Law of war - Quiz
  • 1. What is considered the golden age of the jus in bello?
A) The era of the Napoleonic Wars
B) The decade following the American Civil War
C) The three centuries following the Thirty Years War
D) The period following the Cold War
  • 2. Which early modern thinker is credited with helping develop the modern law of nations?
A) Lieber
B) Grotius
C) Nicholas II
D) Bolívar
  • 3. How were conflicts characterized in Europe during the golden age of the jus in bello?
A) Civil conflicts involving peasant militias
B) Guerrilla insurgencies
C) Total wars of annihilation
D) Set piece battles between professional armies
  • 4. What treaty signed in 1820 is cited as a precursor to International Humanitarian Law?
A) Geneva Red Cross Convention
B) Treaty of Westphalia
C) Treaty of Armistice and Regularization of War
D) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
  • 5. Who signed the Treaty of Armistice and Regularization of War in 1820?
A) Grotius and an unnamed Spanish official
B) Simón Bolívar and Pablo Morillo
C) Tsar Nicholas II and Abraham Lincoln
D) The United States and Mexico
  • 6. Which 1848 treaty included rules for the protection of civilians and treatment of prisoners of war?
A) Hague Convention
B) Geneva Convention
C) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
D) Treaty of Armistice and Regularization of War
  • 7. What was the significance of the Lieber Code?
A) It abolished the use of prisoners of war
B) It established the Red Cross
C) It was critical in the development of laws of land warfare
D) It officially ended the American Civil War
  • 8. What did people hope would replace war as a means of dispute settlement in the 19th century?
A) International adjudication and arbitration
B) Economic sanctions
C) Direct diplomatic negotiation
D) Military alliances
  • 9. What did the 1864 Geneva Red Cross Convention protect?
A) Hospital and ambulance crews
B) Captured military commanders
C) Naval vessels
D) Civilians in occupied territories
  • 10. Who called for the first Hague Peace Conference in 1899?
A) Simón Bolívar
B) Pablo Morillo
C) Tsar Nicholas II
D) Geoffrey Best
  • 11. What did Tsar Nicholas II hope to achieve by convening the first Hague Peace Conference?
A) To ban all military uniforms
B) To declare war on neighboring empires
C) To establish a new global currency
D) To end the progressive development of armaments
  • 12. According to Geoffrey Best, when was the 'epoch of highest repute' for the law of war?
A) 1914 to 1945
B) 1648 to 1748
C) 1800 to 1820
D) 1856 to 1909
  • 13. What replaced religion, chivalry, and customs as the basis for the law of war during the modern era?
A) A positive legal or legislative foundation
B) Divine right theory
C) Scientific consensus
D) Unilateral executive decrees
  • 14. What served as the positive mechanism for codification in the modern era?
A) Multilateral treaty
B) Oral tradition
C) Religious scriptures
D) Chivalric codes
  • 15. Which early Caliph laid down rules for the battlefield in the 7th century?
A) Abu Bakr
B) Umar
C) Ali
D) Uthman
  • 16. According to Abu Bakr, what should be done with dead bodies on the battlefield?
A) Burn them
B) Return them to the enemy
C) Do not mutilate them
D) Bury them immediately
  • 17. Under what condition could the enemy's flock be slain according to Abu Bakr?
A) Never under any circumstances
B) If they are in the way of the army
C) To weaken the enemy's economy
D) Only for food
  • 18. How did Abu Bakr instruct his soldiers to treat people devoted to monastic services?
A) Take them as prisoners
B) Use their facilities as bases
C) Leave them alone
D) Force them to convert
  • 19. What was the early stance of many Christian writers regarding military service?
A) Christians could not be soldiers
B) Christians were encouraged to fight
C) Christians were required to lead armies
D) Christians only fought defensive wars
  • 20. Aside from chivalry, what institution promulgated teachings on just war in medieval Europe?
A) Monastic orders
B) The Holy Roman Empire
C) Roman Catholic Church
D) The Byzantine Empire
  • 21. Which term refers to the law governing the right to use force?
A) Customary law
B) Jus ad bellum
C) Sovereignty
D) Jus in bello
  • 22. According to the Book of Deuteronomy, which type of tree could be cut down during a siege?
A) Only oak trees
B) All trees in the vicinity
C) Non-fruitful trees
D) Fruitful trees
  • 23. In what year was the Code of Hammurabi created?
A) 1945 A.D.
B) 1750 B.C.
C) 1000 B.C.
D) 500 B.C.
  • 24. Where were many unwritten customary rules of war explored?
A) The Babylonian courts
B) The international sovereignty assembly
C) The Nuremberg trials
D) The internal armed conflict hearings
  • 25. Who is the law of war mandatory for?
A) Only the strong nations
B) Nations bound by appropriate treaties
C) Only the victors of a war
D) All human beings regardless of citizenship
  • 26. What is prohibited under the central principles of the laws of war?
A) Using strategic communication during war.
B) Negotiating a peace treaty.
C) Deploying troops to foreign territories.
D) Inflicting unnecessary suffering.
  • 27. What happens to the laws of war as conflicts change over time?
A) They remain static and unchanging.
B) They are abolished by international courts.
C) They change as well.
D) They become irrelevant to the combatants.
  • 28. Which agreement abolished privateering in 1856?
A) The Hague Convention
B) The St. Petersburg Declaration
C) The Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law
D) The Brussels Declaration
  • 29. Who assembled the Lieber Code for the United States military in 1863?
A) Franz Lieber
B) The Institute of International Law
C) The United Nations
D) The Nuremberg Tribunal
  • 30. Which declaration from 1874 never entered into force?
A) London Declaration
B) Brussels Declaration
C) St. Petersburg Declaration
D) Paris Declaration
  • 31. How many sections were in the 1907 revised Hague Conventions?
A) Twelve
B) Thirteen
C) Three
D) Ten
  • 32. What was another name for the 1928 General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy?
A) London Declaration
B) Kellogg-Briand Pact
C) Roerich Pact
D) Washington Naval Treaty
  • 33. In what year did the United Nations Charter enter into force?
A) 1949
B) 1948
C) 1954
D) 1945
  • 34. In what year did the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court enter into force?
A) 1998
B) 2005
C) 2000
D) 2002
  • 35. What does the 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions regulate?
A) Cluster munitions
B) Chemical weapons
C) Blinding laser weapons
D) Nuclear weapons
  • 36. When did the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons enter into force?
A) 2008
B) 2010
C) 2017
D) 2021
  • 37. Which set of conventions and protocols is cited as a source for the laws of war?
A) 1955 Paris Accords
B) 1990 Vienna Protocols
C) 1949 Geneva Conventions
D) 1912 Hague Conventions
  • 38. Who wrote the book 'Just and Unjust Wars'?
A) James Turner Johnson
B) Alex Moseley
C) Michael Walzer
D) Joel Greenberg
  • 39. Which author wrote about 'Illegal Targeting of Civilians'?
A) Joel Greenberg
B) Richard Guelff
C) Luis Moreno-Ocampo
D) Adam Roberts
  • 40. Who is associated with the 'OTP letter to senders re Iraq'?
A) A. Lamb
B) Alex Moseley
C) Luis Moreno-Ocampo
D) Michael Walzer
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