networking

1. A user receives an email with a malicious link. They click it, and malware installs. The malware attempts to connect to a command-and-control server on port 443 (HTTPS). The firewall allows the connection. Later, the malware steals documents from the local drive. Which layer most clearly failed or was absent?

A) Network segmentation (local drive theft is unrelated to network isolation)
B) Firewall (it should have blocked port 443)
C) Encryption (disk encryption would have prevented theft)
D) Behavioral antivirus (it did not stop the outbound connection or theft)

2. Which of the following defines a behavioral-based method of AV?

A) Looks for suspicious code patterns or behaviors
B) Compares file "fingerprints" (hashes) to a database of known malware.
C) Monitors running programs for malicious actions in real time

3. A small office has one router with default credentials, one flat Wi-Fi network, and no backups. An attacker compromises a smart speaker on the guest network. Which statement describes the likely outcome without any best practices applied?

A) The attacker can use the smart speaker to scan and attack employee laptops on the same network
B) Encryption on the file server will prevent the attacker from reading any stolen data
C) The firewall will automatically block the smart speaker’s outbound traffic
D) The smart speaker cannot reach the file server because IoT devices are isolated by default

4. A firewall blocks traffic based on predefined rules. Which scenario best demonstrates a limitation of a traditional stateful firewall?

A) It allows email traffic on port 25 but cannot inspect the attachment for malware.
B) It blocks outgoing traffic on port 4444, stopping a virus from exfiltrating data.
C) It logs repeated failed login attempts but takes no action.
D) It blocks an incoming connection from an unknown IP address on port 22.

5. A company uses WPA3 encryption for Wi-Fi and HTTPS for all web traffic. An attacker captures network packets from the coffee shop next door. Which statement is true?

A) The attacker can read all emails because WPA3 only protects the Wi-Fi password
B) Encryption at rest (BitLocker) would prevent the attacker from capturing packets
C) The firewall would have blocked the packet capture attempt
D) The attacker cannot read the content of HTTPS traffic but can see which websites were visited.

6. Which statement accurately distinguishes between symmetric and asymmetric encryption?

A) Symmetric uses one key and is faster; asymmetric uses two keys and is slower.
B) Symmetric uses two keys and is faster; asymmetric uses one key and is slower
C) Symmetric is used only for data in transit; asymmetric is used only for data at rest
D) Symmetric requires a digital certificate; asymmetric does not

7. A security team finds that a zero-day exploit successfully executed on a workstation. The firewall did not block the initial infection because the traffic used port 443. What is the most likely reason the attack succeeded despite the firewall?

A) The firewall does not inspect the payload of encrypted allowed traffic by default
B) The antivirus deleted the firewall rules
C) The firewall only filters inbound traffic, not outbound
D) The firewall was configured to block all HTTPS traffic

8. A small business has a firewall, antivirus, and full-disk encryption. An employee falls for a phishing email and enters their password into a fake login page. The attacker uses that password to log into the company VPN remotely. Which layer failed or was missing?

A) Firewall (allowed VPN traffic)
B) Antivirus (did not scan the email attachment)
C) Multi-factor authentication (missing)
D) Encryption (did not protect the password)

9. An organization wants to recover from a ransomware attack without paying the ransom. Which backup strategy is most effective against ransomware that also encrypts network-attached backups?

A) Cloud backups with automatic sync every hour
B) Offline backups following the 3-2-1 rule
C) External hard drive always connected to the file server
D) Backups stored on a separate VLAN with read-only access

10. An IT administrator wants to protect against a scenario where a compromised employee laptop is used to attack other devices on the same network. Which two best practices together most directly mitigate this?

A) Antivirus (signature-based) + disabling unused ports
B) Default credential change + logging and monitoring
C) VPN for remote access + offline backups
D) Network segmentation + Principle of Least Privilege

11. Which of the following best explains why the Principle of Least Privilege (PoLP) limits the damage of a compromised account?

A) It ensures the firewall blocks known malicious IP addresses
B) It prevents all outgoing traffic from the compromised device
C) It restricts the compromised account to only the access necessary for its role.
D) It automatically enables encryption on all files the account touches

12. A network administrator wants to prevent an attacker from moving from a compromised smart TV to the finance department’s server. Which best practice directly addresses this?

A) Disabling unused ports on the firewall
B) Enabling MFA on the finance server
C) Network segmentation using VLANs
D) Changing default credentials on the smart TV

13. Which of the following defines a heuristic-based method of AV?

A) Looks for suspicious code patterns or behaviors
B) Monitors running programs for malicious actions in real time
C) Looks for suspicious code patterns or behaviors
D) Compares file "fingerprints" (hashes) to a database of known malware.

14. Which combination of security layers would most effectively stop a zero-day ransomware attack that arrives via an encrypted HTTPS connection?

A) Firewall allowing all outbound traffic + signature-based antivirus + offline backups
B) Firewall blocking port 80 + heuristic antivirus + MFA
C) Firewall allowing port 443 + behavioral antivirus + disk encryption
D) Firewall blocking port 443 + signature-based antivirus

15. A network engineer says, "We don't need to disable unused ports because our firewall blocks all traffic by default anyway." What is the flaw in this reasoning?

A) Disabling unused ports on the firewall is identical to disabling services on a server
B) Unused ports automatically encrypt traffic, which the firewall cannot inspect
C) A firewall only blocks traffic; it does not reduce the attack surface of the device itself
D) Firewalls cannot block traffic on ports below 1024

16. A network administrator runs a vulnerability scan and discovers that the router has UPnP enabled, Telnet on port 23 open, and the default admin password still active. Which of these poses the most immediate critical risk?

A) Default admin password
B) Lack of logging
C) Telnet on port 23 open
D) UPnP enabled

17. Which of the following is a limitation that symmetric and asymmetric encryption share?

A) Both can be broken by heuristic analysis
B) Both require the sender and receiver to share the same key in advance
C) Neither can be used for data in transit
D) Neither protects against data theft at the endpoint if malware captures the decryption key

18. Which statement correctly compares the role of a hardware firewall versus a software firewall?

A) A hardware firewall typically sits at the network perimeter; a software firewall protects an individual computer.
B) A hardware firewall uses symmetric encryption; a software firewall uses asymmetric encryption.
C) A hardware firewall cannot block ports; a software firewall can.
D) A hardware firewall protects only one device; a software firewall protects an entire network.

19. Which of the following defines a signature-based method of AV?

A) Compares file "fingerprints" (hashes) to a database of known malware.
B) Looks for suspicious code patterns or behaviors
C) Monitors running programs for malicious actions in real time

20. A security analyst reviews firewall logs and sees repeated outbound connection attempts from a workstation to an unknown IP address on port 4444, all of which were blocked. No malware signature was detected. What is the most accurate interpretation?

A) Encryption was bypassed because port 4444 is
B) The antivirus failed because it did not block port 4444.
C) The firewall successfully prevented data exfiltration despite a possible infection
D) The firewall failed because it allowed the initial infection

21. A company has implemented disk encryption (BitLocker) on all laptops. An employee’s laptop is stolen while locked. Which statement best describes the protection provided?

A) The data remains unreadable without the decryption key, even if the hard drive is removed
B) The thief cannot access any files because the firewall blocks remote connections.
C) The thief can bypass encryption by reinstalling the operating system
D) Antivirus will delete the encrypted files to prevent data theft

22. Which statement best explains why behavioral-based antivirus can detect a zero-day virus that signature-based antivirus cannot?

A) Behavioral AV decrypts all network traffic before scanning.
B) Behavioral AV monitors running programs for suspicious actions, not just known patterns.
C) Behavioral AV requires firewall rules to be disabled temporarily
D) Behavioral AV compares file hashes to a cloud database updated every hour.

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