Parasite
  • 1. What is the relationship between a parasite and its host?
A) An independent relationship with no interaction between the two species.
B) A mutualistic relationship where both organisms benefit equally.
C) A close relationship where the parasite lives on or inside the host, causing it harm.
D) A commensal relationship where one organism benefits without affecting the other.
  • 2. Who characterized parasites' way of feeding as 'predators that eat prey in units of less than one'?
A) Francesco Redi
B) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
C) Entomologist E. O. Wilson
D) Ridley Scott
  • 3. Which of the following is an example of a single-celled protozoan parasite?
A) Vampire bats
B) Hookworms
C) Mistletoe
D) The agent of malaria
  • 4. What distinguishes parasites from predators in terms of size and host interaction?
A) Parasites are much smaller than their hosts, do not kill them, and often live on or in them for an extended period.
B) Parasites and predators both always kill their hosts.
C) Parasites only interact with their hosts briefly.
D) Parasites are larger than their hosts and typically kill them quickly.
  • 5. Which type of parasitism involves transmission through being eaten?
A) Vector-transmitted parasitism
B) Parasitic castration
C) Directly transmitted parasitism
D) Trophically-transmitted parasitism
  • 6. What is the major axis of classification concerning a parasite's location relative to its host?
A) Invasiveness, distinguishing between endoparasites and ectoparasites.
B) Size difference between parasite and host
C) The type of food the parasite consumes
D) The speed at which parasites reproduce
  • 7. What is a key way parasites increase their own fitness?
A) By providing benefits to their hosts
B) By exploiting hosts for resources necessary for survival, such as feeding on them.
C) By living independently of any host
D) By avoiding interaction with other species
  • 8. Which ancient civilization had knowledge of parasites like roundworms and tapeworms?
A) The Inca Civilization
B) Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome
C) Medieval Europe
D) The Aztec Empire
  • 9. Who first observed Giardia lamblia using a microscope?
A) Francesco Redi
B) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1681
C) E. O. Wilson
D) Jonathan Swift
  • 10. Which literary work features a blood-drinking parasite?
A) Ridley Scott's film Alien
B) Leeuwenhoek's scientific observations
C) Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula
D) Jonathan Swift's 'On Poetry: A Rhapsody'
  • 11. What is the origin of the word 'parasite'?
A) From Medieval French parasite, from Latinised form parasitus, from Ancient Greek παράσιτος (parasitos).
B) From Latin parasitus directly.
C) From a 19th-century scientific term.
D) From English Middle Ages terminology.
  • 12. What is the earliest known use of the word 'parasite' in English?
A) 1539
B) 1611
C) 1681
D) 1733
  • 13. Which term describes parasites with complex life cycles involving multiple hosts?
A) Facultative
B) Obligate
C) Direct
D) Indirect
  • 14. Which of these is an example of a macroparasite?
A) Helminths
B) Protozoans
C) Viruses
D) Bacteria
  • 15. Which sensory input is not typically used as a host cue?
A) Vibration
B) Skin odours
C) Light
D) Exhaled carbon dioxide
  • 16. What type of parasite is the snubnosed eel considered to be?
A) Obligate ectoparasite
B) Microparasite
C) Macroparasite
D) Facultative endoparasite
  • 17. Which of the following insects is an obligate parasite?
A) Butterfly
B) Scale insect
C) Aphid
D) Caterpillar
  • 18. Which parasitic strategy involves parasites that destroy or impair their host's ability to reproduce?
A) Parasitic castrators
B) Trophically-transmitted parasitism
C) Vector-transmitted parasitism
D) Directly transmitted parasitism
  • 19. Which genus of parasitic crustaceans is known for causing damage to the gonads of their host crabs?
A) Schistosoma
B) Sacculina
C) Toxoplasma
D) Ancylostoma
  • 20. What happens to male crab hosts infected by Sacculina?
A) They develop female secondary sex characteristics.
B) They become immune to other parasites.
C) They lose their ability to swim.
D) Their claws grow larger.
  • 21. What is the distribution pattern of directly transmitted parasites among host individuals?
A) Aggregated distribution
B) Random distribution
C) Uniform distribution
D) Continuous distribution
  • 22. Which parasite is known to chemically castrate the intertidal marine snail Tritia obsoleta?
A) Zoogonus lasius
B) Toxoplasma gondii
C) Ascaris lumbricoides
D) Schistosoma mansoni
  • 23. What is the term for when a parasite's entire life cycle occurs within a single host?
A) Autoinfection
B) Serial transmission
C) Vector-borne infection
D) Cross-infection
  • 24. Which of the following is NOT a major parasitic strategy mentioned in the text?
A) Parasitoidism
B) Parasitic castration
C) Trophically-transmitted parasitism
D) Directly transmitted parasitism
  • 25. Which of the following is an example of a directly transmitted parasite?
A) Lice
B) Trematodes
C) Copepods
D) Acanthocephalans
  • 26. Which type of parasitism involves the parasite developing in the host's gonad and killing reproductive cells?
A) Directly transmitted parasitism
B) Vector-transmitted parasitism
C) Trophically-transmitted parasitism
D) Parasitic castration
  • 27. Which of the following is an example of a trophically-transmitted parasite?
A) Mites
B) Cestodes
C) Bacteria
D) Lice
  • 28. Which disease is transmitted by the deer tick Ixodes scapularis?
A) Chagas disease
B) Toxoplasmosis
C) Malaria
D) Lyme disease
  • 29. Which genus includes the malarial parasites that are vector-transmitted?
A) Trypanosoma
B) Plasmodium
C) Leishmania
D) Giardia
  • 30. Which group of parasitoids includes phorid flies?
A) Endoparasites
B) Ectoparasites
C) Koinobionts
D) Idiobionts
  • 31. Which type of parasitoids carry their prey to a nest after capture?
A) Koinobiont parasitoids
B) Ectoparasites
C) Endoparasites
D) Idiobiont parasitoids
  • 32. Which of the following is an example of a micropredator?
A) Mosquitoes
B) Leeches
C) Vampire bats
D) Lampreys
  • 33. What type of feeding behavior do most micropredators exhibit?
A) Carnivorous
B) Herbivorous
C) Hematophagic
D) Omnivorous
  • 34. Which type of parasitism involves a parasite feeding on another parasite?
A) Hyperparasitism
B) Social parasitism
C) Brood parasitism
D) Kleptoparasitism
  • 35. What is an example of a hyperparasite controlling its host's population in agriculture?
A) Bombus bohemicus taking over bee hives
B) Ant mimicry by Phengaris arion larvae
C) CHV1 virus controlling chestnut blight
D) Bacteriophages limiting bacterial infections
  • 36. Which insect is an example of a social parasite?
A) Large blue butterfly, Phengaris arion
B) Mosquitoes
C) Vampire bats
D) Leeches
  • 37. Which of the following is NOT a transmission strategy used by parasites?
A) Vectors
B) Physical contact
C) Fecal–oral route
D) Photosynthesis
  • 38. Which organism is an example of a vertebrate micropredator?
A) Fleas
B) Leeches
C) Lampreys
D) Mosquitoes
  • 39. What percentage of cuckoo species in the family Cuculidae are obligate brood parasites?
A) About 30%
B) Over 40%
C) Less than 20%
D) Exactly 50%
  • 40. What is a common defense mechanism of host species against brood parasitism?
A) Hiding in dense foliage
B) Laying more eggs
C) Egg polymorphism
D) Building stronger nests
  • 41. What is kleptoparasitism derived from Greek meaning?
A) Thief
B) Sibling
C) Brother
D) Predator
  • 42. Which bird family is known for specializing in pirating food from other seabirds?
A) Cuckoos
B) Cowbirds
C) Whydahs
D) Skuas
  • 43. What is adelphoparasitism also known as?
A) Sexual parasitism
B) Sibling-parasitism
C) Kleptoparasitism
D) Brood parasitism
  • 44. Which parasitic strategy involves stealing food gathered by another organism?
A) Sexual parasitism
B) Brood parasitism
C) Adelphoparasitism
D) Kleptoparasitism
  • 45. Which family of birds includes species that are obligate brood parasites?
A) Whydahs
B) Cowbirds
C) Cuculidae
D) Skuas
  • 46. What structures do parasitic plants use to extract nutrients?
A) Flowers
B) Modified roots called haustoria
C) Stems
D) Leaves
  • 47. Which plants are among the most economically destructive?
A) Mistletoe
B) Cuscuta
C) Striga
D) Species within the Orobanchaceae (broomrapes)
  • 48. How many species of parasitic plants are known?
A) About 4,500 species
B) About 100 species
C) About 50 species
D) About 10,000 species
  • 49. Which type of parasitic fungi derive nutrients from living plant cells?
A) Saprophytes
B) Hemibiotrophs
C) Necrotrophs
D) Biotrophs
  • 50. What is an example of a biotrophic pathogen?
A) Plasmodium
B) Ustilago maydis
C) Microsporidia
D) Armillaria
  • 51. Which fungi are known to kill host cells and feed saprophytically?
A) Symbionts
B) Hemibiotrophs
C) Necrotrophic pathogens
D) Biotrophs
  • 52. What is the term for fungi that begin as biotrophs and then switch to necrotrophy?
A) Symbiotic transition
B) Biotrophy-necrotrophy switch
C) Pathogenic shift
D) Host adaptation
  • 53. Which fungal genus is an example of a root-colonising honey fungus?
A) Microsporidia
B) Armillaria
C) Plasmodium
D) Ustilago
  • 54. What disease is caused by the fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis?
A) Amoebic dysentery
B) Malaria
C) Sleeping sickness
D) Corn smut
  • 55. Which group of fungi are obligate intracellular parasites affecting insects and vertebrates?
A) Necrotrophs
B) Microsporidia
C) Biotrophs
D) Hemibiotrophs
  • 56. What disease is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma?
A) Amoebic dysentery
B) Sleeping sickness
C) Malaria
D) Corn smut
  • 57. Which protozoan is responsible for amoebic dysentery?
A) Trypanosoma
B) Entamoeba
C) Borrelia
D) Plasmodium
  • 58. Which bacterium causes anthrax and is spread by contact with infected animals?
A) Campylobacter jejuni
B) Haemophilus influenzae
C) Borrelia
D) Bacillus anthracis
  • 59. Which bacterium is a cause of gastroenteritis and can be spread by eating insufficiently cooked poultry?
A) Haemophilus influenzae
B) Treponema pallidum
C) Borrelia
D) Campylobacter jejuni
  • 60. Which bacterium is transmitted by sexual activity and causes syphilis?
A) Campylobacter jejuni
B) Bacillus anthracis
C) Treponema pallidum
D) Haemophilus influenzae
  • 61. Which organisms do most viruses infect?
A) Plants
B) Fungi
C) Animals
D) Bacteria
  • 62. How many species of helminth parasites do humans have?
A) 70
B) 342
C) 75,000
D) 300,000
  • 63. Which dinosaur's mandible holes may have been caused by parasites?
A) Triceratops
B) Stegosaurus
C) Velociraptor
D) Tyrannosaurus
  • 64. What type of parasite is Saurophthirus?
A) Bacterium
B) Worm
C) Protozoan
D) Flea
  • 65. In what period did the nematode worm eggs found in phytosaur coprolite date back to?
A) Jurassic
B) Early Cretaceous
C) Permian
D) Late Triassic
  • 66. Which bacteria are essential for some nematode worms to reproduce or survive?
A) Wolbachia
B) Bacillus subtilis
C) Escherichia coli
D) Staphylococcus aureus
  • 67. Who argued that natural selection drives relationships from parasitism to mutualism when resources are limited?
A) Charles Darwin
B) Lynn Margulis
C) Peter Kropotkin
D) Gregor Mendel
  • 68. What process may have been involved in the formation of eukaryotes?
A) Respiration
B) Fermentation
C) Symbiogenesis
D) Photosynthesis
  • 69. How long have simian foamy viruses cospeciated with Old World primates?
A) At least 30 million years
B) 100 million years
C) 5 million years
D) 50,000 years
  • 70. What hypothesis is supported by the effective infection of sympatric hosts?
A) The Mendelian genetics hypothesis
B) The Darwinian evolution hypothesis
C) The Lamarckian inheritance hypothesis
D) The Red Queen hypothesis
  • 71. Which parasite modifies its killifish host to reduce their ability to avoid predators?
A) Cyclosa argenteoalba
B) Toxoplasma gondii
C) Henneguya zschokkei
D) Euhaplorchis californiensis
  • 72. What is the final host for Euhaplorchis californiensis?
A) Killifish
B) Mice
C) Cats
D) Egrets
  • 73. Which parasite causes infected rats to be attracted to cat odors?
A) Toxoplasma gondii
B) Euhaplorchis californiensis
C) Henneguya zschokkei
D) Cyclosa argenteoalba
  • 74. What function have many insect ectoparasites lost due to parasitism?
A) The ability to fly
B) Ability to reproduce
C) Ability to see
D) Ability to hear
  • 75. Which parasite is known for losing the ability to respire aerobically?
A) Toxoplasma gondii
B) Euhaplorchis californiensis
C) Henneguya zschokkei
D) Cyclosa argenteoalba
  • 76. What is a physical barrier that vertebrates use to protect against parasites?
A) Lysozyme
B) Tears
C) Skin
D) Antibodies
  • 77. Which enzyme found in saliva and tears breaks down bacterial cell walls?
A) Hydrochloric acid
B) Testosterone
C) Sebum
D) Lysozyme
  • 78. Who described the 'takeover of parasitism by parasitologists'?
A) Rachel Carson
B) E.O. Wilson
C) Charles Darwin
D) Robert Poulin
  • 79. In food webs, where do parasites usually occupy?
A) A middle position.
B) The bottom position.
C) They are not depicted in food webs.
D) The top position.
  • 80. Who is credited with the first description of a trematode endoparasite?
A) Avicenna
B) Jehan de Brie
C) Hippocrates
D) Galen
  • 81. Which book by Francesco Redi described ecto- and endoparasites?
A) Esperienze Intorno alla Generazione degl'Insetti
B) De Motu Cordis
C) Micrographia
D) Osservazioni intorno agli animali viventi che si trovano negli animali viventi
  • 82. Which parasite was identified as causing scabies by Giovanni Cosimo Bonomo and Diacinto Cestoni?
A) Sarcoptes scabiei
B) Echinococcus granulosus
C) Giardia lamblia
D) Fasciola hepatica
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