Global dimming - Quiz
Global dimming
  • 1. What is the primary cause of global dimming?
A) Atmospheric particulate matter
B) Decreased cloud cover
C) Changes in Earth's orbit
D) Increased solar activity
  • 2. When did systematic measurements of solar irradiance begin?
A) 1950s
B) 1940s
C) 1980s
D) 1990s
  • 3. What is the main component of air pollution responsible for global dimming?
A) Water vapor
B) Sulfate aerosols
C) Methane gas
D) Carbon dioxide
  • 4. By what percentage per decade did sunlight decline until the 1980s?
A) 10–12%
B) 4–5%
C) 20–25%
D) 1–2%
  • 5. How did global dimming affect the perception of global warming?
A) It masked the extent of warming
B) It eliminated warming
C) It accelerated warming
D) It had no effect on warming
  • 6. What happened to the tropical rain belt between 1950 and 1985?
A) It expanded significantly
B) It disappeared
C) It shifted southwards
D) It shifted northwards
  • 7. What event was linked to the monsoon failure caused by particulate pollution?
A) 1970s monsoon flood
B) 1980s Amazon fire
C) 1984 Ethiopian famine
D) 1990s Sahara drought
  • 8. What is the term for the partial reversal of the dimming trend?
A) Solar intensification
B) Atmospheric clearing
C) Global brightening
D) Surface radiance
  • 9. According to 2021 models, how much warming do aerosols offset?
A) 0.1 °C
B) 2.0 °C
C) 0.5 °C
D) 1.5 °C
  • 10. What is stratospheric aerosol injection intended to do?
A) Reduce air pollution
B) Counteract global warming
C) Increase precipitation
D) Repair the ozone layer
  • 11. Why would stratospheric aerosol injection need to be carried out over centuries?
A) To maintain global rainfall
B) To prevent a rapid return of warming
C) Because aerosols disperse quickly
D) To balance solar activity
  • 12. How does global dimming affect the water cycle?
A) It stabilizes precipitation
B) It eliminates condensation
C) It lowers evaporation
D) It increases evaporation
  • 13. What was the trend of air pollution between the 1950s and 1980s?
A) It fluctuated randomly
B) It increased
C) It remained stable
D) It decreased
  • 14. Why is the decrease in aerosol levels expected to continue?
A) Nations are acting to improve public health
B) Industrialization has completely ceased
C) Solar activity is decreasing
D) Natural filters are removing aerosols
  • 15. What is a major uncertainty regarding stratospheric aerosol injection?
A) The altitude of release
B) The cost of implementation
C) Its effects on weather systems
D) The type of chemical used
  • 16. What was observed 1.7 km above Los Angeles, even on clear days?
A) Visible smog layers.
B) Less sunlight was filtering through.
C) More ultraviolet radiation.
D) Higher temperatures than at the surface.
  • 17. Who found that solar radiation striking the Earth had declined by over 10% in the 1980s?
A) Atsumu Ohmura.
B) A group of climatologists in Estonia.
C) The Swiss Federal Weather Agency.
D) A researcher from the Los Angeles Institute.
  • 18. What was the estimated reduction in sunlight when the 1990s were included in the research?
A) 6–7% per decade.
B) 0.1–0.3% per decade.
C) 2–3% per decade.
D) 4–5% per decade.
  • 19. Which parts of the light spectrum were dimmed according to the research?
A) Only ultraviolet radiation.
B) Only radio waves.
C) Visible light and infrared radiation.
D) All parts of the spectrum equally.
  • 20. Why was cloud cover ruled out as the sole cause of global dimming?
A) Cloud cover has no effect on infrared radiation.
B) Cloud cover actually increased.
C) Cloud cover completely blocks all light.
D) Dimming occurred even when skies were clear.
  • 21. In which decade was it found that solar radiation had declined by 10% over the previous 30 years?
A) 1970s.
B) 1960s.
C) 1990s.
D) 1980s.
  • 22. Where were papers describing multi-decade declines in solar radiation published in the 1990s?
A) Only in Swiss research journals.
B) Only in the United States.
C) Estonia, Germany, Israel, and the former Soviet Union.
D) Across South America and Africa.
  • 23. What indirect effect do sulfate aerosols have on clouds?
A) They evaporate water droplets
B) They decrease the number of droplets
C) They increase the size of droplets
D) They act as nuclei for water droplets
  • 24. How do smaller water droplets in clouds affect reflectivity?
A) They have no effect on reflectivity
B) They make clouds more reflective
C) They make clouds less reflective
D) They make clouds transparent
  • 25. What is the effect of smaller cloud droplets on rainfall in models?
A) They increase rainfall
B) They decrease rainfall
C) They cause flash flooding
D) They have no impact on rainfall
  • 26. What was the main source of sulfate aerosols before the Industrial Revolution?
A) Vehicle exhaust emissions
B) Agricultural waste burning
C) Dimethyl sulfide from oceanic plankton
D) Industrial coal burning
  • 27. Which eruption is mentioned as an example of volcanic impact on aerosols?
A) Mount Pinatubo
B) Krakatoa
C) Mount Vesuvius
D) Mount St. Helens
  • 28. How much sulfur did the IPCC estimate was emitted by volcanoes annually in 1990?
A) 40 million tons
B) 10 million tons
C) 3 million tons
D) 80 million tons
  • 29. By 1980, how much sulfur was being produced annually by human-caused emissions?
A) 40 million tons
B) 3 million tons
C) 80 million tons
D) 15 million tons
  • 30. What is the colloquial name for black carbon?
A) Soot
B) Smog
C) Sulfates
D) Dust
  • 31. What process forms black carbon?
A) Complete combustion
B) Incomplete combustion
C) Nuclear fusion
D) Chemical precipitation
  • 32. What is the primary source of black carbon in Asia and Africa?
A) Diesel combustion
B) Oceanic plankton
C) Coal use
D) Volcanoes
  • 33. What is the primary source of black carbon in Europe and The Americas?
A) Diesel combustion
B) Coal use
C) Agricultural burning
D) Forest fires
  • 34. How many premature deaths are linked to air pollution in the lower atmosphere annually?
A) 10 million
B) 1 million
C) 7 million
D) 500,000
  • 35. Research into which city's cloud identified that black carbon affects sunlight?
A) New York
B) Denver
C) Tokyo
D) London
  • 36. Compared to regular soil dust, how much more effective is black carbon at absorbing sunlight in clouds?
A) 500 times
B) 190 times
C) 50 times
D) 10 times
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