Parasite
  • 1. What is the relationship between a parasite and its host?
A) A close relationship where the parasite lives on or inside the host, causing it harm.
B) A mutualistic relationship where both organisms benefit equally.
C) A commensal relationship where one organism benefits without affecting the other.
D) An independent relationship with no interaction between the two species.
  • 2. Who characterized parasites' way of feeding as 'predators that eat prey in units of less than one'?
A) Francesco Redi
B) Entomologist E. O. Wilson
C) Ridley Scott
D) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
  • 3. Which of the following is an example of a single-celled protozoan parasite?
A) Vampire bats
B) The agent of malaria
C) Hookworms
D) Mistletoe
  • 4. What distinguishes parasites from predators in terms of size and host interaction?
A) Parasites only interact with their hosts briefly.
B) Parasites are much smaller than their hosts, do not kill them, and often live on or in them for an extended period.
C) Parasites and predators both always kill their hosts.
D) Parasites are larger than their hosts and typically kill them quickly.
  • 5. Which type of parasitism involves transmission through being eaten?
A) Vector-transmitted parasitism
B) Directly transmitted parasitism
C) Parasitic castration
D) Trophically-transmitted parasitism
  • 6. What is the major axis of classification concerning a parasite's location relative to its host?
A) The speed at which parasites reproduce
B) Invasiveness, distinguishing between endoparasites and ectoparasites.
C) Size difference between parasite and host
D) The type of food the parasite consumes
  • 7. What is a key way parasites increase their own fitness?
A) By living independently of any host
B) By providing benefits to their hosts
C) By avoiding interaction with other species
D) By exploiting hosts for resources necessary for survival, such as feeding on them.
  • 8. Which ancient civilization had knowledge of parasites like roundworms and tapeworms?
A) The Aztec Empire
B) The Inca Civilization
C) Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome
D) Medieval Europe
  • 9. Who first observed Giardia lamblia using a microscope?
A) Francesco Redi
B) E. O. Wilson
C) Jonathan Swift
D) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1681
  • 10. Which literary work features a blood-drinking parasite?
A) Jonathan Swift's 'On Poetry: A Rhapsody'
B) Leeuwenhoek's scientific observations
C) Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula
D) Ridley Scott's film Alien
  • 11. What is the origin of the word 'parasite'?
A) From English Middle Ages terminology.
B) From Latin parasitus directly.
C) From Medieval French parasite, from Latinised form parasitus, from Ancient Greek παράσιτος (parasitos).
D) From a 19th-century scientific term.
  • 12. What is the earliest known use of the word 'parasite' in English?
A) 1611
B) 1539
C) 1733
D) 1681
  • 13. Which term describes parasites with complex life cycles involving multiple hosts?
A) Direct
B) Indirect
C) Facultative
D) Obligate
  • 14. Which of these is an example of a macroparasite?
A) Protozoans
B) Bacteria
C) Viruses
D) Helminths
  • 15. Which sensory input is not typically used as a host cue?
A) Skin odours
B) Exhaled carbon dioxide
C) Vibration
D) Light
  • 16. What type of parasite is the snubnosed eel considered to be?
A) Macroparasite
B) Microparasite
C) Facultative endoparasite
D) Obligate ectoparasite
  • 17. Which of the following insects is an obligate parasite?
A) Aphid
B) Caterpillar
C) Butterfly
D) Scale insect
  • 18. Which parasitic strategy involves parasites that destroy or impair their host's ability to reproduce?
A) Trophically-transmitted parasitism
B) Directly transmitted parasitism
C) Parasitic castrators
D) Vector-transmitted parasitism
  • 19. Which genus of parasitic crustaceans is known for causing damage to the gonads of their host crabs?
A) Sacculina
B) Schistosoma
C) Ancylostoma
D) Toxoplasma
  • 20. What happens to male crab hosts infected by Sacculina?
A) They develop female secondary sex characteristics.
B) They become immune to other parasites.
C) They lose their ability to swim.
D) Their claws grow larger.
  • 21. What is the distribution pattern of directly transmitted parasites among host individuals?
A) Continuous distribution
B) Uniform distribution
C) Aggregated distribution
D) Random distribution
  • 22. Which parasite is known to chemically castrate the intertidal marine snail Tritia obsoleta?
A) Toxoplasma gondii
B) Schistosoma mansoni
C) Zoogonus lasius
D) Ascaris lumbricoides
  • 23. What is the term for when a parasite's entire life cycle occurs within a single host?
A) Vector-borne infection
B) Autoinfection
C) Cross-infection
D) Serial transmission
  • 24. Which of the following is NOT a major parasitic strategy mentioned in the text?
A) Parasitic castration
B) Trophically-transmitted parasitism
C) Parasitoidism
D) Directly transmitted parasitism
  • 25. Which of the following is an example of a directly transmitted parasite?
A) Copepods
B) Trematodes
C) Lice
D) Acanthocephalans
  • 26. Which type of parasitism involves the parasite developing in the host's gonad and killing reproductive cells?
A) Parasitic castration
B) Trophically-transmitted parasitism
C) Directly transmitted parasitism
D) Vector-transmitted parasitism
  • 27. Which of the following is an example of a trophically-transmitted parasite?
A) Bacteria
B) Mites
C) Lice
D) Cestodes
  • 28. Which disease is transmitted by the deer tick Ixodes scapularis?
A) Malaria
B) Lyme disease
C) Toxoplasmosis
D) Chagas disease
  • 29. Which genus includes the malarial parasites that are vector-transmitted?
A) Plasmodium
B) Giardia
C) Trypanosoma
D) Leishmania
  • 30. Which group of parasitoids includes phorid flies?
A) Ectoparasites
B) Endoparasites
C) Idiobionts
D) Koinobionts
  • 31. Which type of parasitoids carry their prey to a nest after capture?
A) Ectoparasites
B) Koinobiont parasitoids
C) Endoparasites
D) Idiobiont parasitoids
  • 32. Which of the following is an example of a micropredator?
A) Lampreys
B) Leeches
C) Vampire bats
D) Mosquitoes
  • 33. What type of feeding behavior do most micropredators exhibit?
A) Carnivorous
B) Omnivorous
C) Hematophagic
D) Herbivorous
  • 34. Which type of parasitism involves a parasite feeding on another parasite?
A) Kleptoparasitism
B) Social parasitism
C) Brood parasitism
D) Hyperparasitism
  • 35. What is an example of a hyperparasite controlling its host's population in agriculture?
A) CHV1 virus controlling chestnut blight
B) Ant mimicry by Phengaris arion larvae
C) Bacteriophages limiting bacterial infections
D) Bombus bohemicus taking over bee hives
  • 36. Which insect is an example of a social parasite?
A) Mosquitoes
B) Vampire bats
C) Leeches
D) Large blue butterfly, Phengaris arion
  • 37. Which of the following is NOT a transmission strategy used by parasites?
A) Photosynthesis
B) Fecal–oral route
C) Vectors
D) Physical contact
  • 38. Which organism is an example of a vertebrate micropredator?
A) Fleas
B) Mosquitoes
C) Leeches
D) Lampreys
  • 39. What percentage of cuckoo species in the family Cuculidae are obligate brood parasites?
A) About 30%
B) Exactly 50%
C) Less than 20%
D) Over 40%
  • 40. What is a common defense mechanism of host species against brood parasitism?
A) Hiding in dense foliage
B) Laying more eggs
C) Egg polymorphism
D) Building stronger nests
  • 41. What is kleptoparasitism derived from Greek meaning?
A) Brother
B) Thief
C) Predator
D) Sibling
  • 42. Which bird family is known for specializing in pirating food from other seabirds?
A) Cuckoos
B) Cowbirds
C) Whydahs
D) Skuas
  • 43. What is adelphoparasitism also known as?
A) Sibling-parasitism
B) Sexual parasitism
C) Kleptoparasitism
D) Brood parasitism
  • 44. Which parasitic strategy involves stealing food gathered by another organism?
A) Adelphoparasitism
B) Kleptoparasitism
C) Sexual parasitism
D) Brood parasitism
  • 45. Which family of birds includes species that are obligate brood parasites?
A) Whydahs
B) Skuas
C) Cowbirds
D) Cuculidae
  • 46. What structures do parasitic plants use to extract nutrients?
A) Flowers
B) Stems
C) Modified roots called haustoria
D) Leaves
  • 47. Which plants are among the most economically destructive?
A) Mistletoe
B) Species within the Orobanchaceae (broomrapes)
C) Striga
D) Cuscuta
  • 48. How many species of parasitic plants are known?
A) About 50 species
B) About 10,000 species
C) About 100 species
D) About 4,500 species
  • 49. Which type of parasitic fungi derive nutrients from living plant cells?
A) Necrotrophs
B) Saprophytes
C) Biotrophs
D) Hemibiotrophs
  • 50. What is an example of a biotrophic pathogen?
A) Ustilago maydis
B) Microsporidia
C) Armillaria
D) Plasmodium
  • 51. Which fungi are known to kill host cells and feed saprophytically?
A) Symbionts
B) Biotrophs
C) Hemibiotrophs
D) Necrotrophic pathogens
  • 52. What is the term for fungi that begin as biotrophs and then switch to necrotrophy?
A) Pathogenic shift
B) Biotrophy-necrotrophy switch
C) Symbiotic transition
D) Host adaptation
  • 53. Which fungal genus is an example of a root-colonising honey fungus?
A) Armillaria
B) Plasmodium
C) Ustilago
D) Microsporidia
  • 54. What disease is caused by the fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis?
A) Malaria
B) Corn smut
C) Sleeping sickness
D) Amoebic dysentery
  • 55. Which group of fungi are obligate intracellular parasites affecting insects and vertebrates?
A) Microsporidia
B) Biotrophs
C) Necrotrophs
D) Hemibiotrophs
  • 56. What disease is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma?
A) Amoebic dysentery
B) Sleeping sickness
C) Malaria
D) Corn smut
  • 57. Which protozoan is responsible for amoebic dysentery?
A) Trypanosoma
B) Entamoeba
C) Borrelia
D) Plasmodium
  • 58. Which bacterium causes anthrax and is spread by contact with infected animals?
A) Bacillus anthracis
B) Borrelia
C) Haemophilus influenzae
D) Campylobacter jejuni
  • 59. Which bacterium is a cause of gastroenteritis and can be spread by eating insufficiently cooked poultry?
A) Campylobacter jejuni
B) Treponema pallidum
C) Haemophilus influenzae
D) Borrelia
  • 60. Which bacterium is transmitted by sexual activity and causes syphilis?
A) Treponema pallidum
B) Haemophilus influenzae
C) Bacillus anthracis
D) Campylobacter jejuni
  • 61. Which organisms do most viruses infect?
A) Bacteria
B) Plants
C) Animals
D) Fungi
  • 62. How many species of helminth parasites do humans have?
A) 70
B) 300,000
C) 75,000
D) 342
  • 63. Which dinosaur's mandible holes may have been caused by parasites?
A) Stegosaurus
B) Tyrannosaurus
C) Velociraptor
D) Triceratops
  • 64. What type of parasite is Saurophthirus?
A) Bacterium
B) Worm
C) Protozoan
D) Flea
  • 65. In what period did the nematode worm eggs found in phytosaur coprolite date back to?
A) Early Cretaceous
B) Late Triassic
C) Permian
D) Jurassic
  • 66. Which bacteria are essential for some nematode worms to reproduce or survive?
A) Bacillus subtilis
B) Staphylococcus aureus
C) Wolbachia
D) Escherichia coli
  • 67. Who argued that natural selection drives relationships from parasitism to mutualism when resources are limited?
A) Charles Darwin
B) Gregor Mendel
C) Lynn Margulis
D) Peter Kropotkin
  • 68. What process may have been involved in the formation of eukaryotes?
A) Photosynthesis
B) Symbiogenesis
C) Respiration
D) Fermentation
  • 69. How long have simian foamy viruses cospeciated with Old World primates?
A) At least 30 million years
B) 100 million years
C) 5 million years
D) 50,000 years
  • 70. What hypothesis is supported by the effective infection of sympatric hosts?
A) The Darwinian evolution hypothesis
B) The Red Queen hypothesis
C) The Lamarckian inheritance hypothesis
D) The Mendelian genetics hypothesis
  • 71. Which parasite modifies its killifish host to reduce their ability to avoid predators?
A) Toxoplasma gondii
B) Cyclosa argenteoalba
C) Euhaplorchis californiensis
D) Henneguya zschokkei
  • 72. What is the final host for Euhaplorchis californiensis?
A) Killifish
B) Mice
C) Egrets
D) Cats
  • 73. Which parasite causes infected rats to be attracted to cat odors?
A) Toxoplasma gondii
B) Henneguya zschokkei
C) Euhaplorchis californiensis
D) Cyclosa argenteoalba
  • 74. What function have many insect ectoparasites lost due to parasitism?
A) Ability to reproduce
B) Ability to see
C) Ability to hear
D) The ability to fly
  • 75. Which parasite is known for losing the ability to respire aerobically?
A) Henneguya zschokkei
B) Cyclosa argenteoalba
C) Toxoplasma gondii
D) Euhaplorchis californiensis
  • 76. What is a physical barrier that vertebrates use to protect against parasites?
A) Antibodies
B) Tears
C) Lysozyme
D) Skin
  • 77. Which enzyme found in saliva and tears breaks down bacterial cell walls?
A) Testosterone
B) Hydrochloric acid
C) Lysozyme
D) Sebum
  • 78. Who described the 'takeover of parasitism by parasitologists'?
A) Rachel Carson
B) Robert Poulin
C) Charles Darwin
D) E.O. Wilson
  • 79. In food webs, where do parasites usually occupy?
A) The top position.
B) The bottom position.
C) A middle position.
D) They are not depicted in food webs.
  • 80. Who is credited with the first description of a trematode endoparasite?
A) Hippocrates
B) Jehan de Brie
C) Avicenna
D) Galen
  • 81. Which book by Francesco Redi described ecto- and endoparasites?
A) De Motu Cordis
B) Osservazioni intorno agli animali viventi che si trovano negli animali viventi
C) Esperienze Intorno alla Generazione degl'Insetti
D) Micrographia
  • 82. Which parasite was identified as causing scabies by Giovanni Cosimo Bonomo and Diacinto Cestoni?
A) Sarcoptes scabiei
B) Echinococcus granulosus
C) Fasciola hepatica
D) Giardia lamblia
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