Stoma - Quiz
Stoma
  • 1. What determines the transpiration rate in a leaf?
A) Light intensity and photosynthesis rate
B) Atmospheric pressure and leaf temperature only
C) Diffusion resistance of stomatal pores and the humidity gradient
D) Carbon dioxide concentration and oxygen levels
  • 2. What is the inverse of stomatal resistance (r)?
A) Transpiration rate (E)
B) Water use efficiency
C) Photosynthetic rate (A)
D) Stomatal conductance (g)
  • 3. In the formula E = (ei - ea) / Pr, what does P represent?
A) Atmospheric pressure
B) Plant conductance
C) Partial pressure of water
D) Photosynthesis rate
  • 4. What do ei and ea represent in the transpiration equation?
A) Energy input and energy output
B) Partial pressures of water in the leaf and ambient air
C) Internal and external CO2 concentrations
D) Evaporation and atmospheric pressure
  • 5. What environmental conditions can scientists investigate by measuring stomatal response?
A) Soil pH levels and mineral content
B) Gravity and magnetic field changes
C) Light intensity and concentrations of water vapor, CO2, and ozone
D) Temperature and wind speed
  • 6. Which value can be calculated as A/E?
A) Stomatal conductance
B) Water use efficiency
C) Sub-stomatal CO2 pressure
D) Intrinsic water use efficiency
  • 7. What is the formula for photosynthetic CO2 assimilation (A) based on the text?
A) A = (ei - ea)g / P
B) A = (Ca - Ci)g / 1.6P
C) A = EP / (ei - ea)
D) A = (Ca - Ci) / 1.6P
  • 8. What instruments are used by plant physiologists to measure CO2 uptake?
A) Spectrometers
B) Humidity chambers only
C) Barometers
D) Photosynthesis systems
  • 9. What does Ci represent in the equation for CO2 assimilation?
A) Conductance of carbon dioxide
B) Internal concentration of water vapor
C) Constant internal pressure
D) Sub-stomatal partial pressure of CO2
  • 10. What is the result of solving for conductance (g) in the equation E = (ei - ea)g / P?
A) g = P / (E(ei - ea))
B) g = EP / (ei - ea)
C) g = (ei - ea) / EP
D) g = (ei - ea) / P
  • 11. What does the abbreviation C.A.M. stand for?
A) Carbon accumulation method
B) Cellular atmospheric mechanism
C) Constant air modification
D) Crassulacean acid metabolism
  • 12. When do C.A.M. plants typically open their stomata?
A) At night
B) During the afternoon
C) At dawn only
D) Continuously throughout the day
  • 13. Which enzyme do C.A.M. plants use to fix carbon dioxide at night?
A) PEPcase
B) RuBisCO
C) Cellulase
D) Amylase
  • 14. Why do C.A.M. plants keep their stomata closed during the day?
A) To prevent oxygen absorption
B) To increase water intake
C) To minimize photorespiration
D) Because they do not need light
  • 15. What drives protons out of the guard cells to initiate stomatal opening?
A) A proton pump
B) An electrical charge
C) Cellulose microfibrils
D) Water diffusion
  • 16. What ion is taken up by the guard cells during stomatal opening?
A) Potassium (K+)
B) Calcium (Ca2+)
C) Sodium (Na+)
D) Magnesium (Mg2+)
  • 17. Which organic ion is sometimes produced in guard cells to balance the influx of potassium?
A) Pyruvate
B) Glucose
C) Malate
D) Citrate
  • 18. What hormone is released when roots sense a water shortage?
A) Ethylene
B) Gibberellin
C) Auxin
D) Abscisic acid (ABA)
  • 19. What happens to the concentration of free Ca2+ in the cytosol when ABA is present?
A) It remains constant
B) It fluctuates rapidly
C) It increases
D) It decreases
  • 20. Which organelle releases calcium during the stomatal closing process?
A) Ribosome
B) Golgi apparatus
C) Lysosome
D) Endoplasmic reticulum
  • 21. What happens to the stomatal pores when guard cells become plasmolysed?
A) They thicken
B) They open
C) They close
D) They divide
  • 22. Guard cells contain more of which organelle than other epidermal cells?
A) Mitochondria
B) Nuclei
C) Vacuoles
D) Chloroplasts
  • 23. What is the primary function of a stoma?
A) Root protection
B) Reproduction
C) Gas exchange
D) Nutrient absorption
  • 24. What type of cells border the stomatal pore?
A) Epidermal hairs
B) Xylem cells
C) Guard cells
D) Mesophyll cells
  • 25. What is the process of water vapour exiting the plant called?
A) Respiration
B) Diffusion
C) Photosynthesis
D) Transpiration
  • 26. Which gas is used in photosynthesis?
A) Methane
B) Argon
C) Carbon dioxide
D) Nitrogen
  • 27. Which plant group lacks stomata?
A) Liverworts
B) Vascular plants
C) Monocotyledons
D) Dicotyledons
  • 28. What are leaves with stomata on both surfaces called?
A) Epistomatous
B) Hypostomatous
C) Stomatal-complex
D) Amphistomatous
  • 29. What enzyme fixes carbon dioxide to RuBP?
A) PEPcase
B) RuBisCO
C) Lipase
D) Amylase
  • 30. What is the typical atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide?
A) 850 ppm
B) 425 ppm
C) 600 ppm
D) 200 ppm
  • 31. What does the term 'stoma' mean in Greek?
A) Pore
B) Mouth
C) Air
D) Leaf
  • 32. What is the maximum length of a stoma as mentioned in the text?
A) 100 μm
B) 20 μm
C) 80 μm
D) 50 μm
  • 33. Which type of plants may have equal stomata on both leaf surfaces?
A) Trees
B) Mosses
C) Liverworts
D) Monocotyledons
  • 34. What is the name for leaves with stomata only on the upper surface?
A) Submerged
B) Epistomatous
C) Hypostomatous
D) Amphistomatous
  • 35. Stomata may have evolved from the modification of what structures?
A) Conceptacles
B) Waxy cuticles
C) Meristemoids
D) Protodermal cells
  • 36. What trait evolved alongside stomata to provide a major advantage for terrestrial plants?
A) Root hairs
B) Waxy cuticle
C) Trichomes
D) Vascular tissue
  • 37. From which tissue layer do all three major epidermal cell types derive?
A) Procambium
B) L1 tissue layer
C) Ground meristem
D) L2 tissue layer
  • 38. What is the name of the smaller cell resulting from the asymmetrical division of a protodermal cell?
A) Pavement cell
B) Guard mother cell
C) Meristemoid
D) Trichome
  • 39. A guard mother cell undergoes what type of division to form a pair of guard cells?
A) Symmetrical
B) Mitotic
C) Meiotic
D) Asymmetrical
  • 40. Which gene mutation causes stomata to be clustered together?
A) YODA
B) Speechless
C) EPF1
D) Too Many Mouths
  • 41. Which gene disruption prevents stomatal development entirely?
A) EPF1
B) TMM
C) SPCH
D) ERL
  • 42. What is the primary effect of auxin on stomatal development?
A) Causes clustering
B) Promotes development
C) Represses development
D) Increases the size of guard cells
  • 43. What protein is identified as a putative MAP kinase kinase kinase in stomatal development?
A) YODA
B) EPF1
C) TMM
D) SPCH
  • 44. Who introduced the classification of stoma types used in the text in 1889?
A) Metcalfe
B) Charles Darwin
C) Chalk
D) Julien Joseph Vesque
  • 45. What does the term 'actinocytic' mean?
A) Cross-celled
B) Unequal-celled
C) Star-celled
D) Parallel-celled
  • 46. Which family is mentioned as an example of actinocytic stomata?
A) Brassicaceae
B) Ebenaceae
C) Solanaceae
D) Poaceae
  • 47. Anisocytic stomata are sometimes referred to by what name?
A) Caryophyllaceous type
B) Rubiaceous type
C) Cruciferous type
D) Ranunculaceous type
  • 48. Which family is an example of anomocytic stomata?
A) Ebenaceae
B) Cucurbitaceae
C) Molluginaceae
D) Poaceae
  • 49. Diacytic stomata are also known as what?
A) Cruciferous type
B) Graminoid type
C) Caryophyllaceous type
D) Rubiaceous type
  • 50. Which stomata type is often called the 'rubiaceous type'?
A) Anisocytic
B) Diacytic
C) Anomocytic
D) Paracytic
  • 51. How many subsidiary cells does a hexacytic stoma have?
A) Four
B) Six
C) Five
D) Two
  • 52. Which dicot genus is mentioned as having tetracytic stomata?
A) Tilia
B) Ebenaceae
C) Rubiaceae
D) Cucurbitaceae
  • 53. Which fern stomata type is described as being like a donut?
A) Hypocytic
B) Pericytic
C) Desmocytic
D) Polocytic
  • 54. In desmocytic stomata, the subsidiary cell resembles what shape?
A) A sausage
B) A horseshoe
C) A star
D) A lens
  • 55. Which stomata type is described as having guard cells that are narrower in the middle and bulbous on each end?
A) Gramineous
B) Paracytic
C) Actinocytic
D) Anisocytic
  • 56. Polocytic stomata are described as being shaped like what?
A) A horseshoe
B) A circle
C) A parallel line
D) A cross
  • 57. Which type of stomata is associated with the family Acanthaceae?
A) Hypocytic
B) Diacytic
C) Hexacytic
D) Actinocytic
  • 58. What structure is formed by stomatal crypts?
A) A chamber-like structure
B) A protective outer shell
C) A tube-like vein system
D) A flat surface area
  • 59. Besides stomata, what else can be found in stomatal crypts?
A) Pollen grains
B) Water droplets
C) Trichomes or wax accumulations
D) Bacteria colonies
  • 60. Are stomatal crypts found exclusively in dry climates?
A) Only in tropical plants
B) No
C) Only in desert plants
D) Yes
  • 61. Which plant species is mentioned as having stomatal crypts?
A) Oak tree
B) Nerium oleander
C) Moss
D) Sunflower
  • 62. Which of these plants is listed as having stomatal crypts?
A) Algae
B) Conifers
C) Roses
D) Ferns
  • 63. In which type of environment is Drimys winteri found?
A) Coastal beach
B) Salt marsh
C) Arid desert
D) Cloud forest
  • 64. Which plant species is identified as having antechambers?
A) Cactus
B) Hakea
C) Tulip
D) Grass
  • 65. What can act as a pathogenic pathway for plants?
A) Zeaxanthin
B) Xylem
C) Stomata
D) Chlorophyll
  • 66. Which chemical do bacteria release to induce stomata to reopen?
A) Potassium
B) Coronatine
C) Sucrose
D) Abscisic acid
  • 67. What molecule in guard cells acts as a blue light photoreceptor?
A) Coronatine
B) Abscisic acid
C) Zeaxanthin
D) Chlorophyll
  • 68. What plays a larger role than potassium in regulating stomatal opening later in the day?
A) Chlorophyll
B) Abscisic acid
C) Zeaxanthin
D) Sucrose
  • 69. What is the term for stomatal closure caused by turgor loss due to low humidity?
A) Photoperiodic closure
B) Hydropassive closure
C) Osmotic closure
D) Hydroactive closure
  • 70. Which plant is mentioned as having research suggesting moderate drought does not significantly affect stomatal closure?
A) Soybeans
B) Wheat
C) Arabidopsis
D) Corn
  • 71. For what percentage of the last 400,000 years was atmospheric CO2 below 280 ppm?
A) 50%
B) 75%
C) 85%
D) 96%
  • 72. Which plant species was used to study the HIC gene?
A) Arabidopsis thaliana
B) Zea mays
C) Triticum aestivum
D) Oryza sativa
  • 73. What do the studies on the HIC gene imply about plant responses to CO2?
A) The response is purely environmental
B) The response is controlled by soil temperature
C) The response is entirely random
D) The response is largely controlled by genetics
  • 74. What percentage increase in crop yields is predicted at 550 ppm of CO2?
A) 1–5%
B) 50–60%
C) 20–40%
D) 5–20%
  • 75. By how much did leaf photosynthesis increase in C3 plants under doubled CO2 levels?
A) 30–50%
B) 5–10%
C) 50–70%
D) 10–25%
  • 76. By how much did leaf photosynthesis increase in C4 plants under doubled CO2 levels?
A) 30–50%
B) 10–25%
C) 5–10%
D) 50–70%
  • 77. What is phenotypic plasticity in response to atmospheric CO2 a result of?
A) Increased water irrigation
B) Artificial gene editing
C) A feedback mechanism
D) Chemical fertilizer application
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