Underground Railroad - Quiz
Underground Railroad
  • 1. Was the Underground Railroad literally underground?
A) Yes, it consisted of underground tunnels
B) Yes, but only in northern states
C) No, it was neither literally underground nor a railroad
D) It started underground and later moved above ground
  • 2. When did the first literal underground railroad exist?
A) 1875
B) 1863
C) 1800
D) 1850
  • 3. According to John Rankin, why was the escape network called a railroad?
A) Because trains transported people by night
B) Because fugitives disappeared from public view as if they went into the ground
C) Because it was built by railroad workers
D) Because it used actual steam locomotives
  • 4. Why did the network use rail terminology like stations and conductors?
A) Because trains were the only way to travel north
B) To honor the inventors of the railroad
C) To confuse slave catchers using railroad codes
D) Because that was the transportation system in use at the time
  • 5. Did the Underground Railroad have a central headquarters or governing body?
A) Yes, located in Philadelphia
B) Yes, located in Canada
C) No, it had no headquarters or governing body
D) Yes, managed by the Quaker church
  • 6. Were there published guides, maps, or pamphlets for the Underground Railroad?
A) Yes, but only for conductors
B) No
C) Yes, distributed by abolitionist newspapers
D) Yes, printed secretly in New York
  • 7. How was communication maintained among participants of the Underground Railroad?
A) Via public newspaper advertisements
B) By word of mouth
C) By telegraph messages
D) Through published maps and guides
  • 8. What type of code was reportedly used to encrypt messages?
A) Numeric code
B) Morse code
C) Alphabetical cipher
D) Binary code
  • 9. How did participants generally organize to maintain secrecy?
A) In large centralized militias
B) In small, independent groups
C) Under strict military command
D) In state-wide chapters
  • 10. Who were the 'conductors' on the railroad?
A) Free-born blacks, white abolitionists, formerly enslaved people, and Native Americans
B) Exclusively white Quakers
C) Only trained railway employees
D) Elected government officials
  • 11. Why did many Christian congregations and clergy participate in the network?
A) They believed slavery was contrary to the ethics of Jesus
B) They were paid by northern politicians
C) They wanted to build new railroads
D) They were ordered to by the federal government
  • 12. Which religious group was notably involved in the Underground Railroad?
A) Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)
B) Eastern Orthodox Church
C) Church of England
D) Roman Catholics
  • 13. Which mainstream denominations entered into schism over the issue of slavery?
A) Quakers and Congregationalists
B) Catholics and Anglicans
C) Presbyterians and Lutherans
D) Methodist Episcopal Church and the Baptists
  • 14. How crucial was the role of free blacks in the Underground Railroad?
A) Without it, there would have been almost no chance for fugitives to reach freedom safely
B) It was minor compared to white abolitionists
C) They acted solely as messengers
D) They only provided financial donations
  • 15. What were the organizations known as that underground railroad 'agents' worked in?
A) Railroad unions
B) Freedom leagues
C) Vigilance committees
D) Abolitionist brotherhoods
  • 16. Which northern states had Free Black communities that helped freedom seekers?
A) Georgia, South Carolina, and Virginia
B) Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York
C) Texas, Florida, and Louisiana
D) California, Oregon, and Nevada
  • 17. Where did Black communities hide freedom seekers in the North?
A) In their churches and homes
B) In government buildings
C) In public train stations
D) In commercial warehouses
  • 18. Who wrote the book 'Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad The Geography of Resistance'?
A) Diane Miller
B) Cheryl Janifer Laroche
C) John Rankin
D) Larry Gara
  • 19. According to historian Cheryl Janifer Laroche, who operated as the main actors in the Underground Railroad?
A) European sympathizers
B) Blacks, enslaved and free
C) White northern politicians
D) Native American guides
  • 20. What misconception do some authors have regarding white abolitionists, according to Laroche?
A) They emphasize white abolitionists as the main factor and overlook free Black communities
B) They state white abolitionists were southern spies
C) They claim white abolitionists did not participate at all
D) They believe white abolitionists ran the government
  • 21. What does author Diane Miller say traditional historians have overlooked?
A) The agency of African Americans in their own quest for freedom
B) The laws passed by southern states
C) The financial cost of running safe houses
D) The role of the British navy
  • 22. How have traditional historians often portrayed enslaved people in relation to the Underground Railroad?
A) As active leaders of vigilance committees
B) As 'helpless' slaves aided by white religious groups
C) As railway engineers
D) As wealthy landowners funding the network
  • 23. What argument does historian Larry Gara make about many Underground Railroad stories?
A) They belonged in folklore and not history
B) They were completely fabricated by southern politicians
C) They were accurately documented in government archives
D) They were broadcast widely on newspapers
  • 24. Which real historical figures does Larry Gara mention whose actions are exaggerated?
A) Abraham Lincoln, Frederick Douglass, and John Brown
B) John Rankin, Cheryl Laroche, and Diane Miller
C) George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin
D) Harriet Tubman, Thomas Garrett, and Levi Coffin
  • 25. What does the traditional narrative of Northern abolitionists guiding the enslaved imply, according to Gara?
A) That northern abolitionists were paid professionals
B) That southern slaveholders supported the abolitionists
C) That freedom seekers needed the help of Northerners to escape and minimizes enslaved people's intelligence and agency
D) That escaping slavery was easy without assistance
  • 26. Where did an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 fugitive slaves consider their final destination?
A) Mexico
B) Canada
C) The Caribbean
D) Great Britain
  • 27. Which political group heavily lobbied for the Compromise of 1850?
A) Canadian diplomats
B) Southern politicians
C) British parliament members
D) Northern abolitionists
  • 28. Following which conflict was the Compromise of 1850 passed by Congress?
A) The French and Indian War
B) The Mexican-American War
C) The War of 1812
D) The Revolutionary War
  • 29. What did the Compromise of 1850 include regarding fugitive slaves?
A) Financial compensation for runaway slaves
B) Automatic freedom after five years
C) A more stringent Fugitive Slave Law
D) A complete ban on slave catching in the North
  • 30. What did some Northern states enact to counter federal fugitive slave laws?
A) Compulsory slave catch acts
B) Personal liberty laws
C) Southern trade embargoes
D) Pro-slavery mandates
  • 31. Which US President issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863?
A) George Washington
B) Thomas Jefferson
C) Abraham Lincoln
D) Andrew Jackson
  • 32. What were the slaves who risked capture referred to as?
A) Stationmasters
B) Passengers
C) Engineers
D) Conductors
  • 33. What were the individuals who aided the escaping slaves referred to as?
A) Engineers
B) Passengers
C) Travelers
D) Conductors
  • 34. To which country did various other routes lead where slavery had been abolished?
A) Mexico
B) Cuba
C) Spain
D) Canada
  • 35. An earlier escape route ran south toward which Spanish possession?
A) Puerto Rico
B) Mexico
C) Florida
D) Cuba
  • 36. During the American Civil War, where did freedom seekers escape to in the South?
A) Confederate military camps
B) Union lines
C) British naval vessels
D) Spanish forts in Florida
  • 37. Approximately how many slaves had escaped to freedom via the network by 1850, according to one estimate?
A) 1,000,000
B) 100,000
C) 10,000
D) 500,000
  • 38. Who documented the very first use of the term 'Underground Railroad' in print?
A) Charles Turner Torrey
B) Thomas Smallwood
C) Scott Shane
D) Eber Pettit
  • 39. On what date was the term 'Underground Railroad' first used in print?
A) July 4, 1776
B) August 10, 1842
C) December 25, 1850
D) January 1, 1863
  • 40. Who edited the Tocsin of Liberty newspaper?
A) Scott Shane
B) Thomas Smallwood
C) Charles Turner Torrey
D) Eber Pettit
  • 41. Whose column was used to publish the term for the first time?
A) Sam Weller
B) Freedom Train
C) Uncle Tom
D) North Star
  • 42. Which Baltimore constable was Thomas Smallwood quoting when he first used the term?
A) Eber Pettit
B) John Zell
C) Charles Turner Torrey
D) J. Blaine Hudson
  • 43. Whose 1879 book offered the best prior claim to the origin of the term?
A) Eber Pettit
B) Scott Shane
C) Thomas Smallwood
D) J. Blaine Hudson
  • 44. What constellation was known as the 'drinking gourd'?
A) Ursa Minor
B) Cassiopeia
C) Orion
D) The Big Dipper
  • 45. Who escaped by sea and had previously been enslaved by President George Washington?
A) Harriet Tubman
B) Frederick Douglass
C) Ona Judge
D) Sojourner Truth
  • 46. Where did freedom seekers in Alabama hide on boats heading to blend in with a free Black community?
A) Mobile, Alabama
B) Huntsville, Alabama
C) Birmingham, Alabama
D) Montgomery, Alabama
  • 47. What kind of watercraft did Alabama freedom seekers make to escape?
A) Rafts
B) Kayaks
C) Sailboats
D) Canoes
  • 48. Where did freedom seekers escape from enslavers on boats heading for California?
A) Florida
B) Texas
C) Cuba
D) Panama
  • 49. What was the legal status of slavery in Panama during the period discussed?
A) Mandatory for all residents
B) Regulated by federal law
C) Illegal
D) Legal
  • 50. What substance did freedom seekers put on their shoes in North Carolina to prevent dogs from tracking them?
A) Lard
B) Turpentine
C) Hot pepper
D) Vinegar
  • 51. What material did escapees in Texas use to make a paste to stop dogs from tracking their scent?
A) Charred bullfrog
B) Dried swamp moss
C) Crushed tree bark
D) Roasted snake skin
  • 52. Where did other runaways escape to in order to wash off their scent?
A) Swamps
B) Desert caves
C) Mountains
D) Open fields
  • 53. Where did the main route for freedom seekers from the South lead?
A) Up the Appalachians
B) Across the Rocky Mountains
C) Through the Florida Everglades
D) Along the Mississippi River
  • 54. What lake did Harriet Tubman reach before going to Canada by boat on the main route?
A) Lake Michigan
B) Lake Erie
C) Lake Huron
D) Lake Ontario
  • 55. Who was the home in Rochester, New York, associated with?
A) Thomas Downing
B) Frederick Douglass
C) Samuel May
D) Joshua Young
  • 56. What was built by 1848 to connect New York to Canada across the Niagara River?
A) Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge
B) Erie Canal Bridge
C) Brooklyn Bridge
D) St. Lawrence Crossing
  • 57. Which river or lake did travelers via the Adirondacks enter Canada through via Ogdensburg?
A) St. Lawrence River
B) Niagara River
C) Mississippi River
D) Ohio River
  • 58. Who assisted travelers entering Canada on Lake Champlain?
A) William Still
B) Thomas Downing
C) Joshua Young
D) Arnold Gragstone
  • 59. What kind of business did Thomas Downing operate in New York as an Underground Railroad stop?
A) A clothing store
B) An Oyster restaurant
C) A hardware shop
D) A horse stable
  • 60. Who was enslaved and helped runaways escape by guiding them across the Ohio River?
A) Thomas Downing
B) William Still
C) Arnold Gragstone
D) Samuel May
  • 61. When was slavery abolished in Canada?
A) During the 1860s
B) During the 1850s
C) During the 1790s
D) During the 1830s
  • 62. What did fugitives call the Ohio River using biblical references?
A) The 'River Jordan'
B) The 'Red Sea'
C) The 'Sea of Galilee'
D) The 'River Euphrates'
  • 63. Who was home to Samuel May according to the text?
A) Harpers Ferry
B) Rochester, New York
C) Syracuse
D) Philadelphia
  • 64. What occupation did some free and enslaved black men hold that helped enslaved people escape?
A) Customs inspectors
B) Railroad engineers
C) Plantation overseers
D) Mariners
  • 65. When did Mary Meachum attempt to help eight or nine slaves escape?
A) 1896
B) 1830
C) 1861
D) 1855
  • 66. What was the name of the free Black woman who attempted to help slaves escape near St. Louis?
A) Sojourner Truth
B) Harriet Tubman
C) Rosa Parks
D) Mary Meachum
  • 67. What was the name of the African American guide from Illinois who assisted in Mary Meachum's escape attempt?
A) John
B) Breckenridge
C) Charles
D) Freeman
  • 68. What was the name of a notable mass escape mentioned in the text?
A) The Pearl incident
B) The Stono rebellion
C) The Amistad mutiny
D) Harpers Ferry raid
  • 69. In what year is there a reference to a numerical code used to encrypt messages?
A) 1877
B) 1896
C) 1840
D) 1855
  • 70. What type of meals did freedom seekers prepare using their foraged and hunted ingredients?
A) Roasted meats and baked bread
B) Cold salads and sandwiches
C) Fried pastries
D) One-pot meals (stews)
  • 71. What is the name of the foodways of Black Americans that grew from the meals created on the Underground Railroad?
A) Pioneer cuisine
B) Continental dining
C) Fast food
D) Soul food
  • 72. Name one type of geographic location where maroon communities were hidden.
A) Desert canyons
B) Wetlands
C) Mountain peaks
D) Open plains
  • 73. In which state is the Great Dismal Swamp located?
A) Virginia
B) South Carolina
C) Louisiana
D) Delaware
  • 74. In what decade was the Saint Malo maroon community active in Louisiana?
A) 1860s
B) 1670s
C) 1780s
D) 1820s
  • 75. Who was the leader of the Saint Malo maroon community?
A) San Miguel
B) Dan Sayer
C) Herbert Aptheker
D) Jean Saint Malo
  • 76. What was the population of the Saint Malo maroon community?
A) Ten
B) Five hundred
C) Twelve
D) Fifty
  • 77. Which government broke up the Saint Malo maroon community?
A) Spanish colonial government
B) French colonial government
C) United States government
D) British colonial government
  • 78. When was Jean Saint Malo executed?
A) June 19, 1784
B) August 15, 1816
C) January 10, 1864
D) July 4, 1776
  • 79. In which colonial region did South Carolina have maroon settlements?
A) Great Lakes region
B) Lowcountry
C) New England coast
D) Appalachian Mountains
  • 80. In what year did maroons fight to maintain their freedom in Ashepoo?
A) 1822
B) 1816
C) 1800
D) 1861
  • 81. Maroons fought to maintain their freedom in Williamsburg County in what year?
A) 1784
B) 1820s
C) 1816
D) 1819
  • 82. In what year did maroons fight to maintain freedom in Georgetown?
A) 1820
B) 1819
C) 1822
D) 1861
  • 83. Maroons fought for freedom in Jacksonborough in which year?
A) 1820
B) 1816
C) 1822
D) 1861
  • 84. In what year did maroons fight to maintain freedom near Marion?
A) 1861
B) 1784
C) 1822
D) 1819
  • 85. Which historical archeologist argues that historians downplay maroons and place valor in white involvement due to racial bias?
A) San Miguel
B) Herbert Aptheker
C) Jean Saint Malo
D) Dan Sayer
  • 86. When were the earliest accounts of escape into Native American lands?
A) 17th century
B) 16th century
C) 18th century
D) 19th century
  • 87. What was the name of the first European colony in the continental US, established by Spaniards in 1526?
A) Saint Malo
B) Fort Malden
C) Negro Town
D) San Miguel de Gualdape
  • 88. Where was San Miguel de Gualdape established?
A) Louisiana
B) Florida
C) Virginia
D) South Carolina
  • 89. As early as what year did enslaved Africans flee from South Carolina Lowcountry to Spanish Florida?
A) 1784
B) 1689
C) 1526
D) 1861
  • 90. Where were some escapees taken by the Ottawa people?
A) San Miguel de Gualdape
B) Fort Malden
C) Negro Town
D) Ashepoo
  • 91. What was the name of the maroon community allowed by the Wyandot people in Upper Sandusky for four decades?
A) Saint Malo
B) Negro Town
C) San Miguel
D) Lowcountry
  • 92. For how many decades did Negro Town exist in Upper Sandusky?
A) Ten decades
B) Four decades
C) Two decades
D) One decade
  • 93. Which Native American people hid freedom seekers in villages around the Chesapeake Bay and Delaware in the 18th and 19th centuries?
A) Nanticoke
B) Shawnee
C) Ottawa
D) Wyandot
  • 94. To which tribe did the Odawa transfer runaways so they could be escorted to Canada?
A) Nanticoke
B) Wyandot
C) Ojibwe
D) Shawnee
  • 95. In what year did the Spanish establish Fort Mose for free Blacks?
A) 1706
B) 1738
C) 1806
D) 1829
  • 96. In what year did enslaved people arrive at the Stone Fort in Nacogdoches, Texas seeking freedom?
A) 1806
B) 1829
C) 1812
D) 1738
  • 97. Which U.S. Army general invaded Spanish Florida during the War of 1812?
A) George Washington
B) Andrew Jackson
C) Winfield Scott
D) Zachary Taylor
  • 98. What type of plantations did Americans establish after moving into Spanish territorial property in the North?
A) Tobacco plantations
B) Cotton plantations
C) Sugarcane plantations
D) Rice plantations
  • 99. Who formally abolished slavery in Mexico in 1829?
A) Agustín de Iturbide
B) Vicente Guerrero
C) Antonio López de Santa Anna
D) Benito Juárez
  • 100. In what year did Texas join the Union as a slave state?
A) 1836
B) 1829
C) 1812
D) 1845
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