Parasite
  • 1. What is the relationship between a parasite and its host?
A) An independent relationship with no interaction between the two species.
B) A close relationship where the parasite lives on or inside the host, causing it harm.
C) A mutualistic relationship where both organisms benefit equally.
D) A commensal relationship where one organism benefits without affecting the other.
  • 2. Who characterized parasites' way of feeding as 'predators that eat prey in units of less than one'?
A) Francesco Redi
B) Entomologist E. O. Wilson
C) Ridley Scott
D) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
  • 3. Which of the following is an example of a single-celled protozoan parasite?
A) Hookworms
B) Vampire bats
C) The agent of malaria
D) Mistletoe
  • 4. What distinguishes parasites from predators in terms of size and host interaction?
A) Parasites are much smaller than their hosts, do not kill them, and often live on or in them for an extended period.
B) Parasites are larger than their hosts and typically kill them quickly.
C) Parasites only interact with their hosts briefly.
D) Parasites and predators both always kill their hosts.
  • 5. Which type of parasitism involves transmission through being eaten?
A) Trophically-transmitted parasitism
B) Parasitic castration
C) Vector-transmitted parasitism
D) Directly transmitted parasitism
  • 6. What is the major axis of classification concerning a parasite's location relative to its host?
A) Size difference between parasite and host
B) The type of food the parasite consumes
C) Invasiveness, distinguishing between endoparasites and ectoparasites.
D) The speed at which parasites reproduce
  • 7. What is a key way parasites increase their own fitness?
A) By exploiting hosts for resources necessary for survival, such as feeding on them.
B) By providing benefits to their hosts
C) By living independently of any host
D) By avoiding interaction with other species
  • 8. Which ancient civilization had knowledge of parasites like roundworms and tapeworms?
A) The Inca Civilization
B) Medieval Europe
C) Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome
D) The Aztec Empire
  • 9. Who first observed Giardia lamblia using a microscope?
A) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1681
B) E. O. Wilson
C) Jonathan Swift
D) Francesco Redi
  • 10. Which literary work features a blood-drinking parasite?
A) Jonathan Swift's 'On Poetry: A Rhapsody'
B) Ridley Scott's film Alien
C) Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula
D) Leeuwenhoek's scientific observations
  • 11. What is the origin of the word 'parasite'?
A) From a 19th-century scientific term.
B) From Medieval French parasite, from Latinised form parasitus, from Ancient Greek παράσιτος (parasitos).
C) From English Middle Ages terminology.
D) From Latin parasitus directly.
  • 12. What is the earliest known use of the word 'parasite' in English?
A) 1733
B) 1539
C) 1611
D) 1681
  • 13. Which term describes parasites with complex life cycles involving multiple hosts?
A) Facultative
B) Obligate
C) Indirect
D) Direct
  • 14. Which of these is an example of a macroparasite?
A) Protozoans
B) Helminths
C) Bacteria
D) Viruses
  • 15. Which sensory input is not typically used as a host cue?
A) Vibration
B) Exhaled carbon dioxide
C) Skin odours
D) Light
  • 16. What type of parasite is the snubnosed eel considered to be?
A) Macroparasite
B) Obligate ectoparasite
C) Facultative endoparasite
D) Microparasite
  • 17. Which of the following insects is an obligate parasite?
A) Caterpillar
B) Butterfly
C) Scale insect
D) Aphid
  • 18. Which parasitic strategy involves parasites that destroy or impair their host's ability to reproduce?
A) Trophically-transmitted parasitism
B) Directly transmitted parasitism
C) Vector-transmitted parasitism
D) Parasitic castrators
  • 19. Which genus of parasitic crustaceans is known for causing damage to the gonads of their host crabs?
A) Sacculina
B) Schistosoma
C) Ancylostoma
D) Toxoplasma
  • 20. What happens to male crab hosts infected by Sacculina?
A) They develop female secondary sex characteristics.
B) They lose their ability to swim.
C) Their claws grow larger.
D) They become immune to other parasites.
  • 21. What is the distribution pattern of directly transmitted parasites among host individuals?
A) Aggregated distribution
B) Uniform distribution
C) Continuous distribution
D) Random distribution
  • 22. Which parasite is known to chemically castrate the intertidal marine snail Tritia obsoleta?
A) Schistosoma mansoni
B) Toxoplasma gondii
C) Zoogonus lasius
D) Ascaris lumbricoides
  • 23. What is the term for when a parasite's entire life cycle occurs within a single host?
A) Autoinfection
B) Vector-borne infection
C) Cross-infection
D) Serial transmission
  • 24. Which of the following is NOT a major parasitic strategy mentioned in the text?
A) Trophically-transmitted parasitism
B) Parasitic castration
C) Parasitoidism
D) Directly transmitted parasitism
  • 25. Which of the following is an example of a directly transmitted parasite?
A) Lice
B) Copepods
C) Acanthocephalans
D) Trematodes
  • 26. Which type of parasitism involves the parasite developing in the host's gonad and killing reproductive cells?
A) Parasitic castration
B) Directly transmitted parasitism
C) Trophically-transmitted parasitism
D) Vector-transmitted parasitism
  • 27. Which of the following is an example of a trophically-transmitted parasite?
A) Bacteria
B) Lice
C) Mites
D) Cestodes
  • 28. Which disease is transmitted by the deer tick Ixodes scapularis?
A) Toxoplasmosis
B) Lyme disease
C) Chagas disease
D) Malaria
  • 29. Which genus includes the malarial parasites that are vector-transmitted?
A) Trypanosoma
B) Leishmania
C) Plasmodium
D) Giardia
  • 30. Which group of parasitoids includes phorid flies?
A) Ectoparasites
B) Koinobionts
C) Endoparasites
D) Idiobionts
  • 31. Which type of parasitoids carry their prey to a nest after capture?
A) Ectoparasites
B) Endoparasites
C) Koinobiont parasitoids
D) Idiobiont parasitoids
  • 32. Which of the following is an example of a micropredator?
A) Lampreys
B) Mosquitoes
C) Leeches
D) Vampire bats
  • 33. What type of feeding behavior do most micropredators exhibit?
A) Hematophagic
B) Carnivorous
C) Herbivorous
D) Omnivorous
  • 34. Which type of parasitism involves a parasite feeding on another parasite?
A) Brood parasitism
B) Social parasitism
C) Hyperparasitism
D) Kleptoparasitism
  • 35. What is an example of a hyperparasite controlling its host's population in agriculture?
A) Bombus bohemicus taking over bee hives
B) Ant mimicry by Phengaris arion larvae
C) CHV1 virus controlling chestnut blight
D) Bacteriophages limiting bacterial infections
  • 36. Which insect is an example of a social parasite?
A) Vampire bats
B) Leeches
C) Large blue butterfly, Phengaris arion
D) Mosquitoes
  • 37. Which of the following is NOT a transmission strategy used by parasites?
A) Photosynthesis
B) Physical contact
C) Vectors
D) Fecal–oral route
  • 38. Which organism is an example of a vertebrate micropredator?
A) Leeches
B) Lampreys
C) Fleas
D) Mosquitoes
  • 39. What percentage of cuckoo species in the family Cuculidae are obligate brood parasites?
A) Exactly 50%
B) About 30%
C) Over 40%
D) Less than 20%
  • 40. What is a common defense mechanism of host species against brood parasitism?
A) Laying more eggs
B) Building stronger nests
C) Hiding in dense foliage
D) Egg polymorphism
  • 41. What is kleptoparasitism derived from Greek meaning?
A) Sibling
B) Brother
C) Thief
D) Predator
  • 42. Which bird family is known for specializing in pirating food from other seabirds?
A) Skuas
B) Cowbirds
C) Cuckoos
D) Whydahs
  • 43. What is adelphoparasitism also known as?
A) Kleptoparasitism
B) Sibling-parasitism
C) Brood parasitism
D) Sexual parasitism
  • 44. Which parasitic strategy involves stealing food gathered by another organism?
A) Kleptoparasitism
B) Adelphoparasitism
C) Brood parasitism
D) Sexual parasitism
  • 45. Which family of birds includes species that are obligate brood parasites?
A) Whydahs
B) Skuas
C) Cuculidae
D) Cowbirds
  • 46. What structures do parasitic plants use to extract nutrients?
A) Flowers
B) Stems
C) Modified roots called haustoria
D) Leaves
  • 47. Which plants are among the most economically destructive?
A) Mistletoe
B) Cuscuta
C) Species within the Orobanchaceae (broomrapes)
D) Striga
  • 48. How many species of parasitic plants are known?
A) About 4,500 species
B) About 50 species
C) About 10,000 species
D) About 100 species
  • 49. Which type of parasitic fungi derive nutrients from living plant cells?
A) Saprophytes
B) Hemibiotrophs
C) Necrotrophs
D) Biotrophs
  • 50. What is an example of a biotrophic pathogen?
A) Microsporidia
B) Plasmodium
C) Armillaria
D) Ustilago maydis
  • 51. Which fungi are known to kill host cells and feed saprophytically?
A) Symbionts
B) Hemibiotrophs
C) Necrotrophic pathogens
D) Biotrophs
  • 52. What is the term for fungi that begin as biotrophs and then switch to necrotrophy?
A) Pathogenic shift
B) Host adaptation
C) Symbiotic transition
D) Biotrophy-necrotrophy switch
  • 53. Which fungal genus is an example of a root-colonising honey fungus?
A) Plasmodium
B) Armillaria
C) Ustilago
D) Microsporidia
  • 54. What disease is caused by the fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis?
A) Amoebic dysentery
B) Sleeping sickness
C) Corn smut
D) Malaria
  • 55. Which group of fungi are obligate intracellular parasites affecting insects and vertebrates?
A) Necrotrophs
B) Biotrophs
C) Hemibiotrophs
D) Microsporidia
  • 56. What disease is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma?
A) Sleeping sickness
B) Corn smut
C) Amoebic dysentery
D) Malaria
  • 57. Which protozoan is responsible for amoebic dysentery?
A) Trypanosoma
B) Entamoeba
C) Plasmodium
D) Borrelia
  • 58. Which bacterium causes anthrax and is spread by contact with infected animals?
A) Haemophilus influenzae
B) Bacillus anthracis
C) Campylobacter jejuni
D) Borrelia
  • 59. Which bacterium is a cause of gastroenteritis and can be spread by eating insufficiently cooked poultry?
A) Campylobacter jejuni
B) Haemophilus influenzae
C) Borrelia
D) Treponema pallidum
  • 60. Which bacterium is transmitted by sexual activity and causes syphilis?
A) Bacillus anthracis
B) Campylobacter jejuni
C) Treponema pallidum
D) Haemophilus influenzae
  • 61. Which organisms do most viruses infect?
A) Plants
B) Fungi
C) Animals
D) Bacteria
  • 62. How many species of helminth parasites do humans have?
A) 70
B) 300,000
C) 342
D) 75,000
  • 63. Which dinosaur's mandible holes may have been caused by parasites?
A) Tyrannosaurus
B) Stegosaurus
C) Velociraptor
D) Triceratops
  • 64. What type of parasite is Saurophthirus?
A) Protozoan
B) Flea
C) Worm
D) Bacterium
  • 65. In what period did the nematode worm eggs found in phytosaur coprolite date back to?
A) Permian
B) Early Cretaceous
C) Jurassic
D) Late Triassic
  • 66. Which bacteria are essential for some nematode worms to reproduce or survive?
A) Escherichia coli
B) Wolbachia
C) Staphylococcus aureus
D) Bacillus subtilis
  • 67. Who argued that natural selection drives relationships from parasitism to mutualism when resources are limited?
A) Charles Darwin
B) Peter Kropotkin
C) Lynn Margulis
D) Gregor Mendel
  • 68. What process may have been involved in the formation of eukaryotes?
A) Fermentation
B) Photosynthesis
C) Respiration
D) Symbiogenesis
  • 69. How long have simian foamy viruses cospeciated with Old World primates?
A) 100 million years
B) 5 million years
C) 50,000 years
D) At least 30 million years
  • 70. What hypothesis is supported by the effective infection of sympatric hosts?
A) The Mendelian genetics hypothesis
B) The Darwinian evolution hypothesis
C) The Red Queen hypothesis
D) The Lamarckian inheritance hypothesis
  • 71. Which parasite modifies its killifish host to reduce their ability to avoid predators?
A) Cyclosa argenteoalba
B) Henneguya zschokkei
C) Euhaplorchis californiensis
D) Toxoplasma gondii
  • 72. What is the final host for Euhaplorchis californiensis?
A) Egrets
B) Mice
C) Killifish
D) Cats
  • 73. Which parasite causes infected rats to be attracted to cat odors?
A) Euhaplorchis californiensis
B) Cyclosa argenteoalba
C) Toxoplasma gondii
D) Henneguya zschokkei
  • 74. What function have many insect ectoparasites lost due to parasitism?
A) The ability to fly
B) Ability to reproduce
C) Ability to see
D) Ability to hear
  • 75. Which parasite is known for losing the ability to respire aerobically?
A) Cyclosa argenteoalba
B) Toxoplasma gondii
C) Euhaplorchis californiensis
D) Henneguya zschokkei
  • 76. What is a physical barrier that vertebrates use to protect against parasites?
A) Lysozyme
B) Tears
C) Skin
D) Antibodies
  • 77. Which enzyme found in saliva and tears breaks down bacterial cell walls?
A) Lysozyme
B) Sebum
C) Hydrochloric acid
D) Testosterone
  • 78. Who described the 'takeover of parasitism by parasitologists'?
A) Rachel Carson
B) E.O. Wilson
C) Robert Poulin
D) Charles Darwin
  • 79. In food webs, where do parasites usually occupy?
A) The top position.
B) They are not depicted in food webs.
C) The bottom position.
D) A middle position.
  • 80. Who is credited with the first description of a trematode endoparasite?
A) Jehan de Brie
B) Avicenna
C) Galen
D) Hippocrates
  • 81. Which book by Francesco Redi described ecto- and endoparasites?
A) Osservazioni intorno agli animali viventi che si trovano negli animali viventi
B) Micrographia
C) Esperienze Intorno alla Generazione degl'Insetti
D) De Motu Cordis
  • 82. Which parasite was identified as causing scabies by Giovanni Cosimo Bonomo and Diacinto Cestoni?
A) Sarcoptes scabiei
B) Giardia lamblia
C) Fasciola hepatica
D) Echinococcus granulosus
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