JDCPRE 2nd sem prelim
  • 1. A child or young person treated differently by the legal system due to immaturity is called:
A) Adult offender
B) Juvenile
C) Delinquent
D) Minor criminal
  • 2. Behavior violating criminal law committed by a person under 18 is called:
A) Delinquency
B) Deviance
C) Crime
D) Misconduct
  • 3. A child without parents or guardians and dependent on public support is called:
A) Disabled child
B) Abandoned child
C) Dependent child
D) Neglected child
  • 4. A child who has no parental care for at least six continuous months is known as:
A) Neglected child
B) Abandoned child
C) Disabled child
D) Dependent child
  • 5. A child whose basic needs are deliberately unattended is called:
A) Juvenile offender
B) Neglected child
C) Dependent child
D) Disabled child
  • 6. A court-appointed person who protects the best interests of the child is:
A) Social worker
B) Judge
C) Prosecutor
D) Guardian Ad Litem
  • 7. A child accused or adjudged of committing an offense is called:
A) Youthful offender
B) Status offender
C) Child in conflict with the law
D) Child at risk
  • 8. The mental capacity to understand right from wrong is called:
A) Discernment
B) Responsibility
C) Awareness
D) Judgment
  • 9. Acts that are illegal only when committed by minors are known as:
A) Public crimes
B) Status offenses
C) Status offenses
D) Criminal offenses
  • 10. The first institution for juvenile offenders in the United States established in 1825 was called:
A) Marine Society
B) Juvenile reform center
C) House of Refuge
D) Youth detention center
  • 11. The Marine Society of England was established in:
A) 1756
B) 1704
C) 1825
D) 1776
  • 12. The Code of Hammurabi was created around:
A) 1800 B.C.
B) 1500 B.C.
C) 2270 B.C.
D) 2500 B.C.
  • 13. Under Anglo-Saxon law, children under this age were presumed innocent:
A) 6
B) 5
C) 10
D) 7
  • 14. The stage of delinquency involving petty larceny (8–12 years old) is:
A) Conflagration
B) Emergence
C) Explosion
D) Exploration
  • 15. Shoplifting and vandalism are common in which stage?
A) Emergence
B) Exploration
C) Explosion
D) Conflagration
  • 16. The stage characterized by a significant increase in variety and seriousness of crimes is:
A) Explosion
B) Conflagration
C) Emergence
D) Exploration
  • 17. The stage where four or more types of crimes are added is called:
A) Conflagration
B) Conflagration
C) Explosion
D) Exploration
  • 18. The theory that evil spirits cause people to commit crimes is called:
A) Demonological theory
B) Positivist theory
C) Psychological theory
D) Classical theory
  • 19. The classical theory of crime was developed by:
A) Durkheim and Marx
B) Freud and Jung
C) Beccaria and Bentham
D) Lombroso and Ferri
  • 20. The positivist theory was mainly associated with:
A) Edwin Sutherland
B) Cesare Lombroso
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Travis Hirschi
  • 21. The theory stating that criminal behavior is learned through social interaction is:
A) Labeling theory
B) Control theory
C) Strain theory
D) Differential association theory
  • 22. The theory that strong social bonds prevent delinquency was proposed by:
A) Robert Merton
B) Travis Hirschi
C) Albert Cohen
D) Edwin Lemert
  • 23. The theory that frustration leads to aggression is called:
A) Frustration-aggression theory
B) Strain theory
C) Labeling theory
D) Social control theory
  • 24. The theory stating that crime results from inequality between goals and means is:
A) Strain theory
B) Control theory
C) Differential association theory
D) Labeling theory
  • 25. The sociologist who explained that calling a child delinquent encourages delinquent behavior was:
A) Travis Hirschi
B) Frank Tannenbaum
C) Howard Becker
D) Edwin Schur
  • 26. The theory distinguishing between primary and secondary deviation was developed by:
A) Edwin Lemert
B) Austin Turk
C) Albert Cohen
D) George Vold
  • 27. According to research, which child is more likely to become delinquent?
A) Only child
B) First-born
C) Middle child
D) Youngest child
  • 28. One of the strongest predictors of delinquency in children is:
A) School grades
B) Family wealth
C) Religion
D) Parental rejection
  • 29. According to Hirschi's theory, delinquency decreases when there is strong:
A) Educational pressure
B) Social bond
C) Family conflict
D) Financial support
  • 30. The pathway that begins with stubborn behavior and progresses to authority avoidance is called:
A) Covert pathway
B) Overt pathway
C) Social pathway
D) Authority-conflict pathway
  • 31. The pathway that starts with minor underhanded behavior and develops into serious criminal acts is:
A) Aggression pathway
B) Covert pathway
C) Overt pathway
D) Authority-conflict pathway
  • 32. The pathway characterized by aggression leading to violent acts is:
A) Authority pathway
B) Social pathway
C) Overt pathway
D) Covert pathway
  • 33. Delinquents who are aggressive, rejected, and often abandoned belong to:
A) Unsocialized aggression
B) Group delinquency
C) Over-inhibited delinquency
D) Socialized delinquency
  • 34. Delinquency committed by members of groups encouraging criminal acts is called:
A) Unsocialized aggression
B) Socialized delinquency
C) Individual delinquency
D) Maladjusted delinquency
  • 35. Delinquents secretly trained to perform illegal activities are classified as:
A) Occasional delinquents
B) Gang delinquents
C) Over-inhibited delinquents
D) Maladjusted delinquents
  • 36. Delinquents who participate in criminal acts occasionally and are influenced by peers are called:
A) Maladjusted delinquents
B) Chronic offenders
C) Gang delinquents
D) Occasional delinquents
  • 37. Delinquents who often commit serious offenses as part of organized groups are:
A) Maladjusted delinquents
B) Occasional delinquents
C) Status offenders
D) Gang delinquents
  • 38. Delinquents whose criminal behavior is due to personality disturbances are:
A) Gang delinquents
B) Occasional delinquents
C) Status offenders
D) Maladjusted delinquents
  • 39. A gang is best described as:
A) A disorganized gathering
B) An organized social group with leadership and territory
C) A temporary group of friends
D) A school organization
  • 40. The theory that delinquency develops because of disorganized communities was proposed by:
A) Lombroso and Ferri
B) Freud and Jung
C) Merton and Agnew
D) Shaw and McKay
  • 41. The sociologist who studied gang formation and development was:
A) Frederick Thrasher
B) Albert Cohen
C) Travis Hirschi
D) Edwin Lemert
  • 42. The theory explaining that lower-class youths create subcultures due to status frustration was developed by:
A) Travis Hirschi
B) William Sheldon
C) Albert Cohen
D) Edwin Sutherland
  • 43. The theory stating that crime occurs when legitimate opportunities are blocked was developed by:
A) Becker and Lemert
B) Freud and Jung
C) Cloward and Ohlin
D) Lombroso and Garofalo
  • 44. The theory that delinquency is natural and must be controlled through socialization was proposed by:
A) Ivan Nye
B) Travis Hirschi
C) Edwin Lemert
D) Robert Merton
  • 45. The theory explaining how juveniles justify delinquent acts was developed by:
A) Hirschi and Nye
B) Sykes and Matza
C) Lombroso and Ferri
D) Becker and Lemert
  • 46. Saying "It is not my fault" is an example of which technique of neutralization?
A) Appeal to higher authority
B) Condemnation of condemners
C) Denial of responsibility
D) Denial of victim
  • 47. The theory stating that law represents the interests of powerful groups was influenced by:
A) Cesare Lombroso
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Travis Hirschi
D) Karl Marx
  • 48. The theory explaining conflict between crime norms and conduct norms was developed by:
A) Thorsten Sellin
B) Austin Turk
C) George Vold
D) William Bonger
  • 49. Large families may increase delinquency due to:
A) Strong parental bonding
B) Lack of supervision
C) Increased education
D) Excessive discipline
  • 50. Poor marital adjustment in parents may lead to:
A) Strong discipline
B) Financial stability
C) Child delinquency
D) Academic success
  • 51. Teenage pregnancy often results in:
A) Increased education
B) Strong family structure
C) Financial stability
D) Social isolation and economic strain
  • 52. Which of the following is an example of a status offense?
A) Truancy
B) Murder
C) Robbery
D) Assault
  • 53. Running away from home by a minor is classified as:
A) Status offense
B) Criminal offense
C) Violent offense
D) Public offense
  • 54. The legal principle stating that the state acts as the parent of a child is called:
A) Discernment doctrine
B) Restorative justice
C) Social control
D) Parens patriae
  • 55. The legal principle suggesting that mothers should have custody of children during early years is:
A) Child welfare doctrine
B) Parens patriae
C) Tender years rule
D) Social bond theory
  • 56. A government facility that physically restricts a child while awaiting court decision is called:
A) Youth shelter
B) Youth detention center
C) Child welfare office
D) Rehabilitation center
  • 57. The theory stating that criminals are born with physical abnormalities was proposed by:
A) Cesare Lombroso
B) Travis Hirschi
C) Albert Cohen
D) Edwin Sutherland
  • 58. The theory suggesting body type influences criminal behavior was proposed by:
A) William Sheldon
B) Ernest Hooton
C) Robert Merton
D) Sigmund Freud
  • 59. According to Sheldon, the body type most likely to commit crimes is:
A) Endomorph
B) Mesomorph
C) Somatomorph
D) Ectomorph
  • 60. The psychoanalytic theory of personality was developed by:
A) Lombroso
B) Freud
C) Durkheim
D) Becker
  • 61. The part of personality representing instinctive drives is:
A) Id
B) Conscience
C) Ego
D) Superego
  • 62. The part of personality responsible for rational thinking is:
A) Id
B) Instinct
C) Ego
D) Superego
  • 63. The moral component of personality is called:
A) Instinct
B) Superego
C) Ego
D) Id
  • 64. The concept of anomie refers to:
A) Breakdown of social norms
B) Moral behavior
C) Strong family bonds
D) Strong social control
  • 65. The sociologist who developed the concept of anomie was:
A) Albert Cohen
B) Travis Hirschi
C) Edwin Sutherland
D) Emile Durkheim
  • 66. The idea that deviance becomes part of a person's identity is called:
A) Master status
B) Differential association
C) Anomie
D) Social bond
  • 67. The sociologist associated with the concept of master status is:
A) Robert Merton
B) Frank Tannenbaum
C) Howard Becker
D) Edwin Lemert
  • 68. The theory that laws are created by powerful groups to control weaker groups was proposed by:
A) George Vold
B) Travis Hirschi
C) Albert Cohen
D) Edwin Lemert
  • 69. The theory stating that capitalism encourages crime was proposed by:
A) Thorsten Sellin
B) Frederick Thrasher
C) Austin Turk
D) William Bonger
  • 70. Strong family cohesiveness generally results in:
A) Reduced delinquency
B) Weak discipline
C) Increased conflict
D) Increased delinquency
  • 71. Parents of chronic delinquents often lack:
A) Employment
B) Education
C) Religious beliefs
D) Parenting skills
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