Native Americans in the United States

Native Americans in the United States - Quiz

1. What are Native Americans also known as?

A) First Nations and Inuit only
B) Aleut and Métis only
C) Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders
D) Indians, American Indians, First Americans, and Indigenous Americans

2. Which geographic regions do Native Americans primarily belong to according to the text?

A) Canada and Greenland
B) The lower 48 states and Alaska
C) Central and South America exclusively
D) Hawaii and Puerto Rico

3. How does the United States Census Bureau define 'American Indians and Alaska Natives'?

A) Anyone having origins in original peoples of North and South America who maintains tribal affiliation
B) Only individuals registered with the Bureau of Indian Affairs
C) All residents of United States Indian reservations
D) Anyone born in North America prior to 1492

4. Why does the U.S. Census Bureau not enumerate 'Native Americans' as a single category?

A) Because Native Americans are not considered US citizens
B) The term can encompass a broader set of groups like Native Hawaiians, which are tabulated separately
C) Because Native Americans refused to participate in the census
D) Because the term is legally prohibited by the federal government

5. What caused a precipitous decline in the Native American population after European colonization began in 1492?

A) Volcanic eruptions and severe natural famines
B) Complete assimilation into European societies
C) Wars, ethnic cleansing, enslavement, and newly introduced diseases
D) Voluntary mass emigration back to Asia

6. What did European settlers wage against Native American peoples as part of settler colonialism?

A) Peaceful trade agreements and cultural exchanges
B) Shared governance and mutual legal pacts
C) War, massacres, removal from ancestral lands, and one-sided treaties
D) Joint ventures for land development

7. What policy did European and U.S. policies focus on into the 20th century?

A) Forced assimilation
B) Immediate granting of full statehood
C) Total tribal sovereignty and independence
D) Economic reparations and land returns

8. How were Native American tribes considered when the United States was established?

A) Provinces governed directly by the British Crown
B) Semi-independent nations
C) Foreign empires with no legal standing
D) Fully integrated states of the Union

9. Which act ended the recognition of independent Native nations and started treating them as 'domestic dependent nations'?

A) The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
B) The Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
C) The Indian Removal Act of 1830
D) The Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968

10. What rights were preserved by the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871?

A) A large degree of tribal sovereignty, rights, and privileges
B) Exclusive ownership of the entire United States
C) The right to wage war against foreign nations
D) Complete exemption from all federal laws

11. Which act granted U.S. citizenship to all Native Americans born in the US who had not yet obtained it?

A) The Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975
B) The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
C) The Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
D) The Civil Rights Act of 1968

12. What category established by the United States Constitution was emptied by the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924?

A) Indians not taxed
B) Non-resident aliens
C) Untaxed foreign entities
D) Stateless persons

13. What did the Indian Civil Rights Act comprise of?

A) Amendments added during the New Deal era
B) The entire U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights
C) Titles II through VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968
D) Executive orders signed by President Franklin Roosevelt

14. Approximately how many Native Americans live in the U.S. today, and what percentage live outside reservations?

A) One million, with 50% living outside reservations
B) Ten million, with all living on reservations
C) Two million, with 20% living outside reservations
D) Over five million, with about 80% living outside reservations

15. As of 2020, which states have the highest percentage of Native Americans?

A) Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island
B) New York, Florida, Illinois, Ohio, and Michigan
C) Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming
D) Alaska, Oklahoma, Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas

16. When did the history of Native Americans in the United States begin?

A) Tens of thousands of years ago with the settlement of the Americas by Paleo-Indians
B) In 1776 with the establishment of the United States
C) In 1492 with the arrival of Christopher Columbus
D) In 1830 with the passing of the Indian Removal Act

17. What was Beringia?

A) A land bridge between Siberia and Alaska
B) A mountain range separating North and South America
C) An ancient city built by Mound Builders
D) A maritime route across the Atlantic Ocean

18. When does archaeological evidence suggest Eurasian migrations to the Americas via Beringia began?

A) Around 500 years ago
B) As early as 25,000 years ago
C) In the year 1000 BCE
D) During the 19th century

19. What were some major Paleo-Indian cultures identified through unique spear points and large-game hunting?

A) Clovis and Folsom traditions
B) Hopewell and Mississippian traditions
C) Watson Brake and Poverty Point
D) Anasazi and Hohokam traditions

20. What cultural period arose around 8000 BCE as the climate stabilized?

A) The Woodland period
B) The Mississippian culture
C) The Archaic stage
D) The colonial period

21. Who created large earthworks such as Watson Brake and Poverty Point?

A) The Paleo-Indians
B) The Clovis people
C) European settlers
D) The Mound Builders

22. What tradition connected the Eastern Woodlands to the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico during the Woodland period?

A) The Oasisamerica tradition
B) The Folsom tradition
C) The Beringia tradition
D) The Hopewell tradition

23. What large urban center with a population exceeding 20,000 by 1250 CE emerged from the Mississippian culture?

A) Wounded Knee
B) Cahokia
C) Watson Brake
D) Poverty Point

24. Into how many cultural areas do ethnographers classify the Indigenous peoples of North America?

A) Fifty cultural areas
B) Ten cultural areas
C) Three cultural areas
D) Twenty cultural areas

25. How was land typically held by Indigenous cultures at the time of first contact, in contrast to Europeans?

A) By the monarch or king
B) By corporate business entities
C) Communally
D) As private individual property

26. What term describes the centuries of population, cultural, and agricultural transfer between Old and New World societies starting in the late 15th century?

A) The Great Migration
B) The Columbian exchange
C) The Industrial Revolution
D) Manifest Destiny

27. How did most Native groups preserve their histories before European contact?

A) Through extensive written encyclopedias
B) By means of oral traditions and artwork
C) Using printed books and newspapers
D) Via digital media and stone tablets

28. Which European disease was especially devastating to Native Americans due to a lack of immunity?

A) The common cold
B) Malaria
C) Chickenpox
D) Smallpox

29. By how much did populations in some regions fall in the first century after European contact?

A) Exactly 50 percent
B) Populations actually increased
C) 90 percent or more
D) 10 percent or less

30. What were pre-Columbian population estimates for the area of the modern U.S.?

A) From 50 to 100 million
B) From 100,000 to 500,000
C) From 2 to over 18 million
D) Exactly 1 million

31. To approximately what number had Native populations collapsed by the end of the 18th century?

A) Zero
B) Around 10 million
C) Over 15 million
D) Around 600,000

32. Who advocated a 'civilizing' policy to assimilate Native Americans as U.S. citizens after the establishment of the United States?

A) Horatio Greenough and Andrew Jackson
B) George Washington and Henry Knox
C) Christopher Columbus and James Buchanan
D) Thomas Jefferson and Tecumseh

33. What 19th-century ideology drove westward expansion and increased pressure on Native lands?

A) The Enlightenment
B) Feudalism
C) Isolationism
D) Manifest destiny

34. Which act authorized mass relocations west of the Mississippi River, resulting in ethnic cleansing and forced marches like the Trail of Tears?

A) The Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
B) The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
C) The Civil Rights Act of 1968
D) The Indian Removal Act of 1830

35. Where did a justification for conquest and subjugation of Native Americans stem from?

A) Treaties signed by independent Native nations
B) Dehumanizing stereotypes like those in the United States Declaration of Independence
C) Tribal oral histories and artwork
D) Scientific studies conducted by Paleo-Indians

36. What phrase was used to describe Native Americans in the United States Declaration of Independence?

A) Peaceful domestic nations
B) Sovereign equal partners
C) Merciless Indian savages
D) First American citizens

37. Who wrote that the sculpture The Rescue (1837) was 'to convey the idea of the triumph of the whites over the savage tribes'?

A) Henry Knox
B) George Washington
C) Horatio Greenough
D) James Buchanan

38. Which senator proposed the sculpture The Discovery of America (1844), which depicted a triumphant Columbus and a 'female savage'?

A) Horatio Greenough
B) George Washington
C) Henry Knox
D) James Buchanan

39. What conflicts constituted Native resistance against the United States?

A) The War of 1812
B) The Revolutionary War
C) The American Indian Wars
D) The Civil War

40. What was one of the last major events of native resistance where up to 300 Lakota were killed during a Ghost Dance gathering?

A) The Dakota War of 1862
B) The Trail of Tears
C) The Great Sioux War of 1876
D) The Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890

41. Which 20th-century conflict marked a turning point in Native American visibility and involvement due to significant military service?

A) The Vietnam War
B) World War I
C) The Korean War
D) World War II

42. Which act recognized tribal autonomy, leading to Native-run schools and economic initiatives in 1975?

A) The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
B) The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975
C) The Indian Removal Act of 1830
D) The Indian Appropriations Act of 1871

43. What percentage of Native Americans now live in cities?

A) 50%
B) Over 70%
C) Less than 10%
D) Exactly 20%

44. What forms the basis of federal Indian law and the trust relationship for contemporary Native Americans?

A) State property tax laws
B) Colonial European legal codes
C) Sovereignty and treaty rights
D) United Nations mandates

45. What term do many older Native Americans prefer according to the text?

A) Indigenous or Aboriginal
B) First Nations or Métis
C) Aleut or Inuit
D) Indian or American Indian

46. What terms do younger generations of Native Americans often choose?

A) Indigenous or Aboriginal
B) Merciless savages
C) Domestically dependent
D) Indian or American Indian

47. Which designations are commonly used for Indigenous peoples in Canada?

A) Apache, Cherokee, and Navajo
B) Clovis, Folsom, and Archaic
C) Aleut, Yup'ik, and Inuit
D) First Nations, Inuit, and Métis

48. Which groups were traditionally not included in the term 'Native American'?

A) Choctaw and Lakota
B) Native Hawaiians or some Alaska Natives such as Aleut, Yup'ik, or Inuit
C) Hopewell and Mississippian cultures
D) Paleo-Indians and Archaic hunter-gatherers

49. What cultural region is also known as Oasisamerica in the classification of North American Indigenous peoples?

A) The Great Plains
B) The Northwest Coast
C) The Southwest
D) The Arctic

50. How many Indigenous people in the United States identified with Central American Indigenous groups in 2022?

A) 205,954
B) 47,518
C) 875,183
D) 634,503

51. How many Indigenous people identified with the Indigenous people of Mexico in 2022?

A) 47,518
B) 1,449,888
C) 875,183
D) 634,503

52. How many Indigenous people identified with Canadian First Nations in 2022?

A) 205,954
B) 634,503
C) 875,183
D) 47,518

53. What approximate percentage of the 3.2 million Americans who identified as American Indian or Alaska Native alone in 2022 are of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity?

A) 45%
B) 11%
C) 25%
D) 80%

54. Which is the largest self-reported tribe among groups Indigenous to the United States?

A) Apache
B) Navajo
C) Choctaw
D) Cherokee

55. What was the self-reported population of the Navajo tribe according to the text?

A) 1,449,888
B) 295,373
C) 434,910
D) 220,739

56. How many respondents specified an Alaska Native identity?

A) 288,255
B) 191,823
C) 47,518
D) 205,954

57. How are Native Hawaiians classified by the census?

A) Alaska Native
B) American Indian
C) Hispanic
D) Pacific Islanders

58. According to 2022 estimates, how many Americans reported Native Hawaiian ancestry?

A) 875,183
B) 434,910
C) 634,503
D) 714,847

59. Since which census year has self-identification of race been permitted?

A) 2010
B) 1880
C) 1960
D) 2000

60. In which census year was the option to select more than one race introduced?

A) 2000
B) 1950
C) 1960
D) 2010

61. What was the Native American population count in the 1930 census?

A) 274,000
B) 377,273
C) 366,500
D) 362,500

62. What was the Native American population count in the 1940 census?

A) 362,500
B) 551,669
C) 366,500
D) 377,273

63. In what year did the Native American population begin to rebound sharply?

A) 1950
B) 1940
C) 1960
D) 1930

64. What was the Native American population in 1950?

A) 366,500
B) 827,268
C) 551,669
D) 377,273

65. What was the Native American population in 1960?

A) 362,500
B) 377,273
C) 551,669
D) 827,268

66. What was the Native American population in 1970?

A) 346,000
B) 551,669
C) 377,273
D) 827,268

67. How many times the national average was the annual growth rate of the Native American population by 1970?

A) Twice
B) Four times
C) Five times
D) Three times

68. In what year did total spending on Native Americans return to $38 million?

A) 1940
B) 1933
C) 1950
D) 1929

69. What was the self-reported population of the Choctaw tribe?

A) 220,739
B) 191,823
C) 288,255
D) 295,373

70. What was the self-reported population of the Blackfeet tribe?

A) 295,373
B) 220,739
C) 191,823
D) 288,255

71. What was the self-reported population of the Sioux tribe?

A) 220,739
B) 295,373
C) 191,823
D) 288,255

72. What was the self-reported population of the Apache tribe?

A) 288,255
B) 295,373
C) 191,823
D) 220,739

73. What percentage of Native Americans live outside a reservation?

A) 78%
B) 45%
C) 8%
D) 70%

74. Which individuals are more likely to live on a reservation?

A) Mono-racial individuals
B) Multiracial individuals
C) Urban residents
D) Individuals of mixed ancestry

75. What is the largest tribe if only non-multiracial individuals are counted?

A) Sioux
B) Choctaw
C) Navajo
D) Cherokee

76. What proportion of the Navajo tribe consists of mono-racial individuals?

A) 78%
B) 86.3%
C) 45%
D) 70%

77. What percentage of Native Americans lived in urban areas in 1940?

A) 28%
B) 8%
C) 70%
D) 45%

78. Which Indian social service organization attempts to address urban problems in Minneapolis?

A) Muwekma Ohlone
B) Bureau of Indian Affairs
C) Dawes Rolls
D) Little Earth

79. How many federally recognized tribal governments are there in the US?

A) 819
B) 286
C) 326
D) 574

80. How many Indian reservations are there in the US?

A) 819
B) 326
C) 284
D) 574

81. To gain federal recognition, tribes must prove continuous existence since what year?

A) 1900
B) 2000
C) 1940
D) 1970

82. Which group is pursuing litigation in the federal court system to establish recognition in the San Francisco Bay Area?

A) Muwekma Ohlone
B) Penobscot Nation
C) Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians
D) Passamaquoddy Tribe

83. In what year did a group of Democratic Party congressmen introduce a bill to terminate federal recognition of the Cherokee Nation?

A) 2007
B) 2000
C) 2017
D) 2009

84. What roll was required for Cherokee Freedmen to be included as members of the Cherokee Nation?

A) Little Earth register
B) Bureau of Vital Statistics
C) Dawes Rolls
D) Racial Integrity Act

85. Since what year had all Cherokee Freedmen and their descendants been members of the Cherokee Nation prior to the exclusion dispute?

A) 1900
B) 1940
C) 1866
D) 1970

86. How many nonvoting representatives from Indian Tribes are allowed in the Maine State House Legislature?

A) 4
B) 3
C) 2
D) 5

87. Until what year did Virginia have no federally recognized tribes?

A) 2000
B) 2007
C) 2009
D) 2017

88. How many tribes did the state of Virginia recognize prior to having federally recognized tribes?

A) ten
B) five
C) three
D) eight

89. Who served as registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics from 1912 to 1946?

A) Secretary of State
B) Walter Ashby Plecker
C) Dawes
D) Little Earth director

90. In what year did the Senate Indian Affairs Committee endorse a bill that would grant federal recognition to tribes in Virginia?

A) 2009
B) 2007
C) 2000
D) 2017

91. By what year is it estimated that nine out of ten Americans with Native American ancestry will be of mixed ancestry?

A) 2012
B) 2007
C) 2100
D) 2000

92. Which of the following is an urban area with a significant Native American population mentioned in the text?

A) Minneapolis
B) Miami
C) Seattle
D) Boston

93. Which tribe represented in the Maine State Legislature is named in the text?

A) Cherokee Nation
B) Sioux Nation
C) Penobscot Nation
D) Navajo Nation

94. What laws subjected Native Americans to segregation in the Deep South?

A) Navigation Acts
B) Homestead Acts
C) Intolerable Acts
D) Jim Crow Laws

95. What institutionalized economic, educational, and social disadvantages for Native Americans in the south?

A) Federal paternalism
B) Tribal sovereignty
C) Reservation systems
D) Jim Crow

96. What was a major problem for Native Americans seeking education in the south?

A) High tuition costs
B) Segregation
C) Lack of textbooks
D) English-only mandates

97. Which organization's legal strategy changed education segregation for Native Americans?

A) The NCAI
B) The NIYC
C) The NARF
D) The NAACP

98. Who began assisting Native Americans in the south in the late 1950s?

A) Martin Luther King Jr.
B) Mel Thom
C) Dean Rusk
D) The Secretary of the Interior

99. Which tribe in Alabama was trying to completely desegregate schools in their area in the late 1950s?

A) The Cherokee
B) The Sioux
C) The remaining Creek
D) The Navajo

100. In which book does Martin Luther King Jr. write about the nation being born in genocide against the Indian?

A) Stride Toward Freedom
B) Strength to Love
C) Why We Can't Wait
D) Where Do We Go from Here

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