 - 1. What percentage of the world's calorie intake is supplied by three members of the Poaceae family?
A) 25%
B) 10%
C) 75%
D) 50%
- 2. Which family does coffee belong to?
A) Fabaceae
B) Malvaceae
C) Rubiaceae
D) Poaceae
- 3. Which family does hot chocolate belong to?
A) Orchidaceae
B) Poaceae
C) Rubiaceae
D) Malvaceae
- 4. What is the most popular plant family for floral emblems according to a survey of 70 countries?
A) Asteraceae
B) Orchidaceae
C) Fabaceae
D) Rosaceae
- 5. What percentage of plant species are threatened with extinction according to the IUCN and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew?
A) 10%
B) 50%
C) 3%
D) 40%
- 6. What is the primary cause of the majority of plant species extinctions?
A) Logging
B) Habitat loss
C) Invasive species
D) Climate change
- 7. What percentage of flowering plants are likely to go extinct if global warming reaches 2 degrees Celsius?
A) 10%
B) 3%
C) 50%
D) 40%
- 8. In a worst-case climate change scenario, what portion of tree species may be driven extinct within a century?
A) Half
B) One tenth
C) One third
D) Three quarters
- 9. What is the name of the traditional Chinese painting style that celebrates the beauty of flowering plants?
A) Bonsai
B) Tulipomania
C) Ikebana
D) Huaniaohua
- 10. How many botanic gardens around the world maintain living plants as an insurance policy against extinction?
A) 5000
B) 70
C) 1000
D) 3000
- 11. What percentage of threatened plant species are kept in botanic gardens?
A) 75%
B) Under 10%
C) Over 40%
D) Exactly 20%
- 12. Which of these is mentioned as a medicine derived from flowering plants?
A) Digoxin
B) Penicillin
C) Aspirin
D) Insulin
- 13. What historical event involving ornamental plants changed the course of history?
A) The Botanical Expansion
B) The Green Revolution
C) Tulipomania
D) The Spice Trade
- 14. According to the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, what is the prerequisite for life?
A) Plants
B) Water
C) Sunlight
D) Carbon dioxide
- 15. Which plant family accounts for 10% of floral emblems?
A) Rosaceae
B) Poaceae
C) Fabaceae
D) Orchidaceae
- 16. What is the estimated range for the number of species of flowering plants?
A) 500,000 to 700,000
B) 100,000 to 200,000
C) 10,000 to 50,000
D) 250,000 to 400,000
- 17. How many species of moss are there approximately?
A) 400,000
B) 11,000
C) 12,000
D) 250,000
- 18. How many species of pteridophytes are there approximately?
A) 415,000
B) 11,000
C) 250,000
D) 12,000
- 19. How many families were identified in the 2009 APG III system?
A) 443
B) 415
C) 416
D) 64
- 20. How many angiosperm orders were recognized in the 2016 APG IV system?
A) 5
B) 416
C) 64
D) 415
- 21. How many families were recognized in the 2016 APG IV system?
A) 64
B) 416
C) 415
D) 443
- 22. What percentage of flowering plant species belong to the eudicot clade?
A) 2%
B) 23%
C) 75%
D) 0.1%
- 23. What percentage of flowering plant species belong to the monocot clade?
A) 10%
B) 23%
C) 75%
D) 2%
- 24. What percentage of flowering plant species belong to the magnoliid clade?
A) 23%
B) 0.1%
C) 75%
D) 2%
- 25. What does the Greek word 'angeíon' mean?
A) Capsule
B) Bottle or vessel
C) Flowering plant
D) Seed
- 26. What does the Greek word 'spérma' mean?
A) Seed
B) Bottle or vessel
C) Flowering plant
D) Capsule
- 27. Who coined the term 'Angiospermae' in 1690?
A) APG
B) Robert Brown
C) Wilhelm Hofmeister
D) Paul Hermann
- 28. In what year did Robert Brown change the meaning of the term angiosperm?
A) 1690
B) 1827
C) 1851
D) 1998
- 29. Whose work on embryo-sacs in 1851 gave 'Angiosperm' its modern meaning?
A) Robert Brown
B) APG
C) Paul Hermann
D) Wilhelm Hofmeister
- 30. In what year did the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group begin reclassifying angiosperms?
A) 1998
B) 2016
C) 2009
D) 2003
- 31. How does the APG system treat flowering plants in terms of ranking?
A) As a species
B) As an unranked clade
C) As a family
D) As an order
- 32. What was the subclass name used for flowering plants in the 2009 formal classification?
A) Magnoliidae
B) Monocot
C) Eudicot
D) Angiospermae
- 33. Which system updated the classification in 2003?
A) APG
B) APG III
C) APG II
D) APG IV
- 34. How many families are in the APG circumscriptions for the 25 most species-rich families?
A) 416
B) 443
C) 415
D) 64
- 35. Which trees are mentioned as being among the largest angiosperms?
A) Wolffia duckweeds
B) Pine and Spruce trees
C) Oak and Maple trees
D) Eucalyptus gum trees and Shorea faguetiana
- 36. How tall can Eucalyptus gum trees grow?
A) 200 metres
B) 2 millimetres
C) Almost 100 metres
D) 50 metres
- 37. What are the smallest flowering plants mentioned in the text?
A) Wolffia duckweeds
B) Witchweeds
C) Broomrapes
D) Sundews
- 38. Approximately what percentage of flowering plants are photosynthetic autotrophs?
A) 50%
B) 10%
C) 99%
D) 75%
- 39. What do photosynthetic autotrophs use to create sugars?
A) Insects
B) Rhizomes
C) Sunlight
D) Nutrient-poor mud
- 40. Myco-heterotrophic plants obtain their energy by being parasitic on what?
A) Rhizomes
B) Insects
C) Trees
D) Fungi
- 41. Which plant is identified as a parasite that is parasitic on other plants?
A) Wolffia
B) Seagrass
C) Gentiana verna
D) Broomrape
- 42. How do seagrasses in the Alismatales grow?
A) By climbing on other plants
B) With rhizomes through mud in coastal waters
C) By trapping insects
D) As annuals in dry soil
- 43. What is the primary nutrient source for sundews in acid bogs?
A) Myco-heterotrophic fungi
B) Calcium-rich soil
C) Sunlight
D) Trapped insects
- 44. Where does the spring gentian typically grow?
A) Alkaline calcium-rich soil
B) Marine environments
C) Freshwater ponds
D) Nutrient-poor acid bogs
- 45. What is the life span characteristic of annuals?
A) They live for many centuries
B) They live for one growing season
C) They are always woody trees
D) They only live in the sea
- 46. What classification was previously used for myco-heterotrophic plants?
A) Autotrophic
B) Herbaceous
C) Saprophytic
D) Carnivorous
- 47. What is the etymological meaning of the word 'angiosperm'?
A) Flowering trees only
B) Plants without roots
C) Seeds enclosed within a fruit
D) Naked seeds on a cone
- 48. When did the ancestors of flowering plants diverge from the ancestors of gymnosperms?
A) In the Cenozoic era
B) Before the end of the Carboniferous
C) During the Triassic
D) During the Jurassic
- 49. During which period did angiosperms diversify explosively?
A) Permian
B) Cretaceous
C) Carboniferous
D) Devonian
- 50. Which plant family provides the world's primary staple cereals like rice, maize, and wheat?
A) Poaceae
B) Rosaceae
C) Fabaceae
D) Magnoliaceae
- 51. What part of the angiosperm completely envelops the seeds?
A) Endosperm
B) Fruit
C) Flower
D) Stem
- 52. What term describes the matching of floral morphology to a pollinator's anatomy?
A) Taxonomic isolation
B) Floral mimicry
C) Pollination syndromes
D) Phylogenetic drift
- 53. What is a major consequence of specialized pollinator relationships?
A) Reduced genetic diversity
B) Increased reliance on wind pollination
C) Reproductive isolation
D) Slower evolutionary rates
- 54. How many nuclear genes were used in the 2024 phylogeny study?
A) 2,000
B) 353
C) 653
D) 100
- 55. Approximately how long have land plants existed according to fossilized spores?
A) 350 million years
B) 130 million years
C) 475 million years
D) 600 million years
- 56. Which fossil is cited as a controversial, debated pre-Cretaceous flower?
A) Archaeanthus
B) Nanjinganthus
C) Dakota-flora
D) Devonian-seed
- 57. When did the ancestors of angiosperms likely diverge from gymnosperms?
A) 371-338 million years ago
B) 66-100 million years ago
C) 130-150 million years ago
D) 475-500 million years ago
- 58. Which insects had a symbiotic relationship with Archaeanthus by the late-Albian?
A) Moths
B) Butterflies
C) Beetles
D) Bees
- 59. What is the characteristic feature of angiosperms?
A) The seed
B) The root
C) The flower
D) The leaf
- 60. What is an inflorescence?
A) A single flower petal
B) The fruit of the plant
C) A branch-system bearing flowers
D) The root system of a plant
- 61. Which cells become pollen grains?
A) Megaspores
B) Microspores
C) Tepals
D) Sepals
- 62. What do megaspores divide to become?
A) The egg cell
B) The calyx
C) The nectar
D) Pollen grains
- 63. What structures enclose the ovule?
A) The carpel
B) The sepal
C) The petal
D) The stamen
- 64. What structure is formed by one or more carpels?
A) The calyx
B) The stamen
C) The corolla
D) The pistil
- 65. Which plants are given as an example of wind-pollinated flowers?
A) Willow
B) Holly
C) Magnolia
D) Cucurbita
- 66. What term is used for sepals and petals when they are indistinguishable?
A) Microspores
B) Tepals
C) Megaspores
D) Stamens
- 67. What does a homomorphic flower use to discriminate against self-pollen?
A) Physical distance
B) Biochemical self-incompatibility
C) Pollinator preference
D) Flower shape
- 68. Which plant is given as an example of a dioecious plant?
A) Willow
B) Maize
C) Holly
D) Magnolia
- 69. Which plant is cited as a monoecious, wind-pollinated example?
A) Magnolia
B) Cucurbita
C) Maize
D) Holly
- 70. Which plant is a monoecious, insect-pollinated example?
A) Maize
B) Cucurbita
C) Willow
D) Holly
- 71. Where does a pollen grain first land during the pollination process?
A) Stigma
B) Micropyle
C) Ovary
D) Style
- 72. What process produces the two haploid sperm cells from the generative cell?
A) Meiosis
B) Mitosis
C) Pollination
D) Fertilization
- 73. What is the ploidy level of the zygote formed after fertilization?
A) Haploid (n)
B) Tetraploid (4n)
C) Triploid (3n)
D) Diploid (2n)
- 74. The second sperm cell fuses with central cell nuclei to create what type of cell?
A) Zygote
B) Haploid (n)
C) Diploid (2n)
D) Triploid (3n)
- 75. What is the primary function of the endosperm?
A) Embryo food supply
B) Pollinator attraction
C) Seed coat formation
D) Fruit protection
- 76. What is another name for the fruit wall?
A) Integument
B) Pericarp
C) Nucellus
D) Hypanthium
- 77. What part of the apple forms the edible flesh?
A) Ovary
B) Seed coat
C) Endosperm
D) Hypanthium
- 78. What term describes the production of seed without fertilization?
A) Apomixis
B) Germination
C) Pollination
D) Mitosis
- 79. What is the name for the type of apomixis found in many citrus varieties?
A) Double fertilization
B) Nucellar embryony
C) Mitotic division
D) Sexual selection
- 80. Which mechanism involves members of one sex choosing mates of the other sex?
A) Nucellar embryony
B) Apomixis
C) Inter-sexual selection
D) Intra-sexual selection
- 81. What is the term for competition between members of the same sex for mates?
A) Pistil-mediated choice
B) Intra-sexual selection
C) Double fertilization
D) Inter-sexual selection
- 82. Which is an example of a post-pollination filter in plants?
A) Flower morphology
B) Pollen-tube growth rates
C) Pollen packaging
D) Pollen release timing
- 83. What happens to the synergid after the sperm cells are released?
A) It becomes the seed coat
B) It forms the endosperm
C) It degenerates
D) It becomes the embryo
- 84. What structure does the pollen grain grow to transport sperm cells to the ovary?
A) Pollen tube
B) Micropyle
C) Style
D) Stigma
- 85. In what year was Charles Darwin's book 'The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom' published?
A) 1868
B) 1890
C) 1887
D) 1878
- 86. According to Charles Darwin, what is generally considered beneficial for plants?
A) Self-fertilisation
B) Genetic mutation
C) Asexuality
D) Cross-fertilisation
- 87. What is the term for the masking of deleterious mutations in progeny?
A) Recombinational repair
B) Genetic complementation
C) Self-fertilisation
D) Meiosis
- 88. What process in flowering plants allows for the repairing of DNA?
A) Meiosis
B) Self-fertilisation
C) Outcrossing
D) Genetic complementation
- 89. What is the mechanism for DNA repair during meiosis?
A) Genetic recombination
B) Asexual reproduction
C) Cross-fertilisation
D) Deleterious mutation
- 90. According to the text, what is required for maintaining long-term genomic integrity?
A) Asexual reproduction
B) Self-fertilisation
C) Sexual reproduction
D) Genetic masking
- 91. What is the result of self-fertilization, according to Darwin's observations?
A) Neutral
B) Masks deleterious mutations
C) Often injurious
D) Always beneficial
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