Historicity of the Gospels - Quiz
Historicity of the Gospels
  • 1. Which two events in the life of Jesus have almost universal assent among scholars of antiquity?
A) His feeding of the five thousand and his sermon on the mount
B) His baptism by John the Baptist and his crucifixion by order of Pontius Pilate
C) His walking on water and his resurrection
D) His birth in Bethlehem and his transfiguration
  • 2. What is the consensus view on the genre of the Gospels among modern scholars?
A) Sui generis phenomena
B) Strictly chronological history
C) A sub-set of ancient biography
D) Purely ahistorical myth
  • 3. Who provided a significant contribution by finding similarities between the Gospels and ten contemporary bioi?
A) Graham Stanton
B) Rudolf Bultmann
C) M. David Litwa
D) Richard Burridge
  • 4. Which scholar argues that the Gospels belong to the genre of 'mythic historiography'?
A) Alan Kirk
B) M. David Litwa
C) Charles Talbert
D) Craig S. Keener
  • 5. How does Dale Allison characterize human memory?
A) Perfectly accurate and stable
B) Completely fictional and creative
C) Weak and prone to frequent misguidance
D) Irrelevant to historical research
  • 6. What is the primary focus of textual criticism regarding the Gospels?
A) Proving the inerrancy of the manuscripts
B) Determining the theological agenda of the authors
C) Analyzing the literary style of the writers
D) Deciding the wording closest to the original text
  • 7. According to the text, what does EP Sanders claim regarding sources for Jesus?
A) They are purely theological inventions
B) They are strictly limited to oral tradition
C) They are superior to those for Alexander the Great
D) They are less reliable than those for Julius Caesar
  • 8. What term does Dale Allison use to describe his preferred method for verifying gospel content?
A) Social contagion mapping
B) Form criticism
C) Textual inerrancy
D) Recurrent attestation
  • 9. What does Chris Keith argue about the relationship between memories and the Gospels?
A) Memories are always an exact reflection of the past
B) The Gospels contain no historical memories at all
C) The authors never intended to describe real events
D) Memories in the Gospels can contradict and are not always historically correct
  • 10. What did James D.G. Dunn believe about the earliest tradents in the Christian churches?
A) They were innovators who heavily modified the traditions
B) They kept no record of the ministry of Jesus
C) They were preservers who sought to transmit rather than create de novo
D) They intentionally distorted the teachings for power
  • 11. What does Alan Kirk identify as a problem with much psychological research on memory?
A) It ignores the role of the Old Testament
B) It is decontextualized from the real world
C) It relies too heavily on biblical manuscripts
D) It is biased toward conservative theology
  • 12. How does the Fourth canonical Gospel's historical reputation compare to the Synoptics in modern scholarship?
A) It is considered more reliable than previously thought
B) It is viewed as the only historical gospel
C) It is viewed as identical in style to the Synoptics
D) It is viewed as completely fictional
  • 13. What is the scholarly consensus regarding historical reliability and an author's agenda?
A) Reliability is only possible if the author is neutral
B) Agendas were not present in ancient biographical writing
C) Reliability does not depend on a lack of agenda
D) Any agenda automatically invalidates the history
  • 14. What does Anthony Le Donne argue is the foundation of his historiography regarding Jesus?
A) The written manuscripts found in the Dead Sea Scrolls
B) The literal interpretation of every gospel word
C) The archaeological evidence from 1st-century Judaea
D) The memory of Jesus recalled by the earliest disciples
  • 15. What is meant by 'ecological' approaches to memory, according to Alan Kirk?
A) The study of memory as a theological evolution
B) The study of the natural environment of the Galilee
C) Research that considers memory in real-world contexts
D) The preservation of texts in arid climates
  • 16. What is the primary language the canonical gospels were originally written in?
A) Latin
B) Koine Greek
C) Aramaic
D) Hebrew
  • 17. According to the text, what language did Jesus speak?
A) Latin
B) Classical Hebrew
C) Koine Greek
D) Aramaic
  • 18. The criterion of embarrassment suggests that writers would not include negative details unless they were what?
A) Symbolic myths
B) Theological allegories
C) True
D) Literary inventions
  • 19. Which scholar argues that it is difficult to imagine Christians inventing the baptism of Jesus by John?
A) Jens Schroter
B) Bart Ehrman
C) Chris Keith
D) Helen Bond
  • 20. What does the criterion of cultural and historical congruency test?
A) Whether the event is mentioned in multiple independent sources
B) Whether the event was embarrassing to the early church
C) Whether an account conflicts with known historical facts or cultural practices
D) Whether the text contains original Aramaic roots
  • 21. Who stated that there is no incontrovertible evidence that gospel traditions circulated as written notes prior to Mark?
A) Irenaeus
B) Chris Keith
C) Tatian
D) Justin Martyr
  • 22. Which figure wrote of the 'memoirs of the Apostles' around 120–150 AD?
A) Paul the Apostle
B) Tatian
C) Irenaeus
D) Justin Martyr
  • 23. How many direct quotations from Hebrew scriptures are in Mark?
A) 14
B) 24
C) 54
D) 27
  • 24. How many direct quotations from Hebrew scriptures are in John?
A) 14
B) 54
C) 27
D) 24
  • 25. What fraction of Mark's gospel consists of allusions to and citations of the scriptures?
A) One tenth
B) Two thirds
C) One quarter
D) Half
  • 26. From which Psalm is the quotation 'My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?' taken?
A) Psalm 1
B) Psalm 22
C) Psalm 119
D) Psalm 23
  • 27. How many Old Testament books does Luke make allusions to?
A) All but three
B) None of them
C) All of them
D) Only half of them
  • 28. Which gospel contains all of Mark's quotations plus 30 more?
A) Matthew
B) Luke
C) The Q source
D) John
  • 29. According to tradition, who is the author of the Gospel of Mark?
A) St. Peter
B) St. Luke
C) St. Paul
D) Mark the Evangelist
  • 30. Who argues that the Gospel of Mark is an oral composition where a speaker's words were recorded?
A) Maurice Casey
B) Adam Winn
C) William Wrede
D) Nicholas Elder
  • 31. Where does internal evidence suggest the Gospel of Mark originated?
A) Syria
B) Jerusalem
C) Egypt
D) Rome
  • 32. Which literary work is suggested as a possible influence on the author of Mark?
A) The Epic of Gilgamesh
B) The Aeneid
C) The Elijah-Elisha narrative
D) The Gospel of Thomas
  • 33. What is the scholarly consensus date for Matthew and Luke?
A) 100–110 AD
B) 60–70 AD
C) 40–50 AD
D) 80–90 AD
  • 34. Where does the consensus believe the Gospel of Matthew originated?
A) Rome
B) Antioch
C) Jerusalem
D) Alexandria
  • 35. Who does the text mention as an ancient historian compared to the authors of the gospels?
A) Josephus
B) Tacitus
C) Diodorus Siculus
D) Herodotus
  • 36. Which scholar observes that Luke’s editing methods are comparable to those of Plutarch?
A) Kloppenborg
B) Adam Winn
C) Maurice Casey
D) Michael Kok
  • 37. How many verses of Matthew are taken from the Gospel of Mark?
A) 700
B) 320
C) 606
D) 500
  • 38. How many verses of Luke are taken from the Gospel of Mark?
A) 200
B) 320
C) 450
D) 606
  • 39. How many verses does the Gospel of Mark contain?
A) 637
B) 661
C) 861
D) 200
  • 40. According to the text, how many verses of Mark are reproduced in Matthew and/or Luke?
A) 637
B) 200
C) 661
D) 400
  • 41. Approximately how many verses do Matthew and Luke share that are not taken from Mark?
A) 661
B) 200
C) 100
D) 637
  • 42. What is the name of the source hypothesized to contain the non-Markan verses shared by Matthew and Luke?
A) M
B) Q
C) The Passion Source
D) L
  • 43. How is Q usually dated in relation to the Gospel of Mark?
A) About a decade later
B) About a decade earlier
C) Two centuries later
D) At the same time
  • 44. Which of the following elements is missing from the Q source?
A) Speeches
B) Prayers
C) A passion story
D) Calls for judgement
  • 45. Who suggested that the nucleus of Q reaches back to the earliest Palestinian community and the lifetime of Jesus?
A) Burkett
B) Powell
C) Goodacre
D) Strecker
  • 46. Where does Burkett argue that Q originated?
A) Rome
B) Antioch
C) Galilee
D) Jerusalem
  • 47. Which work ended the period known as the 'Golden Age of Q Studies'?
A) The Two-Source Hypothesis manual
B) Strecker's Palestinian Hypothesis
C) Powell's 1998 study
D) Goodacre's Case Against Q
  • 48. What is the current scholarly trend regarding the M and L source theories?
A) They are the primary focus of study
B) Support is increasing
C) Support has largely faded
D) They have been proven true
  • 49. What percentage of the content in the Gospel of John is unique to it?
A) 92 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 85 percent
D) 50 percent
  • 50. How much of John's material has no parallels in the Gospel of Mark?
A) 45 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 92 percent
D) 85 percent
  • 51. According to the text, what identifies the writer of the Gospel of John?
A) An anonymous community
B) The Beloved Disciple
C) Mark the Evangelist
D) The Apostle Paul
  • 52. What is the primary location traditionally associated with the writing of the Gospel of John?
A) Rome
B) Ephesus
C) Corinth
D) Jerusalem
  • 53. How do modern Bibles typically indicate passages that have disputed source documents?
A) By printing them in a different language
B) By using a different font style
C) Through footnotes
D) By omitting the entire chapter
  • 54. According to Kurt and Barbara Aland, what percentage of the New Testament text is in complete agreement across seven major editions?
A) 62.9%
B) 45.2%
C) 99.9%
D) 80.5%
  • 55. What is the primary cause of most textual variants in the New Testament?
A) Intentional corruption by heretics
B) Changing cultural norms
C) Political pressure from empires
D) Unintentional scribal mistakes
  • 56. How do scholars describe the state of the New Testament text preservation?
A) Inconsistent and unreliable
B) Well preserved
C) Highly corrupted
D) Lost entirely
  • 57. What type of manuscripts are Gnostic writings like those of Valentinus?
A) Primary sources for the King James Version
B) Mainstream early church documents
C) Jewish legal transcripts
D) Non-orthodox Christian writings
  • 58. Who does Paul claim was responsible for the death of Jesus in the First Epistle to the Thessalonians?
A) The disciples.
B) The Judeans.
C) The Romans.
D) Pilate alone.
  • 59. What does I. Howard Marshall state regarding the historicity of the Last Supper?
A) It is historically uncertain.
B) It was added in the second century.
C) Any doubt should be abandoned.
D) It is purely symbolic.
  • 60. Which archaeological find provides indirect information about Jesus' life?
A) A signed letter from Jesus.
B) The High Priest Caiaphas' ossuary.
C) The house of Pontius Pilate.
D) The tomb of Judas.
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