 - 1. Approximately how many Jews died fighting for Hungary in World War I?
A) Exactly 5,000
B) Over 50,000
C) Less than 1,000
D) More than 10,000
- 2. What treaty forced Hungary to cede two-thirds of its territory and population?
A) Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
B) Treaty of Versailles
C) Treaty of Trianon
D) Treaty of Paris
- 3. Who led the first post-war liberal democratic government in Hungary?
A) Tibor Szamuely
B) Miklós Horthy
C) Béla Kun
D) Mihály Károlyi
- 4. When did the Communists take control of Hungary's governing institutions?
A) January 1920
B) November 1918
C) July 1919
D) March 21, 1919
- 5. What was the name of the state formed by the Communist government in 1919?
A) Kingdom of Hungary
B) People's Republic of Hungary
C) Hungarian Democratic Republic
D) Hungarian Soviet Republic
- 6. Who was one of the few leaders of the Hungarian Soviet Republic who was not of Jewish ancestry?
A) Béla Kun
B) Jenő Landler
C) Sándor Garbai
D) Tibor Szamuely
- 7. The presence of ethnic Jews in the leadership of the 1919 revolution fostered the notion of what?
A) A royalist coup
B) A democratic uprising
C) A Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy
D) A nationalist liberation movement
- 8. Which foreign army entered Budapest to crush Kun's regime?
A) Romanian
B) Austrian
C) German
D) Russian
- 9. Who commanded the reactionary forces that followed the fall of the Communist regime?
A) Sándor Garbai
B) Tibor Szamuely
C) Mihály Károlyi
D) Miklós Horthy
- 10. What is the name of the campaign of counter-reprisals directed against Jews and others starting in July 1919?
A) Trianon Retribution
B) Red Terror
C) White Terror
D) Great Purge
- 11. According to the text, how did Miklós Horthy refer to the violence in his memoirs?
A) A tragic necessity
B) An iron broom
C) A cleansing fire
D) A revolutionary mandate
- 12. Which group were the White Terror pogroms specifically directed at?
A) Religious minorities other than Jews
B) Jews, progressives, and peasants
C) Aristocrats and industrialists only
D) Foreigners only
- 13. Which of these leaders was of Jewish ancestry?
A) Miklós Horthy
B) Béla Kun
C) Mihály Károlyi
D) Sándor Garbai
- 14. Compared to the repressions of the Kun regime, how many lives did the White Terror claim?
A) An order of magnitude more
B) None
C) Fewer
D) Roughly the same amount
- 15. The Vix Note required Hungary to cede a significant part of which region?
A) The coastline
B) The Alps
C) Budapest
D) The Great Plains
- 16. When did the Battle of Mohács take place?
A) 11 September 1526
B) 29 August 1526
C) 18 June 1623
D) 24 April 1671
- 17. Which leader died during the Battle of Mohács?
A) Maximilian II
B) Louis II
C) Suleiman I
D) Gabriel Bethlen
- 18. Who was the grand vizier that arrived at Buda with the Ottoman army?
A) Ferdinand of Habsburg
B) Leopold I
C) János Szapolyai
D) Ibrahim Pasha
- 19. Which of these was NOT a Jewish community existing in Sofia in the late 16th century?
A) Sephardi
B) Romaniote
C) Persian
D) Ashkenazi
- 20. Which city expelled its Jews and confiscated their property in 1526?
A) Sofia
B) Constantinople
C) Buda
D) Sopron
- 21. What was the reason Pressburg (Bratislava) received permission to expel its Jews in 1526?
A) They refused to pay taxes
B) They committed ritual murder
C) They intended to flee before the Turks
D) They were involved in the Battle of Mohács
- 22. What happened to the Jews accused of ritual murder at Bösing in 1529?
A) They were pardoned by the king
B) They were burned at the stake
C) They were forced to pay a special tax
D) They were exiled to Anatolia
- 23. How many synagogues were in Buda at the end of the Ottoman era?
A) Four
B) Five
C) Three
D) One
- 24. Who granted a letter of privileges to Spanish Jews in Transylvania in 1623?
A) Prince Gabriel Bethlen
B) Leopold I
C) Suleiman I
D) King Maximilian II
- 25. What did the Diet of 1578 decree regarding taxes for Jews?
A) They were taxed at the same rate as others
B) They were to be taxed double
C) They only paid tax in goods
D) They were exempt from all taxes
- 26. Which monarch issued an expulsion decree against the Jews on 24 April 1671?
A) Leopold I
B) Louis II
C) János Szapolyai
D) Maximilian II
- 27. What happened to the Jews of Székesfehérvár after the imperial troops took the city in 1601?
A) They were relocated to Transylvania
B) They were slain or sold into slavery
C) They were given honorary citizenship
D) They were appointed to the royal court
- 28. Which king renewed the Szabolcs decree of 1092?
A) Ladislaus IV
B) Béla IV
C) Andrew II
D) Coloman
- 29. How did Coloman react to the Crusaders arriving in Hungary?
A) He encouraged them
B) He opposed them
C) He ignored them
D) He joined them
- 30. Why did Bohemian Jews seek refuge in Hungary?
A) An invitation from the Hungarian Pope
B) Economic opportunities in the Hungarian court
C) The collapse of the Bohemian monarchy
D) Cruelties inflicted upon them in Bohemia
- 31. In which document were the nobles able to deprive Jews of high offices during Andrew II's reign?
A) The Privilegium of 1251
B) The Synod of Buda declaration
C) The Szabolcs decree
D) The Golden Bull
- 32. Which Pope excommunicated Andrew II for farming royal revenues to Jews?
A) Pope Innocent III
B) Pope Honorius III
C) Pope Philip of Fermo
D) Pope Gregory IX
- 33. Which Pope mandated that Jews and Saracens be distinguished by badges?
A) Pope Alexander IV
B) Pope Honorius III
C) Pope Clement IV
D) Pope Gregory IX
- 34. What event in 1241 did Jews believe might usher in the Messianic period?
A) The Mongol invasion
B) The Synod of Buda
C) The death of Béla IV
D) The issuance of the 1251 privilegium
- 35. Who was appointed as court chamberlain under Béla IV?
A) Henul
B) Altmann
C) Wölfel
D) Teka
- 36. What penalty would a Christian face for entrusting an office to a Jew according to the Synod of Buda?
A) A heavy fine
B) Confiscation of property
C) Excommunication
D) Imprisonment
- 37. Who was the last king of the Árpád dynasty?
A) Béla IV
B) Coloman
C) Andrew III
D) Ladislaus IV
- 38. Who held the office of court chamberlain under Andrew II?
A) Wölfel
B) Teka
C) Nickel
D) Henul
- 39. What percentage of Budapest's population was Jewish by the early 20th century?
A) 45%
B) 5%
C) 23%
D) 17%
- 40. The Hungarian word for Jew, 'zsidó', was adopted from which language family?
A) Latin
B) Khazar
C) German
D) Slavic
- 41. Which synagogue is the largest in Europe?
A) Dohány Street Synagogue
B) Temple Emanu-El
C) Aquincum Synagogue
D) Siklós Synagogue
- 42. In what year did the German occupation of Hungary take place?
A) 1920
B) 1944
C) 1941
D) 1938
- 43. Which Roman emperor ordered the transfer of troops from Syria to Pannonia in 175 CE?
A) Marcus Aurelius
B) Alexander Severus
C) Decebalus
D) St. Ladislaus
- 44. When were the Jews first expelled from Hungary during the Black Death?
A) 1382
B) 1360
C) 1494
D) 1349
- 45. Which group did King Louis try to convert to Catholicism in Bosnia?
A) Muslims
B) Bogomils
C) Protestants
D) Orthodox Christians
- 46. Which king created the office of Jewish prefect?
A) Matthias Corvinus
B) Sigismund Luxembourg
C) Ladislaus Posthumus
D) Albert
- 47. Where were many Jews burned at the stake in 1494?
A) Bosnia
B) Nagyszombat (Trnava)
C) Tata
D) Buda
- 48. On what suspicion were Jews executed in 1494?
A) Espionage
B) Ritual murder
C) Theft of state funds
D) Refusal to pay taxes
- 49. Who expelled the Jews from Tata after the death of Matthias Corvinus?
A) John Corvinus
B) Louis II
C) Ladislaus II
D) Maximilian
- 50. Who was the Jewish prefect of Buda placed under imperial protection in 1512?
A) Dano I
B) Emerich Szerencsés
C) Alexander the Good
D) Jacob Mendel
- 51. What did the baptized deputy treasurer Emerich Szerencsés do that increased hostility toward Jews?
A) Spied for foreign powers
B) Advocated for high taxes
C) Embezzled public funds
D) Forced conversions
- 52. Which emperor granted protection to the Hungarian Jews in 1512?
A) Béla IV
B) Louis II
C) Sigismund
D) Maximilian
- 53. On what date did imperial troops recapture Buda?
A) 28 June 1725
B) 12 March 1712
C) 2 September 1686
D) 15 August 1690
- 54. Which activity were Jews prohibited from engaging in by the Diet of Pressburg?
A) Financial lending
B) Tailoring
C) Agriculture
D) Trading in precious metals
- 55. Who was appointed as customs farmer at Leopoldstadt in 1692?
A) Francis II Rákóczi
B) Simon Hirsch
C) Charles III
D) Leopold Karl von Kollonitsch
- 56. Which city expelled its Jews in 1712 on the grounds that it was the birthplace of St. Stephen?
A) Buda
B) Esztergom
C) Pressburg
D) Sopron
- 57. What restriction did King Charles III place on Jewish families in the Austrian provinces in 1726?
A) Mandatory expulsion to Hungary
B) Double taxation on agricultural land
C) Only one male member per family could marry
D) Total ban on residing in cities
- 58. Where did the overflow of Austrian Jews primarily settle after the 1726 marriage decree?
A) Vienna
B) Northwestern Hungary
C) The mining-towns
D) Southern provinces
- 59. Which city's Jewish court did the Jews of Trencsén pledge to submit to in 1734?
A) Pressburg
B) Ungarisch-Brod
C) Vienna
D) Sopron
- 60. Who ordered that Jewish and Christian subjects who emigrated after 1740 should be extradited?
A) Leopold I
B) Francis II Rákóczi
C) Charles III
D) Maria Theresa
- 61. In 1735, what was the total number of Jews recorded in Hungary?
A) 10,500
B) 15,200
C) 11,621
D) 12,474
- 62. According to the 1735 census, from which region did the largest percentage of immigrant Jews originate?
A) Bohemia
B) Poland
C) Austria
D) Moravia
- 63. Which city had the largest Jewish community in 1735?
A) Pressburg (Bratislava)
B) Buda
C) Székesfehérvár
D) Szatmár
- 64. What was the name of the tax imposed on Hungarian Jews during the reign of Maria Theresa?
A) Poll-tax
B) Residence-tax
C) Toleration-tax
D) Noble-tax
- 65. In what year were Jews expelled from Buda during Maria Theresa's reign?
A) 1740
B) 1746
C) 1749
D) 1760
- 66. What was the colloquial Yiddish name for the toleration-tax?
A) Geld-tax
B) Juden-tax
C) König-tax
D) Malkegeld
- 67. How many years did Maria Theresa eventually set for the toleration-tax payment cycle?
A) Ten years
B) Eight years
C) Five years
D) Three years
- 68. What was the name of the decree issued on March 31, 1783?
A) The Hungarian Hebrew Decree
B) Systematica gentis Judaicae regulatio
C) The Jewish Emancipation Act
D) The Edict of Toleration
- 69. Which towns were specifically excluded from the areas opened to Jewish settlement?
A) Mining-towns
B) Royal free towns
C) Capital cities
D) Border towns
- 70. Who was to explain the effects of the emperor's decrees to the Jewish people?
A) The school inspectors
B) The government officials
C) Christian teachers
D) The rabbis
- 71. What type of teachers were to be employed in Jewish schools during the early years?
A) State-appointed Yiddish speakers
B) Christian teachers
C) Jewish rabbis
D) Foreign language tutors
- 72. What restriction was placed on the subjects Jews could study at universities?
A) Philosophy
B) Law
C) Medicine
D) Theology
- 73. What specific item were Jews permitted to carry after the 1783 decree?
A) Religious symbols
B) Merchant licenses
C) Swords
D) Distinctive clothing
- 74. In 1787, what were Jews required to choose?
A) A trade guild
B) A local representative
C) A German surname
D) A Hungarian place of birth
- 75. What obligation did the 1789 edict impose upon the Jews?
A) Compulsory labor in mining-towns
B) Military service
C) Mandatory emigration
D) Payment of a special poll tax
- 76. Which city petitioned the municipal council to expel the Jews after May 1, 1790?
A) Nagyvárad
B) Pressburg
C) Pest
D) Nagyszombat
- 77. Which of the following was a permitted occupation for Jews under Joseph II?
A) Teaching theology
B) Selling gunpowder
C) Managing royal estates
D) Mining
- 78. What was the name of the law passed as the thirty-eighth article of the Diet of 1790–1791?
A) Lex Judaeorum
B) De Judaeis
C) Status Judaei
D) Jus Regium
- 79. Who read the law of February 5, 1791, to the session of the Diet?
A) Stephen Atzel
B) Charles Zay
C) Philip Jacobovics
D) József Eötvös
- 80. Under which monarch's reign was the condition of the Hungarian Jews finally ameliorated?
A) Franz Joseph I
B) Ferdinand V
C) Leopold II
D) Maria Theresa
- 81. By what percentage did the Jewish population in Hungary grow between 1815 and 1840?
A) About 50%
B) About 80%
C) About 100%
D) About 20%
- 82. Who was the superintendent of the Jewish hospital who moved the petition in Pest in 1839?
A) Philip Jacobovics
B) József Eötvös
C) Moritz Bloch
D) Moritz Rosenthal
- 83. Which scholar translated the Pentateuch into Hungarian?
A) Philip Jacobovics
B) Moritz Bloch
C) Moritz Rosenthal
D) József Eötvös
- 84. Who was the chief ecclesiastical inspector of the Hungarian Lutherans who advocated for Jewish interests in 1846?
A) Baron József Eötvös
B) Count Charles Zay
C) Stephen Atzel
D) Moritz Bloch
- 85. In which city did the mob advance upon the synagogue, cut up Torah scrolls, and throw them into a well?
A) Szombathely
B) Pest
C) Sopron
D) Pressburg
- 86. What was the proposed destination for Jews considering emigration as a means of escape during the mid-19th century?
A) France
B) Russia
C) America
D) England
- 87. Who estimated that 20,000 Jews participated in the Hungarian Revolution?
A) Béla Bernstein
B) Leopold Löw
C) Ignatz Einhorn
D) Julius Jacob von Haynau
- 88. What was the name used by Ignatz Einhorn when he became state secretary of the Hungarian Ministry of Commerce?
A) Eduard Horn
B) Adolf Hübsch
C) Béla Bernstein
D) Jacob Münz
- 89. When was the emancipation of the Jews granted by the national assembly at Szeged?
A) July 28, 1849
B) July 2, 1848
C) April 11, 1848
D) September 20, 1850
- 90. Which city saw Jewish supporters of Hungary slain by rebellious Serbians?
A) Zenta
B) Pest
C) Pápa
D) Szeged
- 91. When was the Israelite State Teachers' Seminary in Pest founded?
A) 1867
B) 1849
C) 1877
D) 1859
- 92. What percentage of the Hungarian Jewish population lived in Budapest according to the 1910 census?
A) 45.00%
B) 22.35%
C) 10.15%
D) 5.00%
- 93. Which city was referred to as 'Judapest' by Karl Lueger?
A) Buda
B) Budapest
C) Vienna
D) Pest
- 94. According to the 1910 census, what percentage of Hungarian Jews lived in the territories that remained part of the 'small' Hungary after 1921?
A) 25.5%
B) 19.5%
C) 51.7%
D) 2.6%
- 95. Which country acquired Fiume, where 2,000 Hungarian Jews lived according to the 1910 census, after 1924?
A) Italy
B) Czechoslovakia
C) Yugoslavia
D) Austria
- 96. What was the net loss for Judaism due to official conversions between 1919 and 1938?
A) 26,652
B) 4,288
C) 30,940
D) 260
- 97. In 1926, which district in Pest had the largest percentage of Jewish inhabitants?
A) District VIII
B) District VI
C) District VII
D) District V
- 98. In 1930, what was the primary religious affiliation of Hungarian Jews overall?
A) Status quo ante
B) Convert
C) Neolog
D) Orthodox
- 99. What percentage of Jewish families in Budapest lived in apartments with one or two rooms in 1926?
A) 50%
B) 5%
C) 30%
D) 65%
- 100. What was the percentage of Jewish individual gold medal winners in the Summer Olympic Games between 1924 and 1936?
A) 17.6%
B) 55.6%
C) 46.3%
D) 19.6%
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