 - 1. What is the title of the book written by Uyghur politician and historian Muhammad Amin Bughra?
A) History and Development of Xinjiang
B) Tarim Mummies and Their Origins
C) A History of East Turkestan
D) The Book of Wei
- 2. According to Muhammad Amin Bughra, how many years of continuous history do the Turks have?
A) 6400-year-old history
B) 9000-year-old history
C) 4,000-year history
D) 840 years
- 3. Which historian incorporated discoveries of Tarim mummies to conclude that Uyghurs have over 6400 years of continuous history?
A) Qurban Wäli
B) Muhammad Amin Bughra
C) Turghun Almas
D) Ashoka
- 4. How many years of history did the World Uyghur Congress claim for Uyghurs in East Turkestan?
A) 4,000-year history
B) Since 840 AD
C) 9000-year-old history
D) 6400 years
- 5. According to the official Chinese white paper History and Development of Xinjiang, when did the Uyghur ethnic group form?
A) At the beginning of the Bronze Age around 1800 BC
B) After the collapse of the Uyghur Khaganate in 840
C) During the reign of Ashoka
D) During the Han dynasty
- 6. Where did the Soviet Union take the 9th-century ethnonym to reappear as the name 'Uyghur'?
A) Afanasevo culture
B) Uyghur Khaganate
C) Kushan Empire
D) Tarim Basin
- 7. What do many contemporary western scholars consider modern Uyghurs to be descendants of?
A) A number of peoples, one of them the ancient Uyghurs
B) Exclusively Indo-European speaking populations
C) Purely Tocharian and Afanasevo cultures
D) Direct linear descendants of the old Uyghur Khaganate only
- 8. What appearance did the well-preserved Tarim mummies discovered from the beginning of the Bronze Age have?
A) Sogdian in appearance
B) European in appearance
C) Northeast Asian in appearance
D) Purely Turkic in appearance
- 9. Around what time did the migration of European-looking people into the Tarim area occur?
A) 840 AD
B) 4th century AD
C) Beginning of the Bronze Age around 1800 BC
D) Late 3rd millennium BC
- 10. The early Tarim mummies of European appearance may have been of what origin?
A) Dingling origin
B) Sogdian origin
C) Xiongnu origin
D) Tocharian origin
- 11. The Tocharians are thought to have developed from which Indo-European speaking culture?
A) Sintashta population
B) Afanasevo culture
C) BMAC culture
D) Andronovo culture
- 12. What time period is associated with the Afanasevo culture of Southern Siberia?
A) c. 3500–2500 BC
B) c. 1800 BC
C) 4th century AD
D) 840 AD
- 13. According to a 2021 study, the earliest Tarim Basin cultures had high levels of what type of ancestry?
A) Northeast Asian ancestry
B) Ancient North Eurasian ancestry
C) BMAC ancestry
D) Sintashta ancestry
- 14. Later Tarim mummies overwhelmingly descended from which populations?
A) Sintashta and Andronovo population
B) Dingling and Xiongnu
C) Taxila Indians
D) Afanasevo culture
- 15. Why did Turgun Almas claim that Tarim mummies were Uyghurs?
A) Because they were descendants of the Uyghur Khaganate
B) Because they spoke the Old Uyghur language
C) Because the earliest Uyghurs practiced shamanism and the mummies' orientation suggests shamanism
D) Because they were mentioned in the Book of Wei
- 16. What words did Qurban Wäli claim as 'Uyghur' rather than Sogdian words absorbed into Uyghur?
A) Words from the Book of Wei
B) Words written in Chinese white papers
C) Words written in Kharosthi and Sogdian scripts
D) Words written in Afanasevo hieroglyphs
- 17. The Saka tribes, who may have been present in the Khotan and Kashgar area, probably spoke what types of languages?
A) Tocharian languages
B) Northeast Asian languages
C) Turkic languages
D) Various Iranian languages
- 18. The Saka tribes were closely related to which European group?
A) Dingling
B) Scythians
C) Yuezhi
D) Tocharians
- 19. From what century did the Sogdians form networks of trading communities across the Tarim Basin?
A) 4th century AD
B) 3500–2500 BC
C) 840 AD
D) 1800 BC
- 20. According to the founding legend of Khotan, by whom was the city founded?
A) Xiongnu rulers
B) Uyghurs from the Uyghur Khaganate
C) Indians from ancient Taxila during the reign of Ashoka
D) Sogdian traders from the 4th century
- 21. Which ancient groups fought for supremacy in the region against the Chinese for several hundred years?
A) Afanasevos
B) Sogdians
C) Dingling
D) Xiongnu
- 22. According to the Chinese historical text the Book of Wei, the founder of the Uyghurs was descended from whom?
A) A Tocharian king
B) A Xiongnu ruler
C) An Ashoka-led Indian
D) A Sogdian trader
- 23. Where have Kharosthi texts associated with Kushan influence been found?
A) Ulaanbaatar and Mongolia
B) Loulan, Niya and Khotan
C) Taxila and Siberia
D) Kashgar, Turfan and Kucha
- 24. During which Chinese dynasties did the Tarim Basin kingdoms come under Chinese control?
A) Sui and Qing dynasties
B) Zhou and Song dynasties
C) Qin and Ming dynasties
D) Han and Tang dynasties
- 25. Under which Tang dynasty administration were the kingdoms placed after being conquered?
A) Uyghur Khaganate Administration
B) Kushan Empire Delegation
C) Tarim Basin Regional Command
D) Protectorate General to Pacify the West
- 26. What happened to the Indo-European cultures of the Tarim kingdoms under Tang rule?
A) They flourished and spread across Central Asia
B) They never recovered after thousands of their inhabitants were killed during the conquest
C) They merged peacefully with the Sogdians
D) They migrated back to Southern Siberia
- 27. What language family did the Tocharian language belong to before it disappeared?
A) Sogdian
B) Turkic
C) Indo-European
D) Iranian
- 28. Why did the Tocharian language eventually disappear in the urban population?
A) It was replaced entirely by Sogdian trading scripts
B) The speakers migrated to Taxila during Ashoka's reign
C) The urban population switched to a Turkic language such as the Old Uyghur language
D) It was banned by the Xiongnu rulers
- 29. Where did early Turkic peoples originally descend from?
A) Trading communities in the Tarim Basin
B) European-looking populations of the Bronze Age
C) Agricultural communities in Northeast Asia
D) Nomadic tribes in Southern Siberia
- 30. When did early Turkic peoples move westwards into Mongolia?
A) Early 1st millennium BC
B) 1800 BC
C) Late 3rd millennium BC
D) 4th century AD
- 31. What lifestyle did early Turkic peoples adopt after moving into Mongolia?
A) A maritime fishing lifestyle
B) A pastoral lifestyle
C) An agricultural lifestyle
D) An urban trading lifestyle
- 32. By what time had the pastoral Turkic peoples become equestrian nomads?
A) 4th century AD
B) Late 3rd millennium BC
C) 840 AD
D) Early 1st millennium BC
- 33. In subsequent centuries, the steppe populations of Central Asia were progressively Turkified by whom?
A) Saka tribes moving from the south
B) Tocharians moving from the Afanasevo culture
C) East Asian nomadic Turks moving out of Mongolia
D) Indians moving from Taxila
- 34. What religion did the Qocho Uyghur Kingdom predominantly practice?
A) Buddhism
B) Shamanism
C) Islam
D) Christianity
- 35. Following the Chagatai conquest, what happened to the Qocho Uyghur identity in modern-day Xinjiang?
A) It perished
B) It became the dominant regional culture
C) It merged directly with the Soviet identity
D) It was preserved exclusively in Kashgar
- 36. In what year was the term 'Uyghur' revived?
A) 1888
B) 1788
C) 1921
D) 1949
- 37. Which minor successor of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate was externally referred to as 'Uyghurstan'?
A) Yarkent Khanate
B) Kashghar Khanate
C) Qocho Uyghur Kingdom
D) Turpan Khanate
- 38. Where was the Turpan Khanate based?
A) Eastern Xinjiang
B) Kazakhstan
C) Tashkent
D) The Tarim Basin
- 39. What religion did the local population of the Turpan Khanate practice?
A) Nestorian Christianity
B) Buddhism
C) Taoism
D) Islam
- 40. Which major successor of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate was externally referred to as the 'Kashghar Khanate'?
A) Uyghur Khaganate
B) Yarkent Khanate
C) Qocho Uyghur Kingdom
D) Turpan Khanate
- 41. Where was the Tashkent conference held in 1921?
A) Eastern Xinjiang
B) China
C) Kashgar
D) Soviet Union
- 42. How is the ethnonym written in Arabic script within the Uyghur language?
A) ئۇيغۇر
B) uyɣur
C) 维吾尔
D) Уйғур
- 43. How is the ethnonym written in Uyghur Cyrillic?
A) ئۇيغۇر
B) Уйғур
C) Уиғур
D) Уйгур
- 44. What is the IPA pronunciation given for the ethnonym in the Uyghur language?
A) [ɣuɒiɣət]
B) [ɣuɒiɣuət]
C) [ʔʊjˈʁʊːʁ]
D) [kɑutɕʰĭa]
- 45. How are the Chinese characters for the ethnonym romanized in pinyin?
A) Wéiwú'ěr
B) Tiělè
C) Huíhú
D) Huíhé
- 46. Which Cyrillic spelling reflects the English spelling variant 'Uigur'?
A) Уйғур
B) Уйгур
C) Уигур
D) Уиғур
- 47. What is the usual pronunciation of the name in English?
A) Huíhú
B) Gāochē
C) OO-ee-GOOR
D) WEE-goor, -gər
- 48. Which English pronunciation of the name calls for the indefinite article 'an' according to advocates?
A) OO-ee-GOOR
B) WEE-goor
C) WEE-gər
D) Huíhé
- 49. Where is an example of the Old Turkic word uyɣur recorded?
A) Northern Wei accounts
B) Tang annals
C) Sudzi inscription
D) Old History of the Five Dynasties
- 50. How was the term transcribed in Tang annals?
A) 回鹘 / 回鶻
B) 回纥 / 回紇
C) 维吾尔 / 維吾爾
D) 高车 / 高車
- 51. What was the probable Middle Chinese pronunciation of 回纥 in the Tang annals?
A) *[ɣuɒiɣət]
B) *[ɣuɒiɣuət]
C) *[kɑutɕʰĭa]
D) *ɦʉɐn-ɦət
- 52. According to the Old History of the Five Dynasties, when did the Chinese accede to a Uyghur request to emend their transcription?
A) 1921
B) 4th century
C) 788 or 809
D) AD 630–684
- 53. What was the emended Chinese transcription of the name in 788 or 809?
A) 铁勒 / 鐵勒
B) 维吾尔 / 維吾爾
C) 回纥 / 回紇
D) 回鹘 / 回鶻
- 54. What is the probable Middle Chinese pronunciation of 回鹘 / 回鶻?
A) [ɣuɒiɣət]
B) [ɦʉɐn-ɦət]
C) [kɑutɕʰĭa]
D) [ɣuɒiɣuət]
- 55. What do 'Huihe' and 'Huihu' seem to be rather than a tribal designation?
A) A political designation
B) A geographic coordinate
C) A linguistic classification
D) A religious title
- 56. Which group might 'Huihe' and 'Huihu' have been one part of collectively?
A) Tiele confederation
B) Yaglaqar
C) Gaoche
D) Toquz Oghuz
- 57. Who reintroduced the name Uyghur in the early 20th century?
A) Qocho Kingdom descendants
B) Sheng Shicai government
C) Soviet Bolsheviks
D) Tarim Basin elders
- 58. What name was given to the Uyghur tribe in the accounts from the Northern Wei?
A) 回纥 Huíhé
B) 袁紇 Yuanhe
C) 铁勒 Tiělè
D) 回鹘 Huíhú
- 59. What is the reconstructed Middle Chinese pronunciation for Yuanhe (< MC ZS)?
A) *[kɑutɕʰĭa]
B) *[ɣuɒiɣət]
C) *ɦʉɐn-ɦət
D) *[ɣuɒiɣuət]
- 60. The Yuanhe were derived from a confederation named what in Mandarin Chinese?
A) Wéiwú'ěr
B) Tiělè
C) Gāochē
D) Huíhé
- 61. What is the literal meaning of Gāochē?
A) Nine Oghuz tribes
B) High Carts
C) Tarim farmers
D) Non-rebellious followers
- 62. How would people from Kashgar identify themselves?
A) Chanhui
B) Hotani
C) Kashgari
D) Sart
- 63. How would people from Hotan identify themselves?
A) Hanhui
B) Kashgari
C) Hotani
D) Sart
- 64. What is another Chinese exonym with the same literal meaning as Chanhui that is still officially used in Mongolia?
A) Chantou Huihui
B) Lan mao hui hui
C) Zhan cheng hui hui
D) Hanhui
- 65. During which empire was the term 'Hui' applied to people who believed in any of the Abrahamic religions?
A) Tang Empire
B) Mongol Empire
C) Qing Empire
D) Han Empire
- 66. What did the term 'lán mào huí huí' refer to during the Mongol Empire?
A) Christian Ossetians
B) Han Chinese Muslims
C) Muslim Chams
D) Judaist Jews
- 67. What did the term 'lǜ jīng huí huí' refer to during the Mongol Empire?
A) Muslim Chams
B) Hui people
C) Christian Ossetians
D) Judaist Jews
- 68. Which of the following is listed as a modern group associated with the term Hui?
A) Hui people
B) Hotani people
C) Kashgari people
D) Old Uyghurs
- 69. What is the Chinese term for Hui people?
A) Huí hú
B) Hanhui
C) Chanhui
D) Huí zú
- 70. Were the Old Uyghur speaking people predominantly Muslim or non-Muslim?
A) Judaists
B) Non-Muslims
C) Muslims
D) Christians
- 71. Did the Uyghur Khaganate establish Islam as the official religion?
A) Only partially
B) Later on
C) Yes
D) No
- 72. What is the direct descendant of the Old Uyghur speaking states renamed as?
A) Hui people
B) Yugur people
C) Uyghur people
D) Sart people
- 73. How many of the 56 officially recognised ethnic groups in the People's Republic of China share the same etymological origin based on this semantic connection?
A) Four
B) Five
C) Two
D) Three
- 74. Which language shares the same origin with Uyghur?
A) Mandarin
B) Uzbek
C) Tibetan
D) Mongolian
- 75. How many officially recognized ethnic minorities are there in China, of which Uyghurs are one?
A) 54
B) 57
C) 56
D) 55
- 76. Which of the following historical peoples and cultures can the Uyghurs trace their ancestry to?
A) Romans
B) Celts
C) Tocharians
D) Aztecs
- 77. Which dynasty's rule came to the region following the Dzungar–Qing Wars in the 18th century?
A) Tang dynasty
B) Qing dynasty
C) Ming dynasty
D) Han dynasty
- 78. What region was combined with the Tarim Basin to form Xinjiang Province?
A) Manchuria
B) Dzungaria
C) Kashmir
D) Transoxiana
- 79. In which city did Turkic intellectuals gather in a conference organized by the Soviet Union to adopt the ethnonym 'Uyghur'?
A) Samarkand
B) Kashgar
C) Tashkent
D) Urumqi
- 80. In which Chinese province do several thousand Uyghurs reside outside of Xinjiang?
A) Sichuan
B) Zhejiang
C) Hunan
D) Guangdong
- 81. Significant diasporic Uyghur communities exist in Turkic countries such as Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and which other country?
A) Turkey
B) Iran
C) Afghanistan
D) Pakistan
- 82. Since what year has the Chinese government been accused of subjecting Uyghurs in Xinjiang to widespread persecution?
A) 2019
B) 2001
C) 2014
D) 2008
- 83. What culture did the Uyghurs adopt after moving to the Tarim Basin and mixing with local Tocharians?
A) Maritime trading
B) Nomadic pastoralism
C) Highland mountaineering
D) Oasis agriculture
- 84. What did old Russian travelers call the people now known as Uyghurs?
A) Turki
B) Altishahri
C) Ch'an-t'ou
D) Sart
- 85. What does the former Chinese term 'Ch'an-t'ou' mean?
A) Oasis Dwellers
B) Farmers of the North
C) Turbaned Heads
D) People of the Steppe
- 86. What did the term 'Taranchi' mean?
A) Farmer
B) Nomad
C) Merchant
D) Warrior
- 87. Which term did Altishahri Turkis use as a self-designation that did not signify religious connotations?
A) Musulmān
B) Turki
C) Qalmaq
D) Sart
- 88. Who was the area governor that came to power and became the first to promulgate the official use of the term 'Uyghur' in Xinjiang?
A) Muhammad Amin Bughra
B) Masud Sabri
C) Mao Zedong
D) Sheng Shicai
- 89. According to some scholars, whose culture, language, and religion are closer to the original Uyghur Karakorum state than modern Xinjiang Uyghurs?
A) The Lopliks
B) The Dolan people
C) The Yugurs
D) The Andijanis
- 90. What alternate ethnonym is used by some members of the Uyghur diaspora in Arabia?
A) Sart
B) Chantou
C) Turkistani
D) Taranchi
- 91. Approximately how many Uyghurs live in Taoyuan County according to the text?
A) 20,000–30,000
B) 50,000–100,000
C) 1,000–3,000
D) 5,000–10,000
- 92. According to Chinese authorities, what is the Uyghur population within the Xinjiang region?
A) Just over 12 million
B) Around 20 million
C) Exactly 10 million
D) Over 35 million
- 93. Approximately what percentage of the total regional population in Xinjiang do Uyghurs comprise according to Chinese authorities?
A) About half
B) About a quarter
C) About ten percent
D) About three quarters
- 94. As early as 2003, what population figure did some Uyghur groups claim they actually exceeded?
A) 12 million
B) 5 million
C) 50 million
D) 20 million
- 95. What did a 2004 mitochondrial DNA study find to be the frequency of the Western Eurasian-specific haplogroup in Uyghurs?
A) 42.6%
B) 65.0%
C) 57.4%
D) 30.0%
- 96. In the 2008 study by Xu et al. using samples exclusively from Hetian (Hotan), what was the average estimated European or West Eurasian ancestry?
A) About 30%
B) About 70%
C) About 40%
D) About 60%
- 97. In the 2008 study by Xu et al. using samples exclusively from Hetian (Hotan), what was the average estimated East Asian or Siberian ancestry?
A) About 60%
B) About 50%
C) About 30%
D) About 40%
- 98. What did the 2009 study by Li et al. using a larger sample find as the average East Asian component?
A) About 60%
B) About 50%
C) About 30%
D) About 70%
- 99. What did the 2009 study by Li et al. find as the average European/West Asian component?
A) About 70%
B) About 30%
C) About 60%
D) About 50%
- 100. Is there significant genetic distance between Xinjiang's southern Uyghurs and the Chinese population?
A) No, there is no genetic distance.
B) They are genetically identical.
C) The text states they share zero DNA.
D) Yes, there is significant genetic distance.
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