A) High protein intake B) Excessive water consumption C) Visceral obesity D) Low physical activity
A) 50% B) 30% C) 60% D) 75%
A) Genetic counseling B) Surgical interventions C) Pharmacological interventions D) Dietary changes
A) It has no effect B) It fluctuates unpredictably C) It may help lower it D) It increases it
A) Fever B) Blurred vision C) Dizziness D) Joint pain
A) Only in early stages B) No C) Yes D) Only in dialysis patients
A) They may increase them slightly B) They have no effect C) They stabilize them perfectly D) They decrease them significantly
A) It definitely prevents stroke only B) It is not known C) It prevents all events D) It increases the risk
A) Complete fasting B) EHealth interventions C) Hospital isolation D) Daily surgery
A) The effect is unknown B) It eliminates them entirely C) It increases them D) It decreases them
A) Decreased bone density B) Decreased blood volume C) Increased insulin resistance D) Increased mid-arm muscle circumference
A) Based solely on BMI B) Standardized for all patients C) Individualized based on assessment D) Determined by age alone
A) 3 months B) 1 month C) 1 year D) 6 months
A) ≥ 60 B) ≥ 15 C) ≥ 30 D) ≥ 50
A) Potentially reversible damage B) Persistent filtration loss C) Significant protein loss D) Primary renal failure
A) 60–89 mL/min/1.73 m2 B) 30–44 mL/min/1.73 m2 C) 45–59 mL/min/1.73 m2 D) 15–29 mL/min/1.73 m2
A) 45–59 mL/min/1.73 m2 B) 30–44 mL/min/1.73 m2 C) 15–29 mL/min/1.73 m2 D) 60–89 mL/min/1.73 m2
A) Severe reduction in GFR (15–29 mL/min/1.73 m2) B) Established kidney failure C) Slightly diminished function D) Normal GFR with albuminuria
A) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 B) <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 C) <45 mL/min/1.73 m2 D) <15 mL/min/1.73 m2
A) Acute renal failure B) End-stage renal replacement C) NDD-CKD D) ESKD
A) Early stage kidney dysfunction B) Excessive sodium kidney disorder C) End-stage kidney disease D) Established syndrome kidney damage
A) Medication or surgery B) Dietary changes or dialysis C) Dialysis or transplantation D) Transplantation or dietary therapy
A) Only if GFR is > 20 B) Yes C) No D) Only if protein loss is absent
A) Stage 1 CKD and Stage 5 CKD B) High blood pressure and diabetes C) Worsening kidney function and cardiovascular disease D) Dialysis dependence and organ failure
A) Confusion B) Severe leg swelling C) Vomiting D) Proteinuria
A) ECG B) Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) C) Skin biopsy D) Blood pressure check
A) Fractures B) Skin infections C) Asthma D) Diabetes
A) Cachexia B) Edema C) Azotemia D) Uremic frost
A) Hyperkalemia B) Hypernatremia C) Hyponatremia D) Hypocalcemia
A) ARBs B) NSAIDs C) ACEIs D) Loop diuretics
A) Insulin resistance B) Metabolic acidosis C) Hyperphosphatemia D) Anemia
A) Ultraprocessed foods B) High animal-based protein diet C) Plant-based foods D) Low carbohydrate ketogenic diet
A) Cardiovascular complications B) Diabetes C) High blood pressure D) Glomerulonephritis
A) Congenital B) Obstructive C) Ischemic D) Idiopathic
A) Polycystic kidney disease B) Benign prostatic hyperplasia C) Bilateral kidney artery stenosis D) Ischemic nephropathy
A) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis B) Lupus nephritis C) Diabetic nephropathy D) Ischemic nephropathy
A) IgA nephropathy B) Benign prostatic hyperplasia C) Lithium treatment D) Chronic lead exposure
A) Lead B) High temperatures C) Pinworms D) Lithium
A) Agricultural nephropathy B) Obstructive nephropathy C) Glomerular nephropathy D) Ischemic nephropathy
A) Congenital genetic mutations B) Heat stress C) Bacterial infection D) High protein diet
A) 5-10 years B) 20-30 years C) 1-5 years D) 10-20 years
A) 1-5% B) 0.1-0.5% C) 10-20% D) 5-10%
A) Dosing three times per day B) Dosing once per day at night C) Avoiding all intake of water D) Increasing the dose as much as possible
A) Individuals with no family history of illness B) Healthy adults with no risk factors C) Those with hypertension D) Children under the age of 10
A) First-morning urine specimen B) 24-hour urine collection C) Urine collected immediately after exercise D) Random urine sample in the evening
A) No correlation B) Directly proportional C) Exponential D) Reciprocal
A) Carbon-14 B) Uranium-235 C) Iodine-131 D) Technetium-99
A) Serum creatinine measurement B) Nuclear medicine MAG3 scan C) Urine dipstick D) Physical palpation
A) The total number of nephrons B) How efficiently the glomeruli work C) The concentration of hormones in the blood D) The size of the ureters
A) Statins B) ACEIs C) Phosphate binders D) SGLT2 inhibitors
A) 120–140 g/L B) 100–120 g/L C) 80–100 g/L D) 140–160 g/L
A) Oral calcium B) Parenteral iron C) Zinc supplements D) Vitamin D supplements
A) Approximately 0.8 g/kg B) Exactly 0.4 g/kg C) More than 1.3 g/kg D) Greater than 2.0 g/kg
A) Calcitriol B) Statins C) Erythropoietin D) Dapagliflozin
A) Gadolinium B) Zinc C) Phosphate binders D) ACEIs
A) Elderly patients B) Children C) Patients with high blood pressure D) Patients with diabetes
A) Vitamin toxicity B) Increased blood pressure C) Reduced kidney function D) Allergic reactions
A) Exercise B) Drinking coffee C) Reducing social interaction D) Increasing nocturnal fluid intake
A) Relaxation techniques are highly effective B) Medication is guaranteed to cure sleep disorders C) Exercise is the gold standard treatment D) None of the options have been proven effective
A) Stage 4 B) Stage 1 C) Stage 2 D) Stage 5 only
A) Placement of an arteriovenous fistula B) Removal of the kidneys C) Transplant of a liver D) Cardiac bypass surgery
A) 80% B) 32% C) 65% D) 50%
A) Increased bone density B) Growth failure C) Cognitive decline D) Early puberty
A) Medication-only therapy B) Occasional peritoneal dialysis C) Low-flux hospital hemodialysis D) High-intensity home hemodialysis
A) 13.9% B) 25% C) 10% D) 8.8%
A) Sugarcane labourers B) Fishermen C) Office workers D) Coal miners
A) Native Americans B) Caucasians C) African Americans D) Inuit populations
A) Bicarbonate therapy B) Antibiotic therapy C) Dialysis-only therapy D) Insulin therapy
A) 409,000 B) 1.2 million C) 956,000 D) 250,000
A) Tenth B) Third C) Eighth D) First
A) 50% B) 10% C) 19% D) 37%
A) The UK National Kidney Federation B) The International Society of Nephrology C) Kidney Care UK D) The Renal Association
A) Boxer B) Finnish spitz C) Swedish elkhound D) Siberian husky
A) Boxer B) Bernese mountain dog C) Miniature schnauzer D) Siberian husky
A) Increased urine volume B) Weight loss C) Acidosis D) Hypertension
A) The American Association of Kidney Patients B) The American Kidney Fund C) The National Kidney Foundation D) The Renal Physicians Association |