Catalysts
  • 1. Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. They lower the activation energy required for the reaction to occur, allowing it to proceed more rapidly or at a lower temperature. Catalysts work by providing an alternative pathway for the reaction to take place, resulting in the formation of products more efficiently. They are essential in many industrial processes, such as in the production of fuels, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals, as they help to enhance reaction rates and efficiency while reducing energy consumption and waste generation. Overall, catalysts play a crucial role in accelerating reactions and improving the sustainability of chemical processes.

    What is a catalyst?
A) A substance that reacts with another substance to form a new compound.
B) A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
C) A substance that stops a chemical reaction from occurring.
D) A substance that decreases the rate of a chemical reaction.
  • 2. What is an enzyme in biological systems?
A) A structural protein
B) A lipid molecule
C) A neurotransmitter
D) A biological catalyst
  • 3. What is the role of a promoter in catalysis?
A) To inhibit the catalytic activity of a catalyst
B) To change the chemical nature of the catalyst
C) To enhance the catalytic activity of a catalyst
D) To replace the catalyst in a reaction
  • 4. What is the major advantage of using catalysts in chemical reactions?
A) Causing more waste to be generated
B) Lowering the activation energy and increasing reaction rates
C) Increasing the production cost
D) Making the reactions more hazardous
  • 5. What does 'autocatalysis' refer to in a chemical reaction?
A) When a catalyst is deactivated by the reaction mixture
B) When a reactant of a reaction accelerates the reaction
C) When a product of a reaction acts as a catalyst for that reaction
D) When a byproduct of a reaction poisons the catalyst
  • 6. What is a common example of an organic catalyst?
A) Carbon nanotubes
B) Magnesium oxide
C) Silver
D) Enzymes
  • 7. What is the purpose of a catalytic converter in a car exhaust system?
A) To increase the fuel efficiency of the engine
B) To produce more greenhouse gases
C) To reduce harmful emissions by converting them into less harmful substances
D) To increase engine power
  • 8. Which of the following factors can influence the effectiveness of a catalyst?
A) Vessel size in which the reaction takes place
B) Temperature of the surrounding environment
C) Surface area of the catalyst
D) Color of the catalyst
  • 9. What is meant by the term 'selectivity' in catalysis?
A) The ability of a catalyst to promote one specific reaction pathway over others
B) The ease of recycling the catalyst
C) The cost of the catalyst used in a reaction
D) The speed at which a catalyst degrades
  • 10. How do solid catalysts differ from homogeneous catalysts?
A) Solid catalysts are typically easier to separate from the reaction mixture
B) Solid catalysts have a higher reaction selectivity
C) Solid catalysts are never used in industrial processes
D) Solid catalysts are always less efficient than homogeneous catalysts
  • 11. From which language is the term 'catalyst' derived and what does it mean?
A) German, meaning 'to assist'.
B) French, meaning 'to change'.
C) Latin, meaning 'to speed up'.
D) Greek, meaning 'loosen' or 'untie'.
  • 12. What is the SI derived unit for measuring the catalytic activity of a catalyst?
A) turnover number (TON)
B) katal
C) mole per second
D) enzyme unit
  • 13. Which term describes the productivity of a catalyst?
A) turn over frequency
B) enzyme unit
C) turnover number (TON)
D) katal
  • 14. In the reaction 2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3, which substance acts as a catalyst?
A) sulfur trioxide (SO3)
B) nitric oxide (NO)
C) oxygen (O2)
D) sulfur dioxide (SO2)
  • 15. Which step is the rate-determining step in the catalyzed reaction of SO2 and O2?
A) 2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3
B) NO2 + SO2 → NO + SO3
C) 2 NO + O2 → 2 NO2
D) NO + SO3 → NO2 + SO2
  • 16. What is the role of a catalyst in lowering activation energy?
A) It decreases the available energy from the environment
B) It stabilizes the transition state more than the starting material
C) It increases the difference in energy between starting materials and products
D) It changes the thermodynamic barrier
  • 17. What is typically produced by photocatalysis?
A) Singlet oxygen
B) Hydrogen peroxide
C) Nitric oxide
D) Chlorine gas
  • 18. Which type of catalyst can be considered an intermediate between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts?
A) Photocatalysts
B) Biocatalysts
C) Organometallic catalysts
D) Electrocatalysts
  • 19. What is a common product of enzymatic reactions that also acts as a reactant in bond-breaking processes?
A) Carbon dioxide
B) Hydrogen
C) Oxygen
D) Water
  • 20. Which enzyme-based commodity chemical is prepared using biocatalysis?
A) High-fructose corn syrup
B) Benzene
C) Ethanol
D) Acetic acid
  • 21. What are catalytic antibodies that lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction called?
A) Ribozymes
B) Enzybiotics
C) Abzymes
D) Synzymes
  • 22. In 2005, how much did catalytic processes generate in products worldwide?
A) $900 billion
B) $700 billion
C) $1 trillion
D) $500 billion
  • 23. Which process involves the synthesis of hydrocarbons from synthesis gas?
A) Fischer–Tropsch synthesis
B) Steam reforming
C) Sabatier reaction
D) Water-gas shift reaction
  • 24. Which process requires metal catalysts for carbonylation, such as the Monsanto acetic acid process?
A) Water-gas shift reaction
B) Fischer–Tropsch synthesis
C) Sabatier reaction
D) Carbonylation processes
  • 25. What is produced via catalytic oxidation using oxygen from p-xylene?
A) Terephthalic acid
B) Methanol
C) Acrylic acid
D) Ammonia
  • 26. What type of catalysis is used to derive polyesters, polyamides, and isocyanates?
A) Acid–base catalysis
B) Metal catalysts
C) Inorganic catalysts
D) Biocatalysts
  • 27. In which year did Elizabeth Fulhame describe the concept of catalysis?
A) 1811
B) 1794
C) 1880s
D) 1835
  • 28. Who discovered the acid-catalyzed conversion of starch to glucose?
A) Vladimir Ipatieff
B) Jöns Jakob Berzelius
C) Wilhelm Ostwald
D) Gottlieb Kirchhoff
  • 29. Who first used the term 'catalysis' to describe accelerated reactions?
A) Jöns Jakob Berzelius
B) Gottlieb Kirchhoff
C) Eilhard Mitscherlich
D) Elizabeth Fulhame
  • 30. Which chemist developed Döbereiner's lamp?
A) Elizabeth Fulhame
B) Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner
C) Wilhelm Ostwald
D) Humphry Davy
  • 31. Who discovered the use of platinum in catalysis?
A) Vladimir Ipatieff
B) Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner
C) Gottlieb Kirchhoff
D) Humphry Davy
  • 32. Who was awarded the 1909 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on catalysis?
A) Elizabeth Fulhame
B) Wilhelm Ostwald
C) Jöns Jakob Berzelius
D) Vladimir Ipatieff
  • 33. What is the precursor to the antibacterial levofloxacin synthesized using BINAP-ruthenium complexes?
A) Levofloxacin
B) Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation
C) Hydroxyacetone
D) (R)-1,2-Propandiol
  • 34. Which chemist referred to catalysis as contact processes?
A) Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner
B) Humphry Davy
C) Eilhard Mitscherlich
D) Elizabeth Fulhame
  • 35. Who performed early industrial scale reactions including hydrogenation?
A) Jöns Jakob Berzelius
B) Vladimir Ipatieff
C) Wilhelm Ostwald
D) Gottlieb Kirchhoff
  • 36. Which type of catalysis is used in food processing to prepare many foodstuffs?
A) Friedel–Crafts reactions
B) Enantioselective catalysis
C) Biocatalysis
D) Hydrogenation with nickel catalyst
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