment to evaluate the impact of criminology programs?
A) Procedural Audit
B) Historical Mapping
C) Judicial Sampling
D) Recursive Sampling
E) Quasi-Experimental Design
  • 11. Which research tracks criminological variables over a long period to observe behavioral changes?
A) Ethnographic Research
B) Cross-Sectional Study
C) Case Study
D) Longitudinal Studies
E) Predictive Research
  • 12. Which study collects data at a single point to analyze patterns within criminal populations?
A) Experimental Study
B) Correlation Research
C) Cross-Sectional Studies
D) Longitudinal Research
E) Comparative Study
  • 13. Which qualitative research involves immersion in criminal subcultures to understand behaviors and social interactions?
A) Descriptive Research
B) Case Study
C) Ethnographic Research
D) Phenomenological Research
E) Experimental Research
  • 14. Which study examines past criminal events and justice practices using archival documents and statistics?
A) Mixed-Methods Research
B) Historical Research
C) Experimental Design
D) Experimental Design
E) Cross-Sectional Research
  • 15. Which method combines qualitative and quantitative approaches for richer understanding?
A) Phenomenology
B) Case Study
C) Mixed-Methods Research
D) Correlation Research
E) Longitudinal Research
  • 16. Which research aims to expand theoretical knowledge about crime without immediate practical application?
A) Predictive Research
B) Basic Research
C) Evaluative Research
D) Applied Research
E) Explanatory Research
  • 17. Which research is designed to solve practical criminological problems in policies and law enforcement?
A) Historical Study
B) Comparative Research
C) Applied Research
D) Basic Research
E) Phenomenological Research
  • 18. Which research assesses the effectiveness of programs or strategies in criminal justice agencies?
A) Explanatory Research
B) Cross-Sectional Study
C) Predictive Research
D) Descriptive Research
E) Evaluative Research
  • 19. Which study compares crime patterns, justice systems, or behaviors across different jurisdictions or cultures?
A) Applied Research
B) Ethnographic Study
C) Case Study
D) Comparative Research
E) Longitudinal Research
  • 20. Which research attempts to forecast future criminal behaviors using statistical models?
A) Predictive Research
B) Descriptive Research
C) Quasi-Experimental Study
D) Correlation Study
E) Experimental Research
  • 21. What guides the procedures and strategies for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting criminological data?
A) Research Design
B) Sampling Technique
C) Conceptual Framework
D) Research Instrument
E) Theoretical Framework
  • 22. Which method is used to select participants from a population for criminological research?
A) Sampling Technique
B) Trend Analysis
C) Data Cleaning
D) Pilot Testing
E) Regression Analysis
  • 23. What refers to the complete group of individuals sharing characteristics relevant to a study?
A) Subgroup
B) Sample
C) Unit
D) Population
E) Cluster
  • 24. What is a subgroup selected to represent the population in research?
A) Sample
B) Cluster
C) Variable
D) Participant
E) Population
  • 25. Which selection method gives each population member equal chance of inclusion?
A) Probability Sampling
B) Purposive Sampling
C) Stratified Sampling
D) Convenience Sampling
E) Cluster Sampling
  • 26. Which sampling technique ensures every unit has equal chance of selection?
A) Simple Random Sampling
B) Convenience Sampling
C) Purposive Sampling
D) Cluster Sampling
E) Stratified Sampling
  • 27. Which method divides the population into subgroups for proportionate representation?
A) Simple Random Sampling
B) Convenience Sampling
C) Cluster Sampling
D) Purposive Sampling
E) Stratified Sampling
  • 28. Which sampling selects groups rather than individuals, useful in large-scale studies?
A) Cluster Sampling
B) Stratified Sampling
C) Convenience Sampling
D) Purposive Sampling
E) Simple Random Sampling
  • 29. Which non-probability sampling selects participants based on relevant characteristics?
A) Cluster Sampling
B) Stratified Sampling
C) Convenience Sampling
D) Simple Random Sampling
E) Purposive Sampling
  • 30. Which method chooses readily available participants when access is limited?
A) Probability Sampling
B) Cluster Sampling
C) Purposive Sampling
D) Simple Random Sampling
E) Convenience Sampling
  • 31. Which tool is used to collect data like questionnaires, interviews, or tests?
A) Population
B) Research Instrument
C) Sampling Technique
D) Data Cleaning
E) Trend Analysis
  • 32. Which is a structured set of questions measuring attitudes or behaviors?
A) Regression Table
B) Coding Sheet
C) Interview Schedule
D) Questionnaire
E) Tabulation Chart
  • 33. Which is a structured outline of questions administered personally for qualitative data?
A) Sampling Form
B) Literature Review
C) Interview Schedule
D) Questionnaire
E) Research Design
  • 34. What measures the accuracy of an instrument in capturing intended variables?
A) Validity
B) Tabulation
C) Content Analysis
D) Reliability
E) Coding
  • 35. What measures consistency of research results when repeated under similar conditions?
A) Validity
B) Pilot Testing
C) Regression Analysis
D) Reliability
E) Frequency Distribution
  • 36. Which validity measures if the instrument represents the entire domain of a concept?
A) External Validity
B) Criterion Validity
C) Internal Validity
D) Construct Validity
E) Content Validity
  • 37. Which validity measures whether an instrument captures abstract theoretical ideas?
A) Construct Validity
B) Criterion Validity
C) Reliability
D) Trend Analysis
E) Content Validity
  • 38. Which validity checks if a tool can predict performance based on established benchmarks?
A) Construct Validity
B) Criterion Validity
C) Internal Validity
D) Content Validity
E) External Validity
  • 39. Which validity refers to confidence in causal relationships within experiments?
A) Construct Validity
B) Content Validity
C) Internal Validity
D) External Validity
E) Reliability
  • 40. Which validity ensures results can be generalized to broader populations?
A) Internal Validity
B) Construct Validity
C) Content Validity
D) External Validity
E) Criterion Validity
  • 41. Which statistics summarize numerical criminological data through averages, percentages, or frequencies?
A) Inferential Statistics
B) Regression Analysis
C) Frequency Analysis
D) Descriptive Statistics
E) Trend Analysis
  • 42. Which statistics make predictions about populations from sample findings?
A) Descriptive Statistics
B) Coding
C) Trend Analysis
D) Tabulation
E) Inferential Statistics
  • 43. Which represents the arithmetic average of criminological data?
A) Median
B) Mode
C) Mean
D) Frequency
E) Standard Deviation
  • 44. Which is the middle value in an ordered dataset?
A) Frequency
B) Mean
C) Mode
D) Regression
E) Median
  • 45. Which value occurs most frequently in a dataset?
A) Mean
B) Correlation
C) Mode
D) Standard Deviation
E) Median
  • 46. Which measures variability of data from the mean?
A) Mode
B) Mean
C) Frequency Distribution
D) Standard Deviation
E) Regression Coefficient
  • 47. Which presents how often data values occur in categories?
A) Frequency Distribution
B) Regression Table
C) Trend Analysis
D) Standard Deviation
E) Coding Sheet
  • 48. Which value determines the strength and direction of relationships between variables?
A) Regression Analysis
B) Mean
C) Correlation Coefficient
D) Standard Deviation
E) Frequency Distribution
  • 49. Which method predicts relationships between variables to estimate outcomes?
A) Inferential Analysis
B) Frequency Table
C) Correlation Study
D) Regression Analysis
E) Descriptive Study
  • 50. Which is a preliminary trial of research instruments to identify weaknesses?
A) Coding
B) Trend Analysis
C) Data Interpretation
D) Pilot Testing
E) Data Cleaning
  • 51. What identifies a criminological issue requiring investigation?
A) Hypothesis
B) Research Problem
C) Scope
D) Variable
E) Operational Definition
  • 52. What systematically recognizes gaps in criminological understanding for research?
A) Variables
B) Problem Identification
C) Assumption
D) Literature Review
E) Research Framework
  • 53. What articulates the criminological concern specifying variables and boundaries?
A) Theoretical Framework
B) Research Design
C) Problem Definition
D) Operational Definition
E) Scope
  • 54. What is a tentative explanation predicting relationships between variables?
A) Conceptual Framework
B) Literature Review
C) Research Design
D) Hypothesis
E) Assumption
  • 55. Which statement suggests no significant relationship exists between variables?
A) Correlation Statement
B) Alternative Hypothesis
C) Descriptive Statement
D) Predictive Statement
E) Null Hypothesis
  • 56. Which asserts there is a significant relationship between variables?
A) Descriptive Study
B) Alternative Hypothesis
C) Explanatory Research
D) Null Hypothesis
E) Predictive Research
  • 57. Which explains relationships among theories, variables, and concepts?
A) Research Framework
B) Literature Review
C) Conceptualization
D) Delimitation
E) Operational Definition
  • 58. Which links concepts in a diagram supporting study direction?
A) Conceptual Framework
B) Variable Analysis
C) Research Problem
D) Sampling Design
E) Theoretical Framework
  • 59. Which section identifies theories guiding interpretation of research phenomena?
A) Conceptual Framework
B) Data Interpretation
C) Literature Review
D) Research Design
E) Theoretical Framework
  • 60. What refers to characteristics capable of change and measurable in research?
A) Sample
B) Hypothesis
C) Variables
D) Assumptions
E) Population
  • 61. Which factor is manipulated or considered the influencing cause in research?
A) Assumption
B) Dependent Variable
C) Independent Variable
D) Scope
E) Sample
  • 62. Which is the outcome measured and affected by changes in the independent variable?
A) Dependent Variable
B) Delimitation
C) Literature Review
D) Hypothesis
E) Independent Variable
  • 63. Which specifies how concepts will be measured or interpreted in a study?
A) Scope
B) Theoretical Framework
C) Conceptual Framework
D) Research Problem
E) Operational Definition
  • 64. Which examines scholarly works supporting, comparing, and contextualizing research topics?
A) Regression Analysis
B) Data Cleaning
C) Frequency Table
D) Literature Review
E) Pilot Testing
  • 65. Which are original firsthand materials like statistics, interviews, or case records?
A) Conceptual Sources
B) Operational Data
C) Literature
D) Primary Sources
E) Secondary Sources
  • 66. Which are interpreted data from authors analyzing primary sources?
A) Conceptual Frameworks
B) Variables
C) Secondary Sources
D) Primary Sources
E) Research Instruments
  • 67. Which process defines ideas clearly for measurable application in research?
A) Coding
B) Tabulation
C) Literature Review
D) Conceptualization
E) Data Cleaning
  • 68. Which specifies boundaries and limitations of research variables, participants, or settings?
A) Assumption
B) Delimitation
C) Scope of Study
D) Hypothesis
E) Sampling
  • 69. Which refers to conditions accepted as true for research to proceed logically?
A) Variables
B) Pilot Test
C) Assumptions
D) Literature
E) Hypothesis
  • 70. Which defines the boundaries, subjects, location, and time period of a study?
A) Research Framework
B) Variables
C) Delimitation
D) Scope of the Study
E) Conceptualization
  • 71. Which refers to moral standards guiding responsible research conduct?
A) Risk Assessment
B) Transparency
C) Privacy Rights
D) Research Ethics
E) Integrity
  • 72. Which is voluntary agreement acknowledging understanding of research purpose, risks, and benefits?
A) Informed Consent
B) Coercion
C) Voluntary Participation
D) Confidentiality
E) Debriefing
  • 73. Which ensures private information collected from participants remains undisclosed?
A) Integrity
B) Data Security
C) Transparency
D) Confidentiality
E) Anonymity
  • 74. Which conceals participant identities so responses cannot be linked to individuals?
A) Voluntary Participation
B) Transparency
C) Privacy Rights
D) Anonymity
E) Confidentiality
  • 75. Which principle ensures research maximizes benefits while minimizing risks?
A) Transparency
B) Justice
C) Beneficence
D) Integrity
E) Non-Maleficence
  • 76. Which requires researchers to avoid causing harm or unnecessary distress?
A) Justice
B) Non-Maleficence
C) Beneficence
D) Transparency
E) Integrity
  • 77. Which ensures fairness in selection, treatment, and inclusion of participants?
A) Integrity
B) Justice
C) Coercion
D) Beneficence
E) Transparency
  • 78. Which guarantees participants join research without coercion or undue influence?
A) Informed Consent
B) Justice
C) Confidentiality
D) Voluntary Participation
E) Anonymity
  • 79. Which protects research information from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure?
A) Confidentiality
B) Transparency
C) Privacy Rights
D) Data Security
E) Integrity
  • 80. Which is the unethical act of using others’ ideas or words without acknowledgment?
A) Plagiarism
B) Integrity
C) Misrepresentation
D) Coercion
E) Debriefing
  • 81. Which refers to honesty and accuracy throughout research activities?
A) Ethical Clearance
B) Integrity
C) Coercion
D) Plagiarism
E) Transparency
  • 82. Which explains study purposes, procedures, or withheld information to participants after research?
A) Informed Consent
B) Debriefing
C) Voluntary Participation
D) Beneficence
E) Confidentiality
  • 83. Which is formal approval from a review board permitting research involving humans?
A) Ethical Clearance
B) Transparency
C) Informed Consent
D) Integrity
E) Research Ethics
  • 84. Which are prescribed professional guidelines ensuring responsible researcher actions?
A) Risk Assessment
B) Voluntary Participation
C) Integrity
D) Beneficence
E) Code of Ethics
  • 85. Which evaluates potential dangers participants might experience during research?
A) Data Security
B) Ethical Clearance
C) Risk Assessment
D) Coercion
E) Plagiarism
  • 86. Which participants require special ethical safeguards due to limited decision-making capacity?
A) Vulnerable Participants
B) Population
C) Sample Group
D) Voluntary Participants
E) Subgroup
  • 87. Which is forcing participants to join research against their free will?
A) Coercion
B) Voluntary Participation
C) Integrity
D) Transparency
E) Beneficence
  • 88. Which is participant entitlement to control personal information shared in research?
A) Confidentiality
B) Data Security
C) Voluntary Participation
D) Anonymity
E) Privacy Rights
  • 89. Which ensures full disclosure of research intentions to foster trust and credibility?
A) Transparency
B) Ethical Clearance
C) Integrity
D) Beneficence
E) Confidentiality
  • 90. Which is deliberate distortion of research data or findings violating ethical standards?
A) Plagiarism
B) Misrepresentation
C) Transparency
D) Debriefing
E) Coercion
  • 91. Which is the systematic organization and examination of collected data to find patterns?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Tabulation
C) Coding
D) Trend Analysis
E) Data Analysis
  • 92. Which is the logical explanation of analyzed findings to provide conclusions?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Statistical Treatment
C) Data Interpretation
D) Trend Analysis
E) Coding
  • 93. Which categorizes qualitative data into themes for systematic examination?
A) Tabulation
B) Interpretation
C) Data Cleaning
D) Trend Analysis
E) Coding
  • 94. Which arranges data in tables for easier comparison and analysis?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Tabulation
C) Data Interpretation
D) Statistical Treatment
E) Coding
  • 95. Which communicates research results clearly using charts, tables, or narratives?
A) Data Presentation
B) Data Cleaning
C) Coding
D) Trend Analysis
E) Tabulation
  • 96. Which identifies patterns over time to understand developments and future directions?
A) Regression
B) Data Cleaning
C) Frequency Distribution
D) Statistical Treatment
E) Trend Analysis
  • 97. Which removes inconsistencies and errors from databases before analysis?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Trend Analysis
C) Interpretation
D) Tabulation
E) Coding
  • 98. Which applies mathematical formulas to process data and derive results?
A) Descriptive Statistics
B) Regression Analysis
C) Statistical Treatment
D) Inferential Statistics
E) Correlation Coefficient
  • 99. Which are final analyzed results describing outcomes and relationships?
A) Tabulation
B) Interpretation
C) Coding
D) Conclusion
E) Findings
  • 100. Which is the summarized interpretation of outcomes supported by evidence addressing the research problem?
A) Interpretation
B) Findings
C) Trend Analysis
D) Data Presentation
E) Conclusion
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