Experimental psychology - Exam
Experimental psychology
  • 1. Experimental psychology is a branch of psychology that utilizes scientific methods to study human behavior. Researchers in this field design experiments to test hypotheses about various aspects of cognition, emotion, and behavior. They use techniques such as observation, surveys, and controlled experiments to gather data and draw conclusions. By conducting systematic investigations, experimental psychologists aim to better understand how and why people think, feel, and act the way they do. This field has contributed valuable insights to a wide range of topics, including memory, perception, learning, decision-making, and social behavior.

    What is the primary goal of experimental psychology?
A) To predict future behavior based on observations.
B) To analyze historical case studies.
C) To provide therapy to individuals.
D) To understand behavior through controlled experiments.
  • 2. What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?
A) To manipulate the independent variable.
B) To ensure the participants are not aware of the study.
C) To provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental group.
D) To make the experiment more complex.
  • 3. Which statistical analysis is commonly used in experimental psychology to determine if there is a significant difference between groups?
A) Chi-square test.
B) T-test.
C) ANOVA (Analysis of Variance).
D) Regression analysis.
  • 4. Which ethical principle in psychology research focuses on minimizing harm and maximizing benefits for participants?
A) Beneficence.
B) Confidentiality.
C) Informed consent.
D) Deception.
  • 5. What is external validity in experimental psychology?
A) The statistical significance of the results.
B) The extent to which the findings of a study can be generalized to real-world settings.
C) The accuracy of the measurements taken.
D) The replicate reliability of the study.
  • 6. What is the purpose of debriefing participants after an experiment?
A) To gather additional data.
B) To inform them about the true nature and purpose of the study.
C) To ensure they are not aware of the manipulation.
D) To provide false feedback about their performance.
  • 7. What is the difference between an experimental group and a control group?
A) The control group is where the researchers are blind to the results.
B) The experimental group is exposed to the independent variable, while the control group is not.
C) Both groups receive different treatments.
D) The experimental group is observed in a naturalistic setting.
  • 8. What does replicability refer to in experimental psychology?
A) The complexity of the experimental design.
B) The number of participants in the study.
C) The ability of an experiment to be repeated with similar results.
D) The statistical significance of the results.
  • 9. Who founded the first psychology laboratory and where was it located?
A) Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig, Germany
B) Ernst Heinrich Weber in Berlin, Germany
C) Charles Bell in London, England
D) Hermann Ebbinghaus in Paris, France
  • 10. Who is credited with suggesting that judgments of sensory differences are relative?
A) Francois Magendie
B) Wilhelm Wundt
C) Charles Bell
D) Ernst Heinrich Weber
  • 11. What is the mathematical expression for Weber's Law?
A) I/ΔI = k
B) I - ΔI = k
C) ΔI/I = k
D) ΔI + I = k
  • 12. Who published similar findings to Charles Bell's research without being aware of it?
A) Francois Magendie
B) Ernst Heinrich Weber
C) Hermann Ebbinghaus
D) Wilhelm Wundt
  • 13. What was one of the methods used by early experimental psychologists like Wundt and Titchener?
A) Introspection
B) Neuroimaging
C) Genetic analysis
D) Behavioral observation
  • 14. What was disproved by Charles Bell's discovery?
A) The belief that nerves transmitted either vibrations or spirits.
B) The presence of sensory nerves in the spinal cord.
C) Weber's Law.
D) The existence of motor nerves.
  • 15. What is considered to be the first quantitative law in psychology?
A) Wundt's Principle of Introspection
B) Ebbinghaus' Forgetting Curve
C) Bell–Magendie law
D) Weber's Law
  • 16. Who is considered to have published the first work of experimental psychology?
A) Wilhelm Wundt
B) Ernst Heinrich Weber
C) Gustav Fechner
D) Oswald Külpe
  • 17. In what year did Gustav Fechner publish 'Elemente der Psychophysik'?
A) 1855
B) 1883
C) 1879
D) 1860
  • 18. What concept did the Würzburg School emphasize that affects perception and problem solving without awareness?
A) Introspection
B) Structuralism
C) Voluntarism
D) Mental Set (Einstellung)
  • 19. What type of thought did Külpe describe as consisting of pure mental acts without mental images?
A) Imageless Thought
B) Perceptual Thought
C) Associative Thought
D) Sensory Thought
  • 20. Which psychological movement was influenced by the work of the Würzburg School?
A) Behaviorism
B) Humanistic Psychology
C) Gestalt Psychology
D) Psychoanalysis
  • 21. Who introduced experimental psychology into the United States?
A) Charles Sanders Peirce
B) George Trumbull Ladd
C) Jerzy Neyman
D) Sir Frederic Bartlett
  • 22. Which university did George Trumbull Ladd found the first psychological laboratory at?
A) Harvard University
B) University of Chicago
C) Johns Hopkins University
D) Yale University
  • 23. Where did the center of experimental psychology in the US shift after Ladd's founding of the Yale Laboratory?
A) Johns Hopkins University
B) Columbia University
C) University of Chicago
D) Harvard University
  • 24. Where is the presence of an IRB required by law?
A) In all private businesses.
B) Only in medical facilities.
C) Exclusively at government agencies.
D) At institutions such as universities where psychological research occurs.
  • 25. Who conducted the Stanford prison experiment?
A) Norman Triplett
B) Philip Zimbardo
C) John B. Watson
D) Stanley Milgram
  • 26. What unique capacity do bats display that helps clarify important cognitive functions?
A) Hibernation
B) Camouflage
C) Migration over long distances
D) Echo location
  • 27. What type of conditioning did B.F. Skinner distinguish from classical conditioning?
A) Classical conditioning
B) Social learning theory
C) Cognitive dissonance
D) Operant conditioning
  • 28. In psychology, what was the kymograph often used to record?
A) Response times
B) Depth perception
C) Electric current strength
D) Speed of bullets
  • 29. What instrument was developed by Carl Ludwig?
A) Kymograph
B) Photokymograph
C) Galvanometer
D) Stereoscope
  • 30. Which maze is used to test spatial learning in rats?
A) The radial arm maze.
B) An olfactometer setup.
C) A visual acuity test.
D) The Morris water maze.
  • 31. Which device was commonly used in psychology labs for olfactory studies?
A) The Zwaardemker olfactometer.
B) The Morris water maze.
C) The radial arm maze.
D) An electroencephalograph.
  • 32. Which school criticizes experimental psychology for neglecting context?
A) Cognitive School
B) Frankfurt School
C) Psychoanalytic School
D) Behaviorist School
  • 33. What term do critical psychologists use to describe their approach?
A) Behavioral Analysis
B) Cognitive Science
C) Experimental Psychology
D) Critical Theory
  • 34. Which of these is an example of a property that can be measured on a ratio scale?
A) Difference in loudness
B) Temperature in Fahrenheit
C) Length
D) Standard scores on an achievement test
  • 35. What does a control group in a two-group design typically receive?
A) No treatment.
B) A placebo.
C) A different treatment from the experimental group.
D) The same treatment as the experimental group.
  • 36. In which year was the National Research Act established?
A) 1982
B) 1974
C) 1999
D) 1965
  • 37. Which student of Peirce conducted experiments on human cognition in schools?
A) John Dewey
B) Jerzy Neyman
C) George Trumbull Ladd
D) Joseph Jastrow
  • 38. Who invented the first stereoscope?
A) Matthäus Hipp
B) Carl Ludwig
C) Hermann von Helmholtz
D) Wheatstone
  • 39. What design did Peirce and Jastrow use in their experiments?
A) Longitudinal design
B) Cross-sectional design
C) Case-control design
D) Blinded, repeated-measures design
  • 40. Which early instrument was used in experimental psychology?
A) Electroencephalograph (EEG)
B) MRI scanner
C) Hipp Chronoscope
D) Polygraph machine
  • 41. What are some instruments used in sensory measurement?
A) Computer, calculator, and smartphone
B) Oscillator, attenuator, stroboscope
C) Microscope, telescope, and thermometer
D) Syringe, scalpel, and stethoscope
  • 42. Which paradigm became dominant in psychology during the mid-20th century, especially in the United States?
A) Psychoanalysis
B) Behaviorism
C) Humanistic Psychology
D) Cognitive Psychology
  • 43. What is the significance of parsimony in scientific theory selection?
A) If two theories handle observations equally well, prefer the simpler one.
B) Simplicity is irrelevant in comparing scientific theories.
C) Parsimony suggests choosing the most complex theory available.
D) Theories should be selected based on their popularity.
  • 44. What principle did Ivan Pavlov establish through his experiments with dogs?
A) Classical conditioning
B) Social learning theory
C) Operant conditioning
D) Cognitive dissonance
  • 45. What was the focus of Peirce's pragmatic program?
A) Exploring developmental stages
B) Studying animal behavior
C) Analyzing social interactions
D) Understanding human perception
  • 46. Where are fMRIs most commonly found?
A) Private homes
B) Hospitals
C) Offices
D) Schools
  • 47. What was the kymograph originally used for?
A) Detecting nerve impulses
B) Presenting images to each eye separately
C) Recording reaction times
D) Measuring blood pressure
  • 48. What component allows a photokymograph to reach an appropriate speed for recording?
A) They utilize revolving drums
B) They employ electrical signals
C) Some have a lens
D) They use vibrating reeds
  • 49. Who popularized the use of factorial designs?
A) Jean Piaget.
B) B.F. Skinner.
C) R.A. Fisher.
D) Sigmund Freud.
  • 50. What is a serious disadvantage of within-subjects designs?
A) Possible sequence effects.
B) They require more participants.
C) Elimination of person confounds.
D) Fewer conditions can be tested.
  • 51. With whom did Charles S. Peirce conduct experiments on weight discrimination?
A) John Dewey
B) George Trumbull Ladd
C) Jerzy Neyman
D) Joseph Jastrow
  • 52. Which scale allows for the comparison 'twice as heavy'?
A) Ratio scale
B) Interval scale
C) Nominal scale
D) Ordinal scale
  • 53. In a 2x3 factorial design, how many levels does the second independent variable have?
A) One level.
B) Three levels.
C) Four levels.
D) Two levels.
  • 54. What is a significant advantage of within-subjects designs over between-subjects designs?
A) They allow for more participants.
B) They have no disadvantages.
C) They eliminate person confounds.
D) They prevent sequence effects.
  • 55. Who is considered one of the founders of behavioral psychology?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Carl Jung
C) Ivan Pavlov
D) William James
  • 56. Which method assesses reliability by measuring participants at two different times?
A) Split-half
B) Test-retest
C) Construct validity
D) Criterion validity
  • 57. Who used the galvanometer to detect electrical signals generated by nerve impulses?
A) Hermann von Helmholtz
B) Carl Ludwig
C) Matthäus Hipp
D) Wheatstone
  • 58. On which type of temperature scale are ratios like 'twice as hot' meaningful?
A) Rankine scale
B) Celsius scale
C) Kelvin scale
D) Fahrenheit scale
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