Analects - Quiz
Analects
  • 1. What is considered arguably the most reliable source of biographical information about Confucius?
A) The Analects
B) Oracle bone inscriptions
C) Early Zhou dynasty texts
D) Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian
  • 2. Who wrote the principal biography of Confucius available to historians?
A) An early Zhou ruler
B) A later Confucian philosopher
C) Sima Qian
D) Confucius himself
  • 3. How did Confucius view himself regarding social and political traditions?
A) As the sole creator
B) As a transmitter
C) As a fierce opponent
D) As an indifferent observer
  • 4. During which dynasty did the social and political traditions that Confucius transmitted originate?
A) Shang dynasty
B) Early Zhou dynasty
C) Han dynasty
D) Qin dynasty
  • 5. What did Confucius believe should be done regarding 'ghosts' and 'spirits'?
A) Worship them daily
B) Ignore them completely
C) Fear them intensely
D) Keep them at a distance
  • 6. What should human beings base their values and social ideals on, according to Confucius?
A) Moral philosophy, tradition, and a natural love for others
B) Strict military might and absolute obedience
C) Economic wealth and technological progress
D) Divine revelation and supernatural laws
  • 7. What did Confucius's social philosophy largely depend on?
A) The cultivation of ren by every individual
B) The total elimination of rituals
C) The suppression of personal desires
D) The centralization of state power
  • 8. How did later Confucian philosophers explain the meaning of ren?
A) As strict adherence to military strategy
B) As the accumulation of material wealth
C) As absolute loyalty to a ruler
D) As the quality of having a kind manner
  • 9. How did Confucius actually use the term ren in the Analects?
A) To describe an all-encompassing state of virtue
B) To mean simple politeness in speech
C) To denote formal religious sacrifice
D) To refer strictly to family relationships
  • 10. Did any living person attain ren completely according to Confucius?
A) No
B) Yes, Confucius himself
C) Yes, all rulers
D) Yes, the early Zhou kings
  • 11. How did Confucius generally respond when his students asked him to define ren?
A) By refusing to speak at all
B) Indirectly, offering illustrations and examples
C) By assigning them written tests
D) With a precise dictionary definition
  • 12. According to Confucius, how would a person with a well-cultivated sense of ren speak?
A) Loudly and authoritatively
B) Carefully and modestly
C) Artfully and ingratiatingly
D) Fiercely and aggressively
  • 13. What is one emotional state associated with a person who has cultivated ren?
A) Free from worry, unhappiness, and insecurity
B) Overwhelmed by severe stress
C) Filled with deep anger toward enemies
D) Constantly anxious about the future
  • 14. What did Confucius advise people to do regarding their desires and propriety?
A) Moderate their desires and return to propriety
B) Fulfill every desire without restraint
C) Suppress all human emotions forever
D) Abandon all propriety entirely
  • 15. What did Confucius assure his followers when they were disappointed he wouldn't give a comprehensive definition of ren?
A) That the definition was a secret
B) That they were not smart enough to understand
C) That they would find it in future books
D) That he was sharing all that he could
  • 16. What did the cultivation of ren involve regarding oneself?
A) Displaying immense personal wealth
B) Praising oneself loudly in public
C) Seeking constant admiration from others
D) Depreciating oneself through modesty
  • 17. What kind of speech and manners did Confucius say should be avoided?
A) Honest speech and straightforward manners
B) Simple speech and slow manners
C) Modest speech and humble manners
D) Artful speech and ingratiating manners
  • 18. How can people who have cultivated ren be distinguished, according to Confucius?
A) Flashy in dress and quick of speech
B) Arrogant in posture and loud in voice
C) Wealthy in property and proud in attitude
D) Simple in manner and slow of speech
  • 19. What is the inverted Golden Rule taught by Confucius?
A) Seek revenge for any wrong committed
B) Always obey whoever has power over you
C) Treat others better than they treat you
D) Do not do to others what you would not like done to yourself
  • 20. What does a man with ren do when desiring to establish himself, according to the text?
A) Relies solely on his family's status
B) Helps others establish themselves
C) Crushes his rivals to get ahead
D) Works completely in isolation
  • 21. What quality did Confucius regard as crucial for the pursuit of moral self-cultivation?
A) The ability to imagine and project oneself into the places of others
B) The skill to govern a large military force
C) The talent to accumulate vast financial fortunes
D) The ability to memorize ancient historical dates
  • 22. What did Confucius regard as the simplest, most basic way to cultivate ren?
A) Performing grand religious sacrifices
B) Traveling to distant foreign lands
C) The exercise of devotion to one's parents and older siblings
D) Writing philosophical treatises
  • 23. What must be learned before ren can best be cultivated, according to Confucius?
A) Military tactics
B) Agricultural science
C) Self-discipline
D) Political rhetoric
  • 24. How is self-discipline best learned?
A) By practicing and cultivating one's understanding of li
B) Through absolute obedience to an emperor
C) Through rigorous physical punishment
D) By isolating oneself from society
  • 25. What are li?
A) Rituals and forms of propriety
B) Military ranks and titles
C) Taxes and economic policies
D) Spiritual ghosts and demons
  • 26. What should one's understanding of li inform?
A) Only interactions with foreign rulers
B) Only major religious ceremonies
C) Everything that one says and does
D) Strictly business transactions
  • 27. Did Confucius believe subjecting oneself to li meant suppressing one's desires?
A) No, it meant doing whatever felt good at the moment
B) Yes, it meant ignoring everyone else's feelings
C) Yes, it meant destroying all personal wishes completely
D) No, it meant learning to reconcile them with the needs of family and community
  • 28. What is the basis of a well-ordered society according to Confucius and his followers?
A) The accumulation of gold
B) The expansion of military borders
C) The public cultivation of li
D) The total absence of laws
  • 29. What important aspect of li did Confucius teach his students to observe?
A) Practical social differences that exist between people in daily life
B) The superiority of foreigners over locals
C) The complete equality of all individuals in every aspect
D) The elimination of all family structures
  • 30. How many key relationships are included in Confucian philosophy's 'five relationships'?
A) Ten
B) Three
C) Five
D) Seven
  • 31. Which of the following is one of the 'five relationships' in Confucian philosophy?
A) Teacher to stranger
B) Master to merchant
C) General to soldier
D) Ruler to ruled
  • 32. Which of the following is included in the 'five relationships'?
A) Grandfather to grandson
B) Father to son
C) Uncle to nephew
D) Teacher to pupil
  • 33. Which relationship is part of the Confucian 'five relationships'?
A) Master to slave
B) Landlord to tenant
C) Neighbor to neighbor
D) Husband to wife
  • 34. Which pair represents one of the 'five relationships'?
A) Cousin to cousin
B) Mother to daughter
C) Father-in-law to son-in-law
D) Elder brother to younger brother
  • 35. What is the final pair in the Confucian 'five relationships'?
A) Leader to follower
B) Friend to friend
C) Citizen to foreigner
D) Master to servant
  • 36. What does li manage in the Analects?
A) One's relationship with one's family and close community
B) One's financial investments and trade
C) One's military strategy during wartime
D) One's interactions with all people across the world
  • 37. How is ren practiced compared to li?
A) It is practiced exclusively during religious festivals
B) It is practiced broadly and informs interactions with all people
C) It is practiced only between rulers and ministers
D) It is practiced secretly and only within the household
  • 38. What did Confucius say about a ruler's ability to oppress subjects?
A) Rulers have the absolute right to do whatever they want
B) Subjects must never voice their opinions
C) Oppression is necessary for a well-ordered society
D) Rulers could oppress subjects only at their own peril
  • 39. What did Confucius say about the humblest peasant?
A) He is incapable of moral cultivation
B) He has no right to participate in society
C) You cannot deprive him of his opinion
D) He must obey the Three Armies blindly
  • 40. What would a morally well-cultivated individual regard as a mission for which he would be willing to die?
A) His absolute obedience to an evil ruler
B) His accumulation of personal fame
C) His conquest of enemy territories
D) His devotion to loving others
  • 41. Who is traditionally believed to have compiled the Analects?
A) Confucius's followers
B) Ban Gu
C) Zhu Xi
D) Emperor Jing of Han
  • 42. During which historical period do scholars reach a consensus that large portions of the text were composed?
A) Late Song dynasty
B) Early Han dynasty
C) Eastern Han dynasty
D) Warring States period
  • 43. What is considered the most basic step to cultivating ren?
A) Military service
B) Filial piety
C) Public speaking
D) Strict adherence to legal codes
  • 44. When did Confucius die?
A) 221 BCE
B) 175 AD
C) 5 BC
D) 479 BCE
  • 45. Who argued on linguistic grounds that the last five books of the Analects were produced much later than the rest?
A) Cui Shu
B) Arthur Waley
C) Itō Jinsai
D) Zhu Xi
  • 46. Which books did Arthur Waley speculate represented the earliest parts of the Analects?
A) Books 16–20
B) Books 1–2
C) Books 11–20
D) Books 3–9
  • 47. What percentage of Confucius's sayings cited by his second-generation student Mencius do not exist in the received text of the Analects?
A) 50%
B) 25%
C) 90%
D) 75%
  • 48. According to the Han dynasty scholar Liu Xiang, how many versions of the Analects existed at the beginning of the Han dynasty?
A) Four
B) Three
C) Five
D) Two
  • 49. How many chapters did the Lu version of the Analects contain?
A) Twenty-one
B) Twenty-two
C) Twenty
D) Twenty-five
  • 50. How many chapters did the Qi version of the Analects contain?
A) Twenty-five
B) Twenty-two
C) Twenty-one
D) Twenty
  • 51. How many chapters did the Old Text version of the Analects contain?
A) Twenty-two
B) Twenty
C) Twenty-five
D) Twenty-one
  • 52. Who synthesized the Lu and Qi versions to produce a composite text known as the 'Zhang Hou Lun'?
A) Huan Tan
B) Liu Xiang
C) Zhang Yu
D) Cui Shu
  • 53. Where were the Stone Classics of the Xinping Era written in stone around 175 AD?
A) Anhui
B) Luoyang
C) Dunhuang
D) Pyongyang
  • 54. In what year was the Dingzhou Analects discovered?
A) 2011
B) 2015
C) 1973
D) 1992
  • 55. In what year was the Pyongyang Analects discovered?
A) 1973
B) 2011
C) 2015
D) 1992
  • 56. In what year was a transcription of the Dingzhou Analects contents finally published?
A) 2009
B) 2015
C) 1997
D) 1973
  • 57. In what year was the first academic study on the Pyongyang Analects published?
A) 2011
B) 2009
C) 1992
D) 1997
  • 58. What corpus of excavated Warring States period bamboo strips containing twenty-five Confucius' sayings was acquired by Anhui University in 2015?
A) Kongzi Said
B) Dingzhou Analects
C) Anda Manuscript Zhongni Said
D) Pyongyang Analects
  • 59. In the 'Anda Manuscript Zhongni Said', by what courtesy name is Confucius the master referred?
A) Zhang Yu
B) Kongzi
C) Lunyu
D) Zhongni
  • 60. Where were the 800 bamboo strips containing the 'Kongzi Said' manuscript recovered between 2019 and 2021?
A) Wangjiazui
B) Luoyang
C) Dunhuang
D) Dingzhou
  • 61. How many sayings of overlap have been shown between the 'Kongzi Said' manuscript and the 'Zhongni Said' text?
A) 330
B) 20
C) 11
D) 25
  • 62. Approximately when do both the 'Zhongni Said' and the 'Kongzi Said' manuscripts date back to?
A) 70 BCE
B) 479 BCE
C) 175 AD
D) 300 BCE
  • 63. Who was provided a tutor specifically to teach him the Analects during the Eastern Han?
A) The Emperor
B) The chief historian
C) The Prime Minister
D) The heir apparent
  • 64. Who identified and promoted the Analects as one of the Four Books during the late Song dynasty?
A) Wang Tong
B) Zhu Xi
C) Han Wudi
D) He Yan
  • 65. Which Sui dynasty writer wrote Explanation of the Mean to emulate the style of the Analects?
A) Laozi
B) Wang Yangming
C) Wang Tong
D) He Yan
  • 66. Which Ming dynasty philosopher praised Wang Tong's emulation of the Analects?
A) Wang Yangming
B) Zhu Xi
C) Confucius
D) He Yan
  • 67. In He Yan's view, which historical figure was in agreement with the Sage?
A) Wang Tong
B) Mencius
C) Zhu Xi
D) Laozi
  • 68. In what year was He Yan's Explanations written?
A) 1130 CE
B) 248 CE
C) 195 CE
D) 960 CE
  • 69. For how many years of his life did Zhu Xi continue to refine his commentary?
A) The last two years
B) The last thirty years
C) His entire life from childhood
D) The last five years
  • 70. Until what year was Zhu Xi's commentary read and memorized by Chinese aspiring to literacy and employment?
A) 1905
B) 249
C) 1271
D) 1130
  • 71. What should a good ruler be according to Confucius' political beliefs?
A) Militarily aggressive
B) Financially wealthy
C) Strictly punitive
D) Self-disciplined
  • 72. Whose political orientations directly contradicted Confucius' theories?
A) Democratic
B) Buddhist
C) Legalistic
D) Taoist
  • 73. Which state's ruler asked Confucius about the principles of good government?
A) Chu
B) Qin
C) Lu
D) Qi
  • 74. What did Confucius sometimes require his students to demonstrate before discussing subjects further?
A) Physical endurance tests
B) Intuitive conceptual leaps
C) Mastery of musical instruments
D) Financial contributions to the school
  • 75. How many students are said to have mastered what Confucius taught?
A) Three thousand
B) Twelve
C) Five hundred
D) Seventy
  • 76. Who described the Analects as possibly the first book in human history to describe the life of an individual historic personage?
A) Ezra Pound
B) Simon Leys
C) Voltaire
D) Elias Canetti
  • 77. Who wrote that the Analects is the oldest complete intellectual and spiritual portrait of a man?
A) Yao
B) Elias Canetti
C) Confucius
D) Simon Leys
  • 78. What is the title of Chapter 20?
A) Yao Yue
B) Analects
C) The Master
D) Antiquity
  • 79. What theory explains the fragmentary nature of the final chapter of the Lu text?
A) The royal decree theory
B) The accretion theory
C) The censorship theory
D) The translation theory
  • 80. What formulaic phrase begins a large number of passages in the Analects?
A) Shujing
B) Ziyue
C) Yao Yue
D) Leys
  • 81. What is absent in classical Chinese that creates ambiguity regarding 'ziyue'?
A) Capital letters
B) Spaces between words
C) Punctuation marks
D) Vowels
  • 82. Who translated 'Confucian Analects, the Great Learning, and the Doctrine of the Mean' published in 1861?
A) James Legge
B) D. C. Lau
C) Leonard A. Lyall
D) Arthur Waley
  • 83. In what year was James Legge's revised second edition of his translation published?
A) 1938
B) 1909
C) 1893
D) 1861
  • 84. Which publisher reprinted James Legge's translation in 2006?
A) Trübner
B) Oxford University Press
C) Penguin Books
D) Cosimo
  • 85. Who translated 'The Sayings of Confucius' published in 1909?
A) William Edward Soothill
B) Arthur Waley
C) James Legge
D) Leonard A. Lyall
  • 86. Where was William Edward Soothill's translation of 'The Analects of Confucius' published in 1910?
A) Paris
B) Yokohama
C) New York
D) London
  • 87. Who translated 'The Analects' published by George Allen and Unwin in 1938?
A) Chi-chung Huang
B) Arthur Waley
C) D. C. Lau
D) Simon Leys
  • 88. Who translated 'The Analects of Confucius' published by Oxford University Press in 1997?
A) Burton Watson
B) Edward Slingerland
C) William Edward Soothill
D) Chi-chung Huang
  • 89. Who collaborated with Roger T. Ames on the 1999 'Philosophical Translation' of the Analects?
A) Burton Watson
B) Henry Rosemont
C) Edward Slingerland
D) Taeko Brooks
  • 90. Who translated 'The Original Analects: Sayings of Confucius and His Followers' in 2001?
A) E. Bruce Brooks
B) Henry Rosemont
C) Taeko Brooks
D) Roger T. Ames
  • 91. Who is the primary author credited alongside Taeko Brooks for the 2001 work 'The Original Analects'?
A) E. Bruce Brooks
B) Arthur Waley
C) James Legge
D) Simon Leys
  • 92. Which translator included selections from traditional commentaries in their 2003 publication?
A) Edward Slingerland
B) Chi-chung Huang
C) D. C. Lau
D) Burton Watson
  • 93. Who translated 'The Analects of Confucius' published by Columbia University Press in 2007?
A) Séraphin Couvreur
B) Leonard A. Lyall
C) William Edward Soothill
D) Burton Watson
  • 94. Who translated the French work 'Entretiens de Confucius' in the 3rd edition published at Sien Hsien in 1930?
A) Kōjirō Yoshikawa
B) Séraphin Couvreur
C) Anne Cheng
D) Pierre Ryckmans
  • 95. Who translated 'Entretiens de Confucius' published by Éditions du Seuil in Paris in 1981?
A) Pierre Ryckmans
B) Séraphin Couvreur
C) Arthur Waley
D) Anne Cheng
  • 96. Who translated the French version 'Les Entretiens de Confucius' published by Gallimard in 1987?
A) Anne Cheng
B) D. C. Lau
C) Séraphin Couvreur
D) Pierre Ryckmans
  • 97. Who authored the 1978 Japanese three-volume work 'Rongo'?
A) Pierre Ryckmans
B) Kōjirō Yoshikawa
C) Séraphin Couvreur
D) Anne Cheng
  • 98. In which fields do the Analects and its commentaries stand out especially regarding cultural applications?
A) Medicine
B) Architecture
C) Agriculture
D) Education
  • 99. The Analects has a long history of having influenced traditional East Asian what?
A) Martial arts
B) Culinary arts
C) Symphonic music
D) Naval architecture
  • 100. Which of the following countries is explicitly mentioned as applying the Analects in cultural expressions?
A) Mongolia
B) India
C) Thailand
D) Philippines
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