Anarchism in Japan - Quiz
Anarchism in Japan
  • 1. Who was identified as a clear leader in the anarchist movement by 1923?
A) Iwasa Sakutarō
B) Ōsugi
C) Hatta Shūzō
D) Ishikawa Sanshirō
  • 2. What event did the state use as a pretext to round up Ōsugi and Itō Noe?
A) Execution of Sacco and Vanzetti
B) The Taishō democracy movement
C) Founding of the Farmer-Labour Party
D) 1923 Great Kantō earthquake
  • 3. According to Harumi Setouchi, how were Itō, Ōsugi, and the 6-year-old nephew killed?
A) Executed by a formal firing squad
B) Strangled in their cells
C) Poisoned
D) Beaten to death and thrown into an abandoned well
  • 4. According to Patricia Morley, how were Itō and Ōsugi killed?
A) Beaten to death in a well
B) Hanged publicly
C) Shot by military police
D) Strangled in their cells
  • 5. Which military police lieutenant led the squad responsible for the Amakasu Incident?
A) Ishikawa Sanshirō
B) Kōtoku Shūsui
C) Masahiko Amakasu
D) Iwasa Sakutarō
  • 6. Which terrorist group was sparked to action in anger over the Amakasu Incident?
A) Girochinsha
B) Zenkoku Jiren
C) Farmer-Labour Party
D) Kokuren
  • 7. Whose execution did John Crump compare Ōsugi's murder to?
A) Iwasa Sakutarō
B) Sacco and Vanzetti
C) Hatta Shūzō
D) Kōtoku Shūsui
  • 8. How many years prior to Ōsugi's death was Kōtoku Shūsui executed?
A) Twenty years
B) Five years
C) Ten years
D) Twelve years
  • 9. What dominant tendency emerged within Japanese anarchism after Ōsugi's death?
A) Bolshevism
B) 'Pure' anarchism
C) Anarcho-syndicalism
D) Marxism
  • 10. 'Pure' anarchism was a form of which political ideology?
A) Social democracy
B) Capitalism
C) Anarcho-communism
D) State socialism
  • 11. 'Pure' anarchism was primarily a reaction against what?
A) Anarcho-syndicalism
B) Christianity
C) Capitalism
D) Bolshevism
  • 12. Who championed 'pure' anarchism alongside Hatta Shūzō?
A) Iwasa Sakutarō
B) Itō Noe
C) Ishikawa Sanshirō
D) Ōsugi Sakae
  • 13. Why did the label 'pure' anarchism originally come about?
A) To promote industrial trade unionism
B) To honor Kōtoku Shūsui
C) As a self-chosen title by trade unionists
D) As an attempt to ridicule the perceived arrogance of the ideology
  • 14. Why did 'pure' anarchism appeal to many Japanese anarchists?
A) It was seen to be unadulterated by Marxism
B) It supported the state political parties
C) It incorporated capitalist labor unions
D) It embraced Bolshevik industrialization
  • 15. What was Hatta Shūzō's profession before becoming an influential anarchist?
A) Newspaper editor
B) Christian pastor
C) Military police lieutenant
D) Farmer-Labour Party official
  • 16. Why was Hatta Shūzō ejected from his church congregation?
A) For joining the Farmer-Labour Party
B) For advocating capitalist industrialization
C) For holding a memorial service for Ōsugi Sakae
D) For supporting the Bolshevik revolution
  • 17. What was the main source of Hatta Shūzō's influence within the anarchist movement?
A) His public speaking skills
B) His wealth and property
C) His leadership of the CGT union
D) His background in military police
  • 18. During which years was Hatta Shūzō actively involved in the anarchist movement?
A) 1925 until 1926
B) 1911 until 1923
C) 1924 until 1932
D) 1923 until 1945
  • 19. What two major influences did Hatta Shūzō particularly seek to eliminate?
A) Capitalism and bolshevism
B) Christianity and democracy
C) Anarcho-syndicalism and agrarianism
D) Marxism and trade unionism
  • 20. Why did Hatta Shūzō consider capitalism and bolshevism to be essentially similar?
A) Because Bolshevik industrialisation involved exploitative elements like the division of labour
B) Because both rejected the state entirely
C) Because both promoted decentralized agrarian communes
D) Because both were led by Christian pastors
  • 21. Why did Hatta oppose anarcho-syndicalism?
A) It was entirely free of industrial elements
B) It was completely unadulterated by Marxism
C) It promoted local communes focused on agriculture
D) It incorporated labour unions and mirrored the capitalist division of labour
  • 22. What type of society did Hatta Shūzō advocate to avoid unequal distribution of power?
A) A capitalist democracy with parliamentary political parties
B) A decentralised society with local communes engaged in agriculture and small-scale industry
C) A heavily centralized industrial state run by trade unions
D) A Bolshevik-style industrialized republic
  • 23. What were the two main organisations within the Japanese anarchist movement in the late 1920s?
A) FAI and CNT
B) CGT and Kokushoku Seinen
C) Kokuren and Zenkoku Jiren
D) Girochinsha and Farmer-Labour Party
  • 24. The relationship between Kokuren and Zenkoku Jiren was compared to the relationship between which Spanish groups?
A) CGT and FAI
B) CNT and CGT
C) Republicans and Nationalists
D) FAI and CNT
  • 25. What historical era provided the roots for Kokuren's development?
A) Taishō era
B) Edo period
C) Shōwa wartime era
D) Meiji era
  • 26. When was the Farmer-Labour Party formed by a coalition of leftists?
A) December 1925
B) May 1926
C) April 1926
D) January 1926
  • 27. Why did anarchists gatecrash the opening conference of the Farmer-Labour Party?
A) Because they supported the party's democratic developments
B) Because they wanted to take leadership of the party
C) Because they perceived political parties as opportunists that reinforced the state
D) Because they wanted to merge Kokuren with the party
  • 28. What happened to the Farmer-Labour Party on the day of its founding?
A) It published the newspaper Kokushoku Seinen
B) It successfully formed a national government
C) It was banned by the authorities
D) It merged with Zenkoku Jiren
  • 29. When was the Kokushoku Seinen Renmei (Kokuren) formed?
A) January 1926
B) December 1925
C) May 1926
D) April 1926
  • 30. What does Kokuren stand for in full?
A) Kokushoku Seinen Renmei
B) Zenkoku Rōdō Kumiai Jiyū Rengōkai
C) Jiyū Rengō
D) Kokushoku Seinen
  • 31. What is the English translation of Kokushoku Seinen Renmei?
A) Black Youth Newspaper
B) Black Youth League
C) All-Japan Libertarian Federation of Labour Unions
D) Libertarian Labour Federation
  • 32. Where did Kokuren extend its regional federations besides Japan?
A) China and Russia
B) The United States and Spain
C) The Philippines and Vietnam
D) Japanese-occupied Korea and Taiwan
  • 33. What was the media organ of Kokuren, published from April 1926?
A) Girochinsha Gazette
B) Kokushoku Seinen
C) Jiyū Rengō
D) An Investigation into Syndicalism
  • 34. What is the English translation of Kokushoku Seinen?
A) Black Youth
B) Libertarian Union
C) Black Youth League
D) Free Federation
  • 35. When was Zenkoku Jiren formed?
A) April 1926
B) January 1926
C) May 1926
D) December 1925
  • 36. What does Zenkoku Jiren stand for in full?
A) Zenkoku Seinen Renmei
B) Kokushoku Seinen Renmei
C) Zenkoku Rōdō Kumiai Jiyū Rengōkai
D) Kokushoku Seinen Jiyū
  • 37. What is the English translation of Zenkoku Jiren's full name?
A) All-Japan Pure Anarchist Federation
B) Black Youth League
C) Libertarian Youth Alliance
D) All-Japan Libertarian Federation of Labour Unions
  • 38. Approximately how many members did Zenkoku Jiren start with at its founding?
A) 1,923 members
B) 8,372 members
C) 50,000 members
D) 1926 members
  • 39. Which anarcho-syndicalist helped to found Zenkoku Jiren?
A) Hatta Shūzō
B) Masahiko Amakasu
C) Ishikawa Sanshirō
D) Iwasa Sakutarō
  • 40. Which foreign union did Zenkoku Jiren strongly mirror at its founding?
A) American AFL union
B) Spanish FAI federation
C) French CGT union
D) Russian Bolshevik party
  • 41. What key commitment of Zenkoku Jiren allowed member unions autonomy to pursue disputes freely?
A) 'Libertarian federation'
B) 'Class collaboration'
C) 'Pure anarchism'
D) 'Bolshevik industrialisation'
  • 42. What was the media organ of Zenkoku Jiren, published from June 1926?
A) Jiyū Rengō
B) The Girochinsha Journal
C) An Investigation into Syndicalism
D) Kokushoku Seinen
  • 43. Which joint campaign did Kokuren and Zenkoku Jiren collaborate on regarding two Italian anarchists in the United States?
A) A campaign against the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti
B) A movement against Bolshevik industrialisation
C) A protest against the ban of the Farmer-Labour Party
D) A campaign against the Amakasu Incident
  • 44. How did Kokuren differ from Zenkoku Jiren in terms of its nature?
A) Kokuren was more theoretical in nature and thus more unwilling to compromise
B) Kokuren operated as a legal political party in parliament
C) Kokuren rejected pure anarchism entirely
D) Kokuren was focused entirely on labour union strikes
  • 45. Whose influence particularly emphasized Kokuren's theoretical and uncompromising nature?
A) Hatta Shūzō's influence
B) Ōsugi Sakae's influence
C) Masahiko Amakasu's influence
D) Ishikawa Sanshirō's influence
  • 46. What was the title of the serialised article published by Hatta Shūzō in Kokushoku Seinen in late 1927?
A) 'Pure Anarchism and Agriculture'
B) 'The Amakasu Incident'
C) 'The Fall of the Farmer-Labour Party'
D) 'An Investigation into Syndicalism'
  • 47. Which movement did Japanese anarchists share an ideological affinity and historical connection with regarding violence?
A) American Abolitionists
B) French Royalists
C) Russian Socialist Revolutionaries
D) British Labour Party
  • 48. When did some anarchist militants begin making plans for a bombing campaign?
A) 1911
B) 1914
C) 1909
D) 1903
  • 49. Who authored the pamphlet critical of the Emperor that Takichi Miyashita distributed?
A) Uchiyama Gudō
B) Kōtoku
C) Ōsugi Sakae
D) Kanson Arahata
  • 50. What was the profession or role of Uchiyama Gudō according to the text?
A) Buddhist anarchist
B) Russian revolutionary
C) French journalist
D) British syndicalist
  • 51. Who was released from prison and had a love affair with the already-married Kōtoku?
A) Uchiyama Gudō
B) Iwasa Sakutarō
C) Kanno Sugako
D) Takichi Miyashita
  • 52. When did Kōtoku withdraw from the bombing plot?
A) Late 1909
B) May 1910
C) October 1912
D) January 1911
  • 53. When was Kōtoku arrested and indicted despite his earlier withdrawal?
A) May 1910
B) January 1911
C) October 1912
D) June 1910
  • 54. How many anarchists were ultimately indicted in the High Treason Incident?
A) 26
B) 100
C) 4
D) 12
  • 55. What stance did Ōsugi Sakae take upon his release regarding violent tactics?
A) He forsow violent tactics
B) He funded violent secret societies
C) He advocated for immediate armed revolution
D) He planned a new bombing campaign
  • 56. What Japanese term is used for the 'winter period' of Japanese anarchism?
A) CGT union
B) Fuyu jidai
C) Kindai Shisō
D) Heimin Shinbun
  • 57. When did Iwasa Sakutarō return to Japan from the US?
A) 1909
B) 1916
C) 1914
D) 1908
  • 58. Where did Kanson Arahata retreat to during the winter period?
A) Tokyo
B) The countryside
C) France
D) The United States
  • 59. When did Kanson Arahata return to Tokyo after the winter retreat?
A) 1916
B) 1913
C) 1911
D) 1914
  • 60. When did Ōsugi and Arahata begin publishing the journal Modern Thought (Kindai Shisō)?
A) October 1912
B) May 1910
C) October 1914
D) March 1915
  • 61. When was the 'Society for the Study of Syndicalism' formed?
A) 1916
B) 1911
C) 1913
D) 1909
  • 62. Whose efforts, alongside the CGT, were lectured on by the Society for the Study of Syndicalism?
A) Kropotkin
B) Tom Mann
C) Henri Bergson
D) Max Stirner
  • 63. When did Ōsugi and Arahata attempt to replace Modern Thought with a revival of the Heimin Shinbun newspaper?
A) March 1915
B) October 1912
C) October 1914
D) 1916
  • 64. Who was a leading advocate of the anarcho-communism faction in Europe who signed the Manifesto of the Sixteen?
A) Georges Sorel
B) Kropotkin
C) Tom Mann
D) Max Stirner
  • 65. Which cause did Kropotkin support in the First World War through the Manifesto of the Sixteen?
A) The Allied cause
B) Global military disarmament
C) The Central Powers
D) Japanese neutrality
  • 66. When did Japanese anarchism reach its height?
A) 1940s
B) 1900s
C) 1920s
D) 1880s
  • 67. In what year was Kōtoku Shūsui executed for treason?
A) 1931
B) 1911
C) 1900
D) 1923
  • 68. In what direction did Hatta Shūzō reorient the anarchist movement in the late 1920s?
A) Liberal democratic
B) Right-wing nationalist
C) State socialist
D) Anarcho-communist
  • 69. From what year onwards was the anarchist movement suppressed more harshly due to wartime policies?
A) 1931
B) 1908
C) 1911
D) 1923
  • 70. What did Bowen Raddeker describe Andō Shōeki's advocacy as?
A) State communism
B) Liberal democracy
C) Anarcho-syndicalism
D) Mutual aid
  • 71. Which newspaper described Andō Shōeki as an anarchist in 1908?
A) Rikken Seiyūkai
B) Kokuren
C) Nihon Heimin Shinbun
D) Rikken Jiyūtō
  • 72. What did Iwasa Sakutarō's grandfather use his influence as headman to encourage?
A) Capitalist industrialization
B) Military conscription
C) Hierarchical state governance
D) Communal farming practices
  • 73. In what year did Kōtoku join the staff of the Yorozu Chūhō newspaper?
A) 1900
B) 1901
C) 1898
D) 1903
  • 74. Under which law was the first Social Democratic Party immediately outlawed?
A) 1903 Anti-War Act
B) 1905 Publication Law
C) 1900 Peace Preservation Law
D) 1901 Imperial Decree
  • 75. Who was the Christian pacifist who collaborated with Kōtoku and Sakai to oppose the war with Russia?
A) Uchimura Kanzō
B) Ishikawa Sanshirō
C) Iwasa Sakutarō
D) Kōtoku Shūsai
  • 76. Which socialist collaborated with Kōtoku and Uchimura Kanzō to oppose the war with Russia?
A) Kōtoku Shūsai
B) Ishikawa Sanshirō
C) Iwasa Sakutarō
D) Sakai Toshihiko
  • 77. What was the name of the anti-war group started by Kōtoku, Sakai, and Ishikawa Sanshirō?
A) Heimin-sha
B) Yorozu Chūhō
C) Anarcho-Communist League
D) Social Democratic Party
  • 78. In what month and year was the Heimin Shinbun newspaper founded?
A) November 1903
B) February 1904
C) May 1901
D) January 1905
  • 79. What does Heimin Shinbun literally translate to?
A) Commoners' Newspaper
B) Revolutionary Tribune
C) Workers' Herald
D) Socialist Voice
  • 80. When did the Russo-Japanese War break out?
A) November 1905
B) February 1904
C) November 1903
D) January 1905
  • 81. What kind of means did Heimin Shinbun urge radicals to use when fighting against their government?
A) Violent uprising
B) Armed rebellion
C) Parliamentary tactics
D) Peaceful means
  • 82. Whose work did Kōtoku translate into Japanese for the first time for the anniversary issue of Heimin Shinbun?
A) Ishikawa Sanshirō
B) Iwasa Sakutarō
C) Karl Marx
D) Uchimura Kanzō
  • 83. What specific work by Karl Marx did Kōtoku translate into Japanese?
A) The Communist Manifesto
B) Das Kapital
C) The Civil War in France
D) The Eighteenth Brumaire
  • 84. When did the Heimin-sha group dissolve itself after the conclusion of the Russo-Japanese War?
A) February 1905
B) November 1905
C) July 1905
D) January 1905
  • 85. In which country did Kōtoku live from November 1905 to June 1906?
A) The United States
B) France
C) England
D) Russia
  • 86. Which US state did Kōtoku spend most of his time in?
A) Illinois
B) Washington
C) California
D) New York
  • 87. What was the name of the journal published by the Social Revolutionary Party?
A) Fields, Factories and Workshops
B) Kakumei
C) Mother Earth
D) The Change In My Thought
  • 88. When was the Japan Socialist Party founded?
A) 1910
B) 1908
C) 1906
D) 1907
  • 89. Which more moderate government permitted the Japan Socialist Party?
A) Sakai Toshihiko
B) Saionji Kinmochi
C) Akaba Hajime
D) Kōtoku
  • 90. When did Heimin Shinbun close due to the split?
A) February 1907
B) June 1908
C) January 1907
D) April 1907
  • 91. Which of the following figures was NOT arrested in the Red Flag Incident according to the text?
A) Hitoshi Yamakawa
B) Akaba Hajime
C) Kanson Arahata
D) Kanno Sugako
  • 92. What American anarcho-syndicalist pamphlet did Kōtoku endeavour to translate?
A) The Peasant's Gospel
B) Heimin Shinbun
C) The Social General Strike
D) The Conquest of Bread
  • 93. Which syndicalist organisation provided the inspiration for the goal of a revolutionary general strike?
A) IWW
B) Heimin Shinbun
C) Red Flag faction
D) Japan Socialist Party
  • 94. Whose seminal work The Conquest of Bread did Kōtoku translate into Japanese?
A) Kropotkin's
B) Akaba Hajime's
C) Ōsugi's
D) Yamakawa's
  • 95. What was the Japanese title of The Peasant's Gospel?
A) The Conquest of Bread
B) Nômin no Fukuin
C) Heimin Shinbun
D) The Social General Strike
  • 96. What was the name of the feminist magazine formed during the winter period?
A) Yamakawa
B) Kokutai
C) Seitō
D) The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation
  • 97. What did Itō Noe call for people to undermine in their everyday practice?
A) The kokutai
B) The translation industry
C) Foreign trade
D) The economy
  • 98. What term refers to the existing system of government in Japan that Itō opposed?
A) Bluestocking
B) Kokutai
C) Seitō
D) Prostitution
  • 99. Who did Itō engage in a debate with on the pages of Seitō between 1914 and 1916?
A) Yamakawa Kikue
B) Emma Goldman
C) The Emperor
D) An unnamed police officer
  • 100. Which American author's writings did Itō translate?
A) Bluestocking
B) Itō Noe
C) Yamakawa Kikue
D) Emma Goldman
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