Mausoleum of Constantina - Quiz
  • 1. What is the subject of the mosaics found in the two shallow apses of the ambulatory?
A) Abstract geometric patterns
B) Christ as the Pantocrator
C) The life of Constantina
D) Scenes from the Old Testament
  • 2. What is unique about the Pantocrator mosaics in the apses?
A) They were created by anonymous monks
B) They are the earliest surviving examples of this depiction
C) They are the largest mosaics in Rome
D) They were never restored
  • 3. What is the estimated date of the Pantocrator mosaics?
A) 4th century
B) 3rd or 4th century
C) 5th or 7th century
D) 8th or 9th century
  • 4. What phrase is inscribed in the traditio legis mosaic?
A) IN HOC SIGNO VINCES
B) DOMINUS PACEM DAT
C) PAX VOBISCUM
D) DOMINUS VOBISCUM
  • 5. What do the sheep in the traditio legis mosaic represent?
A) The twelve apostles
B) The wealth of the empire
C) A pagan sacrifice
D) Christ's role as shepherd
  • 6. What does Christ's golden robe in the mosaic suggest?
A) Power and supremacy
B) His mortal status
C) His poverty and humility
D) His birth in Bethlehem
  • 7. What do the 4th-century ambulatory vault mosaics depict?
A) Lives of the saints
B) Secular, non-Christian motifs
C) Crucifixion scenes
D) Constantina's family history
  • 8. What is a common theme found in the ambulatory vault mosaics?
A) Military battles
B) Imperial seals
C) Angelic choirs
D) Vine and plant ornament
  • 9. Why did the building become known as the 'Tempio di Bacco' during the Renaissance?
A) Because it was a vineyard
B) Because it was built by Bacchus
C) Because the architecture looked like a wine press
D) Due to the predominance of pagan grape-picking imagery
  • 10. What do the naturalistic ornaments in the ambulatory mosaics suggest to the viewer?
A) The fertility of the soil
B) The history of agriculture
C) The wealth of the Roman Empire
D) The promise of beauty and abundance in Heaven
  • 11. Where else is the scene of cupids picking grapes found?
A) The Colosseum walls
B) The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
C) The Pantheon
D) Constantina's sarcophagus
  • 12. What do the pagan-style mosaics in the ambulatory reflect about the time period?
A) The dominance of eastern influence
B) The total destruction of Roman heritage
C) The transition from paganism to Christianity
D) The rejection of all Christian art
  • 13. What is noted about the floor mosaics in the mausoleum?
A) They are made of marble rather than glass
B) They were added in the 12th century
C) They are similar in style to the ambulatory mosaics
D) They have been completely destroyed
  • 14. Which Roman deity is associated with the grapevine scrolls in the mosaics?
A) Jupiter
B) Bacchus
C) Apollo
D) Mars
  • 15. How does the text describe the state of the ambulatory vault mosaics?
A) They were completely replaced in the Renaissance
B) They are heavily faded
C) They are crumbling rapidly
D) They have needed little restoration
  • 16. What kind of art are the mosaics of Santa Costanza considered important examples of?
A) Baroque painting
B) Early Christian art
C) Renaissance sculpture
D) Gothic architecture
  • 17. What helped historians determine that the church was once covered in mosaics?
A) Written letters from Constantine
B) Ancient blueprints
C) Renaissance-era illustrations
D) Modern digital reconstructions
  • 18. How many divisions of ornamental motifs are found in the ring vault mosaics?
A) Eleven
B) Seven
C) Five
D) Twenty
  • 19. Which color is mentioned as part of the mosaic color scheme?
A) Neon blue
B) Bright purple
C) Dark green
D) Vivid orange
  • 20. What type of backdrop is used for the ring vault mosaics?
A) A light backdrop
B) A gold-leaf backdrop
C) A dark blue backdrop
D) A textured stone backdrop
  • 21. When were the mosaics likely created in relation to the structure's completion?
A) Centuries later
B) Before the structure was finished
C) Very soon after
D) During the Renaissance restoration
  • 22. What was the original purpose of Santa Costanza?
A) A mausoleum for Constantine's daughters
B) A public bathhouse
C) A dedicated city library
D) A royal palace
  • 23. Which other early Christian building shares a similar origin as a mausoleum with a circular plan?
A) The Pantheon
B) Split Cathedral
C) The Colosseum
D) Hagia Sophia
  • 24. What material is Santa Costanza primarily built from?
A) Timber and stucco
B) Solid marble blocks
C) Cut limestone
D) Brick-faced concrete
  • 25. How many windows are in the clerestory of Santa Costanza?
A) Twelve
B) Eight
C) Four
D) Sixteen
  • 26. What is the diameter of the ambulatory in Santa Costanza?
A) 50 meters
B) 15.5 meters
C) 22.5 meters
D) 10 meters
  • 27. What structural element marks the cardinal points in the mausoleum?
A) Porphyry pillars
B) Larger arches
C) Marble statues
D) Gold mosaics
  • 28. What do the number of arches, column pairs, and windows likely reference?
A) The Twelve Months
B) The Twelve Apostles
C) The Twelve Emperors
D) The Twelve Zodiac signs
  • 29. How does the design of the dome/vault differ from earlier building styles mentioned?
A) Earlier styles were never built with stone
B) Earlier styles typically used flat wooden roofs
C) Earlier styles used metal roofing exclusively
D) Earlier styles were always open-air
  • 30. What type of capitals decorate the granite columns?
A) Doric capitals
B) Ionic capitals
C) Composite capitals
D) Corinthian capitals
  • 31. Who was Constantina the daughter of?
A) Constantine I
B) Saint Agnes
C) Constantia
D) Helena
  • 32. Where is the Mausoleum of Constantina located?
A) Constantinople
B) Rome
C) Ravenna
D) Milan
  • 33. The mausoleum is located within which complex?
A) Vatican Museum
B) Forum Romanum
C) Colosseum
D) Sant'Agnese fuori le mura
  • 34. In what year did Constantina die?
A) 313
B) 338
C) 354
D) 400
  • 35. What is the shape of the mausoleum's plan?
A) Cross-shaped
B) Circular
C) Rectangular
D) Octagonal
  • 36. Where is the porphyry sarcophagus of Constantina currently located?
A) In the Basilica
B) In the Catacombs
C) In the mausoleum
D) Vatican Museum
  • 37. How can the missing mosaic of the central dome be reconstructed?
A) By interpreting descriptions in ancient texts
B) It cannot be reconstructed
C) By using 16th-century watercolours
D) By archaeological excavation
  • 38. What kind of road is the Via Nomentana?
A) A private garden path
B) An ancient Roman route
C) A bridge crossing
D) A modern highway
  • 39. How old was Saint Agnes when she was martyred?
A) Twenty
B) Thirteen
C) Ten
D) Thirty
  • 40. What was the purpose of the adjacent basilica built in 338?
A) Baths
B) Funerary hall
C) Imperial throne room
D) Marketplace
  • 41. In what year was the construction of the funerary hall or Constantinian basilica begun?
A) 350
B) 865
C) 1254
D) 338
  • 42. Around what year was the mausoleum built?
A) 338
B) 350
C) 1254
D) 335
  • 43. From where was Constantina's body brought back to be buried?
A) Gaul
B) Rome
C) Bithynia
D) Via Labicana
  • 44. From where was Helena's body brought to be buried?
A) Via Appia
B) Gaul
C) Via Tiburtina
D) Bithynia
  • 45. Which basilica is believed to be the burial place of Pope Mark?
A) The basilica on Via Prenestina
B) San Sebastiano fuori le mura
C) The Constantinian basilica
D) The anonymous basilica on Via Ardeatina
  • 46. In what year was 'Santa Costanza' first recorded as the name of the mausoleum?
A) 350
B) 338
C) 1254
D) 865
  • 47. Who consecrated the mausoleum as a church in 1254?
A) Pope Alexander IV
B) Pope Nicholas I
C) Pope Silvester I
D) Pope Mark
  • 48. What happened to the Constantinian basilica over time?
A) It was destroyed by fire
B) It fell into ruins
C) It was completely restored
D) It was converted into a palace
  • 49. How much of the Constantinian basilica's exterior wall circuit survives today?
A) About half
B) It is entirely intact
C) About one third
D) Only the foundation
  • 50. Which figure is credited with recording the location of Constantina's body being brought from Bithynia?
A) Pope Silvester I
B) Ammianus
C) Pope Nicholas I
D) Constantine
  • 51. Who made watercolour copies of the surviving mosaics in the central dome between 1538 and 1540?
A) Elias
B) Francisco de Holanda
C) Constantina
D) Moses
  • 52. Which Old Testament figure is mentioned in relation to the sacrifice on Mount Carmel?
A) Elias
B) Cain
C) Abel
D) Noah
  • 53. What is thought to have been depicted in the upper row of mosaics?
A) Old Testament myths
B) Greek mythological creatures
C) New Testament scenes
D) Roman historical battles
  • 54. What material is the sarcophagus of Constantina made from?
A) Granite
B) Marble
C) Limestone
D) Porphyry
  • 55. What is the primary color of the stone used for the sarcophagus?
A) Purple
B) Black
C) White
D) Red
  • 56. Where was the stone for the sarcophagus quarried?
A) Constantinople, Turkey
B) Mons Porphyriticus, Egypt
C) Rome, Italy
D) Athens, Greece
  • 57. Which Roman group was exclusively permitted to use porphyry?
A) The Praetorian Guard
B) The imperial family
C) The clergy
D) High-ranking senators
  • 58. What figures are featured in the vine-stem patterns on the sarcophagus?
A) Angels
B) Dragons
C) Cherubs
D) Lions
  • 59. What bird is depicted on the sarcophagus as a symbol of immortality?
A) Owl
B) Eagle
C) Dove
D) Peacock
  • 60. How many portrait heads are on the lid of the sarcophagus?
A) Two
B) Four
C) Eight
D) Six
  • 61. Who is the larger sarcophagus now thought to have actually belonged to?
A) Constantina
B) Julian the Apostate
C) Constantine I
D) Helena
  • 62. When was the smaller sarcophagus moved into the transept of St Peter's?
A) 1780
B) 1606
C) 1992
D) 1550
  • 63. What was the length of the sarcophagus chest?
A) 233 cm
B) 128 cm
C) 157 cm
D) 200 cm
  • 64. Which researcher performed the computer reconstruction of the triconch structure?
A) Constantine I
B) Santa Costanza
C) Julian the Apostate
D) David J. Stanley
  • 65. What shaped structure was excavated beneath the church in 1987 and 1992?
A) Triconch
B) Circular
C) Octagonal
D) Rectangular
  • 66. Which historical figure was the husband of Helena?
A) Julian the Apostate
B) Constantine I
C) The Pope
D) A local Roman governor
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