Photovoltaics - Quiz
A) It requires a complex assembly line with heavy machinery. B) It involves thousands of tiny moving parts. C) It is simple and does not require many complex or moving parts. D) It is exclusively done by hand without automation.
A) 10 to 30 years B) 6 months to 2 years C) 1 to 5 years D) 50 to 100 years
A) By increasing the operating temperature B) By simply adding more photovoltaic components C) By replacing silicon with copper D) By painting the panels black
A) Because costs decrease with increasing output B) Because raw materials become free in bulk C) Because larger factories require less electricity D) Because smaller systems are illegal to sell
A) 50% B) 90% C) 10% D) 25%
A) Mixing plastic polymers with liquid glass B) Processing polysilicon from mined quartz until very pure C) Weaving fiberglass sheets into a mesh D) Melting down copper ore into thin wires
A) Group I B) Group III C) Group V D) Group VII
A) A p-type semiconductor rich in electron holes B) An n-type semiconductor rich in free electrons C) A pure metallic conductor D) A non-conductive ceramic insulator
A) Through centrifugal spinning B) By applying high-voltage electric shocks C) Typically using a seed crystal D) By rapid cooling in a vacuum
A) With high-powered lasers B) Using diamond-tipped scissors C) With wire saws D) By chemical acid dissolution
A) Freezing and shattering B) Painting and polishing C) Melting and reshaping D) Surface etching and then cleaning
A) A liquid phosphorus dip tank B) A high-pressure spray nozzle C) A phosphorus vapor deposition furnace D) A manual paintbrush
A) Group IV B) Group V C) Group III D) Group II
A) An isolated non-conducting surface B) A p-type surface C) A purely magnetic surface D) An n-type surface
A) To change the color of the panel to blue B) To increase the weight of the panel C) To prevent water from touching the silicon D) To reduce energy losses
A) Electrical contacts B) Cooling fans C) Mounting brackets D) Glass covers
A) They are exposed to direct sunlight for a mandatory 5-year test B) They are connected via electrical circuit according to specific application and prepared for shipping C) They are submerged in saltwater to test corrosion D) They are melted down again for recycling
A) They permanently deplete the ozone layer instantly upon installation B) They emit high levels of radioactive radiation C) Production produces greenhouse gas emissions D) They require continuous burning of fossil fuels to operate
A) Recycling is mandated by international law and universally practiced. B) There are no viable technologies for recycling solar waste. C) Solar panels biodegrade naturally within weeks. D) Solar waste is 100% recyclable easily.
A) Because human labor and water are never used in PV manufacturing B) Because the values fluctuate hourly based on the stock market C) Because companies keep this information completely secret by law D) Due to the lack of systematic and accurate analyses in the scientific literature
A) Determining if wastes are released to the air, water, or soil B) Calculating the speed of light hitting the panels C) Measuring the exact voltage produced by individual atoms D) Weighing individual photons
A) Because all PV manufacturers use identical proprietary secrets B) Because these are new technologies and the total environmental impact of components and disposal methods is unknown C) Because governments have banned life-cycle assessments D) Because PV systems last forever and never reach the end of their lifecycle
A) Energy costs of the manufacture and/or transport B) The aesthetic appeal of the solar farm C) The exact monetary profit of the manufacturing plant D) The number of workers employed in the factory
A) Market price and resale value B) Carbon dioxide equivalents per kWh or energy pay-back time (EPBT) C) Aoe and color distortion D) Total weight and melting point
A) Effective power break-even threshold B) Energy pay-back time C) Environment protection balance technology D) Electrical photovoltaic battery test
A) The lifespan of the inverter before a mandatory replacement B) The timespan a PV system needs to operate to generate the same amount of energy used for its manufacture C) The time required for the sun to set and rise again D) The time it takes for a solar panel to pay for itself in financial currency
A) Lower environmental cost of solar power B) Higher manufacturing complexity C) Shorter operational lifespan D) Higher greenhouse gas emissions
A) The political party in power in the installation country B) The location where the PV system is installed and the type of system C) The time of day the panels are shipped D) The brand name of the inverter and the color of the frame
A) Physical dimensions B) Embedded energy C) Installation angles D) Operating temperatures
A) The refining of the polysilicon B) The manufacturing of the aluminum frame C) The transport of panels via cargo ship D) The installation of mounting screws
A) Subterranean wiring and concrete foundations B) Packaging and shipping materials C) Manual labor and insurance fees D) Inverters and module frame
A) The energy cost of manufacture B) The quantity of phosphorus vapor needed C) The amount of quartz mined from the earth D) The physical weight of silicon wafers
A) Balance of System B) Secondary Power Matrix C) Supplementary Grid Unit D) Silicon Equivalent Array
A) Silicon purity and wafer thickness B) Voltage drop and electrical resistance C) Gross domestic product and inflation rate D) Net energy gain (NEG) and energy returned on energy invested (EROI)
A) The ratio of sunlight hours to nighttime hours in a year B) The difference between the energy expended to harvest an energy source and the amount of energy gained from that harvest C) The financial profit made by selling electricity back to the utility company D) The total weight of materials mined versus the weight of finished panels
A) 1 to 5 years B) 100 years C) 25 to 30 years D) 50 to 60 years
A) Combustibility B) Scalability C) Rigidity D) Portability
A) Copper B) Silver C) Platinum D) Silicon
A) Carbon B) Silicon C) Silver D) Aluminum
A) Since 2010 B) Since the 1970s C) Since the 1950s D) Since the 1990s
A) The Japanese government B) The German government C) The Chinese government D) The United States government
A) United States B) China C) Japan D) Germany
A) Preferential feed-in tariffs B) Fuel subsidies C) Mandatory installation fees D) Carbon taxes
A) Nearly twenty percent B) Nearly ten percent C) Nearly two percent D) Nearly five percent
A) Second B) Third C) First D) Fourth
A) Alessandro Volta B) Edmond Becquerel C) Luigi Galvani D) Walter Sandtner
A) The photovoltaic effect B) The solar cell C) The battery D) The inverter
A) 1839 B) 1849 C) 1989 D) 1994
A) Nikola Tesla B) Walter Sandtner C) Edmond Becquerel D) Alessandro Volta
A) A semiconductor material B) A metallic solution C) A lithium battery D) A copper cable
A) Germany B) Italy C) Japan D) France
A) Walter Sandtner B) Heinrich Hertz C) Edmond Becquerel D) Alessandro Volta
A) Berlin B) Tokyo C) Bonn D) Paris
A) 1849 B) 539 C) 1839 D) 1989
A) Average weather conditions (AWC) B) Maximum load conditions (MLC) C) Peak solar radiation (PSR) D) Standard test conditions (STC)
A) Ap B) Vp C) Cp D) Wp
A) Watts peak B) Watts per-hour C) Working power D) Watt potential
A) Large industrial factories B) Boats C) Urban power grids D) Commercial skyscrapers
A) Multimeter exclusively B) Voltmeter only C) DC clamp meter D) Oscilloscope
A) Inductors B) Resistors C) Capacitors D) Bypass diodes
A) Operational capacitance B) Output current C) Optimal cell D) Open-circuit voltage
A) Amperes B) Watts C) Volts D) Ohms
A) Working potential B) Watt-peak C) Watt-power D) Wired panel
A) 100 W B) 75 W C) 10 W D) 50 W
A) 300 W B) 1000 W C) 600 W D) 450 W
A) Power-integrated device B) Potential-induced degradation C) Performance-index drop D) Photon-ionization damage
A) Stray currents B) Rainwater C) Direct sunlight D) High temperatures
A) Boron B) Phosphorus C) Cadmium D) Silicon
A) Ten-fold B) Two-fold C) Twenty-fold D) Hundred-fold
A) Loss coefficient B) Efficiency factor C) Degradation index D) Power drop ratio
A) Polycrystalline silicon B) Crystalline silicon C) Thin-film D) Monocrystalline silicon
A) Micromorphic silicon B) CIGS C) Amorphous silicon D) Cadmium telluride
A) 1000 °C B) 2000 °C C) 1500 °C D) 500 °C
A) About 5 kilowatt-hours B) About 25 kilowatt-hours C) About 50 kilowatt-hours D) About 11 kilowatt-hours
A) 21.5% B) 10.5% C) 14.0% D) 18.2%
A) Front electrode B) Anti-reflection film C) N-layer D) P-layer
A) Third generation B) Second generation C) First generation D) Fourth generation
A) Betz efficiency limit B) Carnot efficiency limit C) Shockley–Queisser efficiency limit D) Planck efficiency limit
A) 4.7% B) 28% C) 1% D) 21%
A) 21% B) 28% C) 1% D) 4.7%
A) 2 mm B) 50–150 nm C) Less than 1 μm D) 1–5 mm
A) 30 grams B) 38 grams C) 1 gram D) Around 18 grams
A) CIGS B) CdTe C) CZTS D) Monocrystalline Si
A) Around 2 mm B) Less than 1 μm C) 10–20 mm D) 50–150 nm
A) Conventional Si B) Monocrystalline Si C) Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) D) Cadmium telluride
A) Cradle to gate method B) Shockley-Queisser method C) EPBT method D) CoMoCAT method
A) Rare and toxic materials B) Earth abundant, nontoxic materials C) Cadmium-based materials D) Heavy metals exclusively
A) CIGS and partners B) Shockley and Queisser C) Celik et al. D) CoMoCAT
A) 1% B) 21% C) 28% D) 4.7%
A) 28% B) 1% C) 21% D) 4.7%
A) ~18% higher B) ~28 times higher C) ~3 times higher D) ~18 times higher
A) Value-based pricing B) Cost-plus pricing C) Subsidized pricing D) Fixed-rate pricing
A) 2011 B) 2024 C) 1977 D) 2003
A) 5 markets B) 50 markets C) 100 markets D) 19 markets
A) Government approvals B) Weather data points C) Financial audits D) Assumptions
A) Yes, the USA also subsidies the industry B) Subsidies were abolished in the year 2000 C) No, the USA strictly forbids any form of subsidy D) Only state governments provide subsidies, not federal
A) International loans from the UN B) Nationalization of energy grids C) Securitization D) Crowdfunding platforms
A) Spinning reserves as back-up B) Nuclear generators C) Permanent battery storage only D) Coal-fired power plants
A) Extra money B) Tax penalties C) Free appliances D) Water credits
A) 1,845 B) 14,447 C) 5,000 D) 9,094 |
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