- 1. The Nicene Creed controversies were theological disagreements within Christianity during the fourth century regarding the wording and interpretation of the Nicene Creed, which was established by the First Council of Nicaea in AD 325. These controversies centered around the divinity of Jesus Christ and the relationship between God the Father and Jesus. The main points of contention included the Arian controversy, which challenged the Creed's declaration of Jesus as 'of one substance with the Father,' leading to debates about whether Jesus was fully divine or a created being. These controversies ultimately led to various councils and schisms within the Christian church as different factions vied for control over orthodox doctrine.
Who is credited with initiating the First Council of Nicaea in AD 325?
A) St. Athanasius
B) Pope Leo I
C) Arius
D) Emperor Constantine
- 2. What heresy prompted the First Council of Nicaea to convene?
A) Nestorianism
B) Arianism
C) Gnosticism
D) Docetism
- 3. How did the Arians interpret the Son's relationship to the Father?
A) as identical in essence
B) as a subordinate but eternal being
C) as an equal deity
D) as a created being
- 4. Which ecumenical council confirmed and expanded the Nicene Creed in AD 381?
A) Second Council of Nicaea
B) Council of Ephesus
C) Council of Chalcedon
D) First Council of Constantinople
- 5. Which theological term was central to the debate at the Council of Nicaea?
A) Homoousios
B) Logos
C) Ecclesia
D) Doctrina
- 6. Who was known for his support of Arianism and his opposition to the Nicene Creed?
A) Eusebius of Nicomedia
B) Cyril of Alexandria
C) Jerome
D) Augustine of Hippo
- 7. Who was the Archbishop of Constantinople who declared the Creed of Nicaea complete and asked the entire church to affirm it?
A) Cyril of Alexandria
B) John Chrysostom
C) Gregory Nazianzus
D) Jerome
- 8. What was the primary theological emphasis of the Nicene Creed?
A) The divine nature of Christ and His relationship to the Father.
B) The interpretation of Old Testament prophecies.
C) The establishment of ecclesiastical hierarchy.
D) The practices of monasticism.
- 9. What term describes the belief that Jesus only appeared to be human but did not possess a physical body?
A) Nestorianism
B) Docetism
C) Monophysitism
D) Arianism
- 10. Which ecumenical council affirmed the Nicene Creed and addressed iconoclasm in AD 787?
A) Council of Chalcedon
B) First Council of Constantinople
C) Council of Ephesus
D) Second Council of Nicaea
- 11. How did the Nicene Creed redefine the relationship between the Father and the Son?
A) It affirmed that the Son was begotten, not made, consubstantial with the Father.
B) It asserted the subordination of the Son to the Father.
C) It denied the eternality of the Son.
D) It equated the Son with the Holy Spirit.
- 12. Who was the main proponent of Arianism at the First Council of Nicaea?
A) Arius
B) Augustine
C) Athanasius
D) Jerome
- 13. Who is known as the 'Father of Orthodoxy' for his defense of Nicene principles?
A) John Chrysostom
B) Irenaeus
C) Origen
D) Athanasius
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