CRIM 1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
  • 1. What is the definition of crime?
A) Any behavior that deviates from social norms
B) Any action that is considered immoral
C) Any rational human conduct that violates a criminal law and is subject to punishment
D) Any human behavior
  • 2. What does the term "norm" refer to?
A) Any standard or rule regarding what human beings should or should not think, say, or do under given circumstances
B) A statistical average
C) A social gathering
D) A legal statute
  • 3. What is deviance?
A) Criminal behavior
B) Normal behavior
C) Legal behavior
D) Conduct which the people of a group consider so dangerous or embarrassing or irritating that they bring special sanctions to bear against the persons who exhibit it
  • 4. What does "actus reus" refer to?
A) Criminal conduct specifically, intentional or criminally negligent action or inaction that causes harm
B) Motive for a crime
C) Opportunity to commit a crime
D) Criminal intent
  • 5. What does "mens rea" refer to?
A) Opportunity to commit a crime
B) A criminal intent or a guilty state of mind
C) Instrument used in a crime
D) Criminal conduct
  • 6. Which of the following is one of the three ingredients of crime?
A) Understanding
B) Justice
C) Motive or desire
D) Forgiveness
  • 7. What does "opportunity" refer to as an ingredient of crime?
A) The criminal's background
B) The time and place of the commission of the crime
C) The legal system
D) The victim's vulnerability
  • 8. What are "instruments" in the context of crime?
A) Social norms
B) Ethical guidelines
C) Tools employed by criminals
D) Laws and regulations
  • 9. What does the Cultural Deviance Theory suggest?
A) Crime is a result of personal choices
B) Crime happens when people grow up in neighborhoods with their own values that go against society’s usual rules
C) Crime is caused by economic inequality
D) Crime is a result of genetic predispositions
  • 10. What does the Social Disorganization Theory state?
A) Crime is a result of strict social control
B) Crime increases in neighborhoods where social institutions like family, school, and community control have broken down
C) Crime decreases in organized communities
D) Crime is a result of strong community bonds
  • 11. What does Strain Theory explain?
A) Crime is a result of personal choices
B) Crime happens when people cannot achieve society’s goals through legal means, causing pressure or frustration that leads to deviant behavior
C) Crime is a result of genetic factors
D) Crime happens when people achieve society’s goals through legal means
  • 12. What does Social Reaction Theory (Labeling Theory) state?
A) Labeling has no impact on behavior
B) People become deviant when they resist societal labels
C) People become deviant when society labels them negatively, causing the label to shape their identity and future behavior
D) Labeling only affects adults
  • 13. What does Conflict Theory state?
A) Crime results from cooperation between groups
B) Crime is a result of individual choices
C) Crime results from power struggles between groups, where dominant groups create laws that control and disadvantage weaker groups
D) Crime is a result of societal harmony
  • 14. What does Behavioral Theory suggest?
A) Behavior is innate
B) All behavior, including criminal acts, is learned and shaped by rewards, punishments, and reactions from others
C) Behavior is random
D) Behavior is determined by genetics
  • 15. What does Social Learning Theory explain?
A) Criminal behavior is only learned in schools
B) People learn criminal behavior through observing, interacting with, and imitating others who already engage in crime
C) People learn criminal behavior through genetics
D) Criminal behavior is not learned
  • 16. What does Differential Association Theory state?
A) People become criminal when isolated from others
B) People are born criminal
C) People are only influenced by their parents
D) People become criminal when exposed to more pro-crime influences than anti-crime influences
  • 17. What does Differential Reinforcement Theory claim?
A) Criminal behavior is only learned through punishment
B) Criminal behavior is learned through genetics
C) Criminal behavior is random
D) Criminal behavior is learned through rewards and punishments, combining social learning with psychological conditioning processes
  • 18. What does Neutralization Theory suggest?
A) Offenders always reject societal norms
B) Offenders learn techniques to justify or excuse wrongdoing, allowing them to drift between lawful and unlawful behavior
C) Offenders are unaware of their actions
D) Offenders always obey the law
  • 19. What is a typology?
A) A type of punishment
B) A criminal motive
C) An organizing device for categorizing large amounts of information into mutually exclusive categories
D) A legal defense
  • 20. What is an offense?
A) An act or omission that is punishable by special laws
B) A moral wrong
C) A serious crime
D) A civil dispute
  • 21. What is a special law?
A) A law that is not enforced
B) A statute enacted by congress, penal in character, which is not an amendment of the Revised Penal Code
C) A law that is only applied in certain regions
D) A law that applies only to certain people
  • 22. What is a felony?
A) A civil dispute
B) A traffic violation
C) A serious crime. This category includes murder, rape, aggravated assault, robbery, arson, and so on. A felony is an act or omission that is punishable by the Revised Penal Code
D) A minor violation
  • 23. What is a delinquency/misdemeanor/infraction?
A) A moral wrong
B) An act that is in violation of a simple rule or regulation, a minor violation of the law. It usually refers to those committed by minor offenders such as violations of city or municipal ordinances
C) A serious crime
D) A federal offense
  • 24. What do violent crimes include?
A) Financial fraud
B) Public disturbances
C) Offenses where violence was applied. They are also called acts or crimes against persons
D) Traffic violations
  • 25. What are economic crimes primarily committed for?
A) To express anger
B) To bring financial gain to the offender
C) To seek revenge
D) Political reasons
  • 26. What are public order crimes?
A) Unlawful acts that interfere with the normal operation of society and the ability of people to function efficiently
B) Crimes that have no victims
C) Crimes that benefit the public
D) Crimes committed in private
  • 27. What does "mala in se" mean?
A) Wrong because it is prohibited
B) Neutral act
C) Evil in itself
D) Good in itself
  • 28. What does "mala prohibita" mean?
A) Socially acceptable
B) Wrong because it is prohibited
C) Morally right
D) Evil in itself
  • 29. What are white-collar crimes?
A) Crimes committed by unskilled workers
B) Those committed by persons of respectability and of upper socio-economic class in the course of their occupational activities; also referred to as corporate or occupational crime
C) Crimes committed against corporations
D) Crimes committed in the workplace
  • 30. What are blue-collar crimes?
A) Crimes committed in factories
B) Crimes committed by white-collar workers
C) Those committed by ordinary professional criminals to maintain their livelihood
D) Crimes committed by police officers
  • 31. What are crimes by imitation?
A) Crimes committed by robots
B) Crimes committed by merely duplicating what was done by others; based on the
C) Crimes committed by animals
D) Crimes committed by accident
  • 32. What are crimes of passion?
A) Those committed at the height of great emotions
B) Crimes committed for political reasons
C) Crimes committed without thinking
D) Crimes committed for money
  • 33. What are service crimes?
A) Crimes committed in the military
B) Crimes committed through rendition of service to satisfy desire of another
C) Crimes committed by doctors
D) Crimes committed by government employees
  • 34. What is genocide?
A) A crime against the environment
B) A crime against animals
C) A crime against property
D) A crime committed by a government through mass destruction or annihilation of human populations
  • 35. What are transnational crimes?
A) Violations of law that involve more than one country in their planning, execution, e.g. drug trafficking, human trafficking
B) Crimes that occur within a single country
C) Crimes that are legal in some countries
D) Crimes that are only committed by tourists
  • 36. What are environmental crimes?
A) Crimes committed in national parks
B) Crimes committed for environmental activism
C) Crimes committed against people
D) Acts that breach environmental legislation and cause significant harm or risk to the environment and human health
  • 37. What are cybercrimes?
A) Crimes committed by government officials
B) Crimes that involve computers and networks
C) Crimes committed in physical spaces
D) Crimes committed by corporations
  • 38. What are political crimes?
A) Crimes committed by politicians
B) Criminal activities for ideological purposes; also serious violations of laws that threaten the security or existence of the government
C) Crimes committed in political rallies
D) Crimes committed during elections
  • 39. What are acute criminals?
A) Criminals who are mentally ill
B) Criminals who commit crimes for financial gain
C) They commit crimes due to impulses of the moment, fit of passion, anger, or spell of extreme jealousy
D) Criminals who plan their crimes carefully
  • 40. What are chronic criminals?
A) They are those who acted in consonance with deliberate thinking
B) Criminals who commit crimes due to mental illness
C) Criminals who commit crimes due to drug addiction
D) Criminals who commit crimes impulsively
  • 41. What are normal criminals?
A) Criminals who are highly intelligent
B) Criminals who are highly skilled
C) Criminals who are mentally ill
D) Their psychic conditions resemble that of a normal individual, except that they identify themselves with criminal prototypes
  • 42. What are ordinary criminals?
A) Criminals who are highly organized
B) Considered to be the lowest form in the criminal career, ordinary criminals engage only in conventional crimes that require limited skill. They lack organization to help them avoid arrest and conviction
C) Criminals who are highly skilled
D) Criminals who commit complex crimes
  • 43. What are organized criminals?
A) Criminals who are mentally unstable
B) They have high degree of organization to enable them to commit crimes without being detected
C) Criminals who commit crimes randomly
D) Criminals who are easily caught
  • 44. What are professional criminals?
A) Criminals who are mentally ill
B) They are highly skilled and able to obtain considerable amount of money without being detected due to organization and contact with professional criminals. They are always able to escape conviction, and they specialize in crimes that require skills
C) Criminals who are amateurs
D) Criminals who are easily caught
  • 45. What are accidental criminals?
A) They commit criminal acts as a result of unanticipated circumstances
B) Criminals who commit crimes intentionally
C) Criminals who commit crimes for financial gain
D) Criminals who plan their crimes carefully
  • 46. What are situational criminals?
A) Criminals who commit crimes randomly
B) Criminals who commit crimes for fun
C) They are not actually criminals but commit crimes due to a given situation; sometimes their criminal activities are intermixed with legitimate activities
D) Criminals who are always criminal
  • 47. What are habitual criminals?
A) Criminals who commit crimes rarely
B) They continue to commit criminal acts for diverse reasons due to deficiency of intelligence and lack of self-control
C) Criminals who commit crimes only once
D) Criminals who commit crimes for political reasons
  • 48. What are active-aggressive criminals?
A) Criminals who commit crimes for financial gain
B) Criminals who commit crimes calmly
C) Criminals who are passive
D) They commit crimes in impulsive manner usually due to their aggressive behavior, as shown in crimes of passion, resentment, or revenge
  • 49. What are passive-inadequate criminals?
A) They commit crimes because they are pushed to inducement, reward, or promise without considering do it, by the consequences. For this, they are called "ulukan."
B) Criminals who commit crimes independently
C) Criminals who are aggressive
D) Criminals who commit crimes for political reasons
  • 50. What are socialized criminals?
A) Criminals who reject social norms
B) Criminals who are isolated from society
C) They are normal in their behavior but mere inadequate and defective in their socialization process
D) Criminals
  • 51. judge sentences a repeat offender to a mandatory maximum prison term specifically to set an example and discourage others in the community from committing similar crimes. Which concept is being applied?
A) Specific Deterrence
B) General Deterrence
C) Rehabilitation
D) Retribution
  • 52. Marcus believes that criminals are "born" with certain physical abnormalities, such as a receding hairline and asymmetrical facial features. Marcus’s view aligns most closely with which criminologist?
A) Raffaele Garofalo E.
B) Cesare Lombroso
C) Jeremy Bentham
D) Enrico Ferri
  • 53. n a local neighborhood, residents notice that broken windows are left unrepaired and litter is piling up. Soon after, serious crimes begin to rise. This scenario best illustrates which theory?
A) Labeling Theory
B) Broken Windows Theory
C) Strain Theory
D) Social Control Theory
  • 54. A teenager starts hanging out with a group of friends who frequently shoplift. Over time, he learns the techniques of shoplifting and begins to view the act as "cool" rather than "wrong." This is an example of
A) Differential Association Theory
B) Rational Choice Theory
C) Routine Activities Theory
D) Anomie Theory
  • 55. During a period of rapid economic collapse, a city experiences a breakdown in social norms and a sense of "normlessness" among its citizens, leading to a spike in crime. What is the term for this state?
A) Atavism
B) Anomie
C) Somatotyping
D) Symbiosis
  • 56. Sarah leaves her expensive laptop on a café table while she goes to the restroom for ten minutes. When she returns, the laptop is gone. According to the Routine Activities Theory, Sarah represents the absence of
A) A Suitable Target
B) A Capable Guardian
C) Social Bond
D) A Motivated Offender
  • 57. A victim of a robbery is blamed by the community because she was walking alone in a "bad neighborhood" late at night. This psychological phenomenon is known as
A) Victim Compensation
B) Victim Blaming
C) Secondary Victimization
D) Restorative Justice
  • 58. An employee at a bank systematically transfers small fractions of cents from thousands of accounts into his personal offshore account. This is a classic example of
A) Violent Crime
B) Victimless Crime
C) White-collar Crime
D) Blue-collar Crime
  • 59. Which type of victim is characterized by someone who unknowingly provokes a confrontation, such as a person using offensive language that leads to a physical fight?
A) Victim more Guilty than Offender
B) Victim with Minor Guilt
C) Victim as Guilty as Offender
D) Completely Innocent Victim
  • 60. A person commits a crime not because they planned to, but because they were overwhelmed by a sudden, intense heat of passion or extreme provocation. This is categorized as
A) A person commits a crime not because they planned to, but because they were overwhelmed by a sudden, intense heat of passion or extreme provocation. This is categorized as
B) Episodic/Acute Crime
C) Professional Crime
D) Chronic Crime
  • 61. Which school of criminology argues that "the punishment should fit the crime" and that humans possess free will?
A) Chicago School
B) Positivist School
C) Neo-Classical School
D) AClassical School
  • 62. A 10-year-old child steals a loaf of bread. The judge decides to mitigate the penalty because of the child’s age and lack of full mental capacity. Which school of thought allows for such "mitigating circumstances"?
A) Neo-Classical School
B) Italian School
C) Positivist School
D) Classical School
  • 63. Which of the following refers to the study of the transition of a person from being a law-abiding citizen to a criminal?
A) Penology
B) Victimogenesis
C) Criminal Evolution
D) Criminogenesis
  • 64. A scientist studies the relationship between a person's body build and their temperament. He concludes that "Mesomorphs" (muscular types) are most likely to be aggressive. Who is this researcher?
A) Robert Merton
B) Sigmund Freud
C) William Sheldon
D) Emile Durkheim
  • 65. When a person is arrested and labeled a "thief" by the public, they begin to accept this identity and commit more thefts. This process is known as
A) Secondary Deviance
B) Tertiary Deviance
C) Social Stigma
D) Primary Deviance
  • 66. Criminology is considered a "Social Science" because it
A) Studies crime as a social phenomenon
B) Only focuses on the laws written in books
C) Uses chemistry to analyze blood
D) Is applicable only in specific countries.
  • 67. Because the definition of crime changes as society evolves (e.g., what was legal 100 years ago may be illegal now), Criminology is said to be
A) Stable
B) Dynamic
C) Nationalistic
D) Absolute
  • 68. Which branch of Criminology focuses specifically on the scientific study of the causes of crime and the development of criminals?
A) Sociology of Law
B) Victimology
C) Penology
D) Criminal Etiology
  • 69. A study finds that crime rates are higher in urban "zone of transition" areas where there is high population turnover and poverty. This aligns with:
A) Biological Theory
B) Choice Theory
C) Strain Theory
D) Social Disorganization Theory
  • 70. This refers to the total number of crimes that go unreported to the police.
A) Dark Figure of Crime
B) Index Crimes
C) Recidivism
D) Crime Rate
  • 71. A criminal uses a specific "signature" or method in every burglary, such as leaving a playing card on the table. This is known as
A) Modus Operandi
B) Actus Reus
C) Mens Rea
D) Mala In Se
  • 72. An act that is considered wrong in itself, such as murder or rape, regardless of whether a law forbids it, is called:
A) Misdemeanor
B) Mala In Se
C) Mala Prohibita
D) Felony
  • 73. Which term refers to the "guilty mind" or the intent to commit a crime?
A) Doli Incapax
B) Mens Rea
C) Actus Reus
D) Corpus Delicti
  • 74. The study of the "physical" evidence of a crime (fingerprints, ballistics) to identify a suspect is technically known as
A) Penology
B) Sociology
C) Criminalistics
D) Criminology
  • 75. If a person commits a crime because they believe the rewards (money) outweigh the risks (getting caught), they are following the
A) Free Will Doctrine
B) Pleasure-Pain Principle (Hedonism)
C) Rational Choice Theory
D) All of the above
  • 76. A young man lives in a slum area where he has no access to quality education or jobs. He decides to join a drug syndicate to achieve the "American Dream" of wealth. According to Robert Merton, this adaptation is called
A) Retreatism
B) Conformity
C) Innovation
D) Ritualism
  • 77. n a high-poverty neighborhood, a subculture emerges where young men gain status through physical toughness and "street smarts" rather than academic success. This describes:
A) Labeling Theory
B) Social Bond Theory
C) Focal Concerns of the Lower Class
D) Differential Association
  • 78. A student who usually gets good grades is bullied at school and his parents are going through a divorce. Due to this extreme emotional pressure, he starts using illegal drugs. This fits which theory?
A) General Strain Theory (Agnew)
B) Rational Choice Theory
C) Classical Strain Theory
D) Neutralization Theory
  • 79. Which theory suggests that people are naturally inclined to commit crime but are held back by their ties to family, school, and peers?
A) Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
B) Social Control/Bond Theory
C) Life Course Theory
D) Social Learning Theory
  • 80. According to Travis Hirschi, which element of the social bond refers to the "time and energy" a person spends in conventional activities like sports or studying?
A) Commitment
B) Belief
C) Attachment
D) Involvement
  • 81. A man commits a violent assault and shows no remorse or empathy for the victim. He is charming but manipulative. A psychologist would likely screen him for:
A) Schizophrenia
B) Paranoia
C) Neuroticism
D) Psychopathy/Antisocial Personality Disorder
  • 82. According to Freud, which part of the personality represents the "conscience" and the moral rules of society?
A) Superego
B) Ego
C) Id
D) Alter-Ego
  • 83. A researcher suggests that a specific murderer committed the crime because of a chemical imbalance and an overabundance of dopamine in the brain. This falls under:
A) Evolutionary Criminology
B) Psychological Positivism
C) Biochemical Theory
D) Social Ecology
  • 84. A child observes his father hitting his mother to get what he wants. Later, the child hits his classmates to get their toys. This is an example of
A) bservational Learning (Modeling)
B) Operant Conditioning
C) Genetic Predisposition
D) Cognitive Dissonance
  • 85. Which term refers to the "primitive" part of the human personality that seeks immediate gratification of biological drives like hunger and sex?
A) Ego
B) Superego
C) Id
D) Preconscious
  • 86. A teenager steals a car but tells himself, "The owner is rich and has insurance, so they aren't really losing anything." This technique of neutralization is
A) Denial of Injury
B) Condemnation of Condemners
C) Denial of Victim
D) Denial of Responsibility
  • 87. The process by which the justice system creates "career criminals" by stigmatizing first-time offenders is known as
A) Radical Non-intervention
B) Diversion
C) The Dramatization of Evil
D) Decriminalization
  • 88. Which of the following describes "Primary Deviance"?
A) Crime that is inherently evil.
B) Initial acts of norm violation that have very little influence on the self-concept
C) . Deviance that occurs after a person accepts a criminal label.
D) Crime committed by high-ranking officials.
  • 89. A judge decides to send a juvenile to a community service program instead of jail to avoid giving him a permanent criminal record. This practice is called:
A) Incapacitation
B) Diversion
C) Deterrence
D) Retribution
  • 90. In the "Concentric Zone Model" of a city, which zone is characterized by the highest crime rates and social physical deterioration?
A) Zone II: Zone in Transition
B) Zone III: Workingmen’s Homes
C) Zone I: Central Business District
D) Zone IV: Residential Zone
  • 91. Which month is statistically associated with higher rates of violent crimes like assault and rape due to increased social interaction and temperature?
A) July
B) January
C) December
D) October
  • 92. The "Age-Crime Curve" generally shows that crime rates peak during which life stage?
A) B. Late Adolescence/Young Adulthood (15-24)
B) Middle Age (40-50)
C) Childhood (5-10)
D) Senior Years (65+)
  • 93. Which of the following is considered an "Index Crime" (or Focus Crime) in many police reporting systems?
A) Robbery
B) Vagrancy
C) Littering
D) Gambling
  • 94. A researcher uses "Self-Report Surveys" to gather data. What is the primary advantage of this method?
A) It is more official than police records.
B) It captures the "Dark Figure of Crime"
C) It is always 100% honest
D) It only counts crimes that lead to a conviction.
  • 95. A person is forced at gunpoint to drive a getaway car for a bank robbery. He may use the defense of:
A) Self-defense
B) Insanity
C) Alibi
D) Duress/Compulsion
  • 96. This refers to the state of being a "habitual delinquent" or a repeat offender who keeps returning to prison.
A) Anomie
B) Atavism
C) Anomie
D) Stigma
  • 97. What is the "Golden Thread" of criminal justice, meaning a person is innocent until proven guilty?
A) Equal Protection
B) Presumption of Innocence
C) Due Process
D) Habeas Corpus
  • 98. If a law is passed today making an act illegal that was legal yesterday, and the government tries to punish you for doing it last week, this is a prohibited:
A) Writ of Amparo
B) Blue Law
C) Ex Post Facto Law
D) Bill of Attainder
  • 99. When a gang member kills a rival member to protect his "brothers," he justifies it by saying his loyalty to the gang is more important than the law. This is:
A) Denial of Responsibility
B) Denial of Victim
C) Appeal to Higher Loyalties
D) Denial of Injury
  • 100. The "Classical School" of Criminology was a reaction against:
A) The use of prisons.
B) The cruel and arbitrary justice of the 18th century
C) The concept of democracy.
D) Scientific research
Created with That Quiz — the site for test creation and grading in math and other subjects.