- 1. When did the first likely discovery of skeletons occur at the Polhill site?
A) 1956
B) 1964
C) 1839
D) 1984
- 2. Which road diversion in 1839 is associated with the early discovery of skeletons?
A) M25 motorway
B) Sevenoaks Bypass
C) A21
D) Sevenoaks Turnpike Road
- 3. Who recorded the oral tradition of skeletons and weapons being discovered in the 1930s?
A) Gordon Ward
B) Brian Philp
C) Martin Welch
D) Derek Garrod
- 4. How many graves were discovered during roadworks on the A26 in June 1956?
A) 3
B) 13
C) 14
D) 50
- 5. Which group attempted an excavation in 1956 and 1958 but failed to find the burial area?
A) Otford Historical Society
B) West Kent Border Archaeological Group
C) Council for Kentish Archaeology
D) Kent Archaeological Rescue Unit
- 6. How were the two graves uncovered in late 1959 and early 1960 discovered?
A) A professional archaeological survey
B) Road contractors
C) Schoolboys digging into the chalk
D) Workmen building a reservoir
- 7. What type of construction led to the discovery of a grave around 1963 that was not recorded?
A) The M25 motorway
B) A small reservoir
C) A pipe-trench
D) A bypass bridge
- 8. Who initiated the six-day rescue excavation after the Sevenoaks Bypass construction began in 1964?
A) Gordon Ward
B) Peter Keller
C) Derek Garrod
D) Brian Philp
- 9. How many graves were recorded in a pipe-trench during the 1964 rescue excavation?
A) 13
B) 14
C) 2
D) 1
- 10. In total, how many graves did Philp and his team reveal during the large-scale rescue excavation that included a small hut?
A) 68
B) 50
C) 14
D) 16
- 11. Which group discovered four isolated graves to the west of the cemetery in 1978?
A) KARU
B) Dover Archaeological Group
C) Bromley Training School
D) Otford Historical Society
- 12. What motorway extension prompted an investigation of the area in 1982?
A) Sevenoaks Bypass
B) A26
C) A21
D) M25
- 13. How large was the area excavated by the Kent Archaeological Rescue Unit in 1984?
A) 40 feet
B) 500 square metres
C) 2500 square metres
D) 100 square metres
- 14. Who studied the skeletal remains from the 1980s excavations?
A) Diana Briscoe
B) Elizabeth Rega
C) Peter Keller
D) Derek Garrod
- 15. Who provided an £800 donation to fund post-excavation work?
A) Brian Philp
B) Elizabeth Rega
C) Martin Welch
D) Diana Briscoe
- 16. According to Martin Welch, what site eventually replaced Polhill as the 'most fully published' cemetery of its era in Kent?
A) Otford
B) Maidstone
C) Springhead
D) Sevenoaks
- 17. How many archaeologists in total assisted Brian Philp during the 1984 excavations?
A) 50
B) 68
C) 14
D) 54
- 18. Between which years did the excavations that revealed the Polhill cemetery's limits take place?
A) 1980–82
B) 1970–72
C) 1984–86
D) 1967–68
- 19. What type of burials were exclusively found at the Polhill site?
A) Pyre burials
B) Inhumations
C) Urn burials
D) Cremations
- 20. What is the total number of graves established for the Polhill cemetery?
A) 100
B) 150
C) 220
D) 182
- 21. During which century was the Polhill cemetery primarily used?
A) 500 to 600 CE
B) 450 to 550 CE
C) 750 to 850 CE
D) 650 to 750 CE
- 22. What was the estimated average life expectancy used to calculate the size of the local community?
A) 35
B) 20
C) 40
D) 26
- 23. What is the approximate total area of the interior of the cemetery in hectares?
A) Two hectares
B) One hectare
C) Half a hectare
D) Five hectares
- 24. In the 1984–86 excavation, which specific grave contained two individuals?
A) Grave 94
B) Grave 95
C) Grave 19
D) Grave 1
- 25. What percentage of the 51 burials excavated in the 1980s were orientated between 70 and 109 degrees?
A) 33%
B) 50%
C) 66%
D) 80%
- 26. How many artefacts were uncovered during the 1984–86 excavation?
A) Around 140
B) Around 50
C) Around 10
D) Around 200
- 27. Which grave contained the only shield found at the site?
A) Grave 94
B) Grave 19
C) Grave 51
D) Grave 1
- 28. How many tumuli were identified across the cemetery in total?
A) 8
B) 5
C) At least 14
D) 20
- 29. Which items were considered indicators of high status burials by Philp?
A) Gold coins only
B) Spearheads, seaxes, or shields
C) Pottery and beads
D) Wooden furniture
- 30. During which centuries was the Polhill Anglo-Saxon cemetery used?
A) Fifth and sixth centuries AD
B) Third and fourth centuries AD
C) Seventh and eighth centuries AD
D) Ninth and tenth centuries AD
- 31. What type of burial practices were found at Polhill?
A) Cremation only
B) Inhumation only
C) A mix of inhumation and cremation
D) Burial at sea
- 32. According to the text, in which century did Roman rule in Britain collapse?
A) Fourth century AD
B) Third century AD
C) Fifth century AD
D) Sixth century AD
- 33. Which tribes are traditionally credited with the invasion that replaced Romano-British society?
A) Franks, Goths, and Vandals
B) Celts, Picts, and Scots
C) Angles, Saxons, and Jutes
D) Vikings, Danes, and Norse
- 34. Which kingdom was the first recorded Anglo-Saxon kingdom in the historical record?
A) Kingdom of Mercia
B) Kingdom of Wessex
C) Kingdom of Northumbria
D) Kingdom of Kent
- 35. Who was the Kentish King that converted to Christianity in the early seventh century?
A) Offa of Mercia
B) Alfred the Great
C) Edwin of Northumbria
D) Æthelberht
- 36. Which mission was responsible for replacing England's pagan beliefs with Christianity?
A) Romanian mission
B) Gregorian mission
C) Augustinian reform
D) Hiberno-Scottish mission
- 37. What types of items were found as grave goods in the cemetery?
A) Personal ornaments, weapons, and domestic items
B) Only gold jewelry
C) Only farming tools
D) Books, scrolls, and coins
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