- 1. Who is considered the founder of Zen Buddhism?
A) Bodhidharma
B) Gautama Buddha
C) Lao Tzu
D) Confucius
- 2. What is the practice of sitting meditation in Zen called?
A) Koan
B) Zazen
C) Satori
D) Nirvana
- 3. What is the Zen term for a sudden moment of enlightenment?
A) Satori
B) Sangha
C) Kensho
D) Dharma
- 4. What poetic form of expression is often used in Zen teaching to convey deeper truths?
A) Epic
B) Limerick
C) Haiku
D) Sonnet
- 5. Who wrote the classic book 'Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind'?
A) Thich Nhat Hanh
B) D.T. Suzuki
C) Alan Watts
D) Shunryu Suzuki
- 6. What is the traditional Zen seat for meditation called?
A) Kinhin
B) Jikijitsu
C) Roshi
D) Zafu
- 7. Which Zen sect is known for its emphasis on koan practice?
A) Obaku
B) Kwan Um
C) Rinzai
D) Soto
- 8. What is the term for the practice of eating in silence and with mindfulness in Zen?
A) Daisan
B) Rohatsu
C) Teisho
D) Oryoki
- 9. What is the purpose of the Zen tradition of 'Dharma combat'?
A) To test a student's understanding and awaken insight
B) To debate doctrinal differences
C) To attain a state of inner peace
D) To promote physical strength
- 10. What is the origin of the word 'Zen'?
A) A translation of a Buddhist scripture.
B) A term derived from the Chinese word for meditation.
C) The Japanese pronunciation of the Middle Chinese word 禪 (chán), derived from the Sanskrit word dhyāna.
D) A name given to a school of thought by Bodhidharma.
- 11. What is the meaning of 'zazen' in Zen practice?
A) Chanting meditation.
B) Loving-kindness meditation.
C) Walking meditation.
D) Sitting meditation.
- 12. What does the term 'tracing back the radiance' refer to in Zen?
A) A method of mindfulness of the impurities of the body.
B) A practice of visualizing a sun disk.
C) A technique for contemplating the twelve links of pratītyasamutpāda.
D) Seeing the inherent radiant source of the mind itself, the 'numinous awareness' or Buddha-nature.
- 13. Which Zen text criticizes the practice of sitting samādhi?
A) The Diamond Sutra.
B) The Platform Sutra.
C) The Heart Sutra.
D) The Lotus Sutra.
- 14. Which Zen master is known for the phrase 'if you meet a Buddha, kill the Buddha'?
A) Bodhidharma.
B) Dōgen.
C) Huineng.
D) The master in the Record of Linji.
- 15. Which Zen school emphasizes effortlessness and ordinary daily activities?
A) The school represented by the Record of Linji.
B) The Tiantai school.
C) The Rinzai school.
D) The Sōtō school.
- 16. Which Zen text is associated with the East Mountain School's sudden approach?
A) The Heart Sutra.
B) The method named 'maintaining the one without wavering' (shǒu yī bù yí).
C) The Lotus Sutra.
D) The Diamond Sutra.
- 17. Which Zen master described 'turning one's light around' as seeing the radiance of the sun's rays and following it back to the sun itself?
A) The Japanese Zen master Dōgen.
B) Bodhidharma.
C) Yunmen.
D) Huineng.
- 18. Who is associated with the development of the kōan introspection method in the Linji school?
A) Dahui.
B) Shunryū Suzuki.
C) Kōshō Uchiyama.
D) Hongzhi Zhengjue.
- 19. Which Zen master critiqued the use of kōans as 'old wastepaper'?
A) Kōshō Uchiyama.
B) Shunryū Suzuki.
C) Bankei.
D) Dōgen.
- 20. What is the term for the state of awareness in shikantaza where the mind is 'nowhere and everywhere'?
A) Subject-object duality.
B) Hiriryō (non-thinking).
C) Conceptual thinking.
D) Goal seeking.
- 21. Which Zen teacher is known for teaching long and deep exhalations and inhalations as preparation for breath meditation?
A) Dainin Katagiri Roshi.
B) Omori Sogen.
C) Shunryū Suzuki.
D) Kōshō Uchiyama.
- 22. What is the term for the practice of 'just sitting' in Sōtō Zen?
A) Silent illumination.
B) Kōan contemplation.
C) Shikantaza.
D) Huatou.
- 23. What is the term for the state of 'seeing one's true nature' in kōan practice?
A) Kensho.
B) Samadhi.
C) Satori.
D) Nirvana.
- 24. What is the term for the practice of 'observing the phrase' in Chinese Chan?
A) Kanhua chan.
B) Mindfulness of breathing.
C) Shikantaza.
D) Silent illumination.
- 25. Which Zen master critiqued the use of kōans during the Song era?
A) Foyan Qingyuan.
B) Dōgen.
C) Shunryū Suzuki.
D) Kōshō Uchiyama.
- 26. What is the term for the practice of 'just sitting' in Chinese Chan?
A) Mokushō.
B) Huatou.
C) Shikantaza.
D) Kanhua chan.
- 27. Which early Chan master taught to 'bind the mind to one Buddha and exclusively invoke his name'?
A) Shenxiu.
B) Faru.
C) Hongren.
D) Daoxin.
- 28. Which historical text is considered the most influential Chan monastic code in East Asia?
A) Guangming lu.
B) Zutang ji.
C) Chanyuan qinggui.
D) Lidai fabao ji.
- 29. Who among the following continued the tradition of Nianfo Chan during the late Ming period?
A) Yunqi Zhuhong.
B) Hongren.
C) Shenxiu.
D) Daoxin.
- 30. What view did figures like Yongming Yanshou advocate regarding the Pure Land?
A) Pure Land as a distant realm.
B) Physical Pure Land.
C) Pure Land as a metaphor.
D) Mind-only Pure Land.
- 31. Which Japanese school of Zen adapted Nianfo into the 'nembutsu kōan'?
A) Rinzai.
B) Sōtō.
C) Kōdō.
D) Ōbaku.
- 32. During which period were both Shaka nembutsu and Amida nembutsu promoted by Soto school priests?
A) Edo period.
B) Meiji period.
C) Kamakura period.
D) Heian period.
- 33. In which Vietnamese school is Nianfo Chan widely practiced?
A) Taoism.
B) Confucianism.
C) Thien.
D) Mahayana Buddhism.
- 34. What is the Japanese term for 'nianfo'?
A) Zazen.
B) Nembutsu.
C) Koan.
D) Kinhin.
- 35. Which text shows that the practice of nianfo was widespread in the early Chan generation?
A) Dafangguang Fo huayan jing.
B) Chuan fabao qi.
C) Mojing.
D) Lunyu.
- 36. Which Chan master's work titled 'Guanxin lun' teaches the practice of nianfo?
A) Daoxin.
B) Shenxiu.
C) Fazang.
D) Guifeng Zongmi.
- 37. Which form of Buddhism is Zen a part of?
A) Vajrayana Buddhism
B) Hinayana Buddhism
C) Theravada Buddhism
D) Mahayana Buddhism
- 38. What is the term for the 'transcendent virtues' or 'perfections' in Zen?
A) Dharma
B) Sangha
C) Nirvana
D) Pāramitā
- 39. What is the Japanese term for the initiation ritual of receiving the precepts?
A) Samu
B) Jukai
C) Sesshin
D) Zazen
- 40. What is the practice of fasting during uposatha days called in Chinese?
A) Zhairi
B) Samu
C) Sesshin
D) Jukai
- 41. What is the name of the extended absolute fast undertaken by master Hsuan Hua?
A) 10-day fast
B) 35-day fast
C) 7-day fast
D) 50-day fast
- 42. What is the term for the daily schedule that includes work, meditation, rituals, and meals in a Zen monastery?
A) Ritual schedule
B) Meditation schedule
C) Work schedule
D) Daily schedule
- 43. What is the Japanese term for intensive group meditation practice?
A) Sesshin
B) Oryoki
C) Zazen
D) Samu
- 44. What is the term for the 'main object of veneration' in a Zen monastery?
A) Honzon
B) Oryoki
C) Sesshin
D) Samu
- 45. What is the term for the building or hall used for meditation in a Zen monastery?
A) Garage
B) Samu hall
C) Zendō
D) Buddha hall
- 46. Which of the following is not one of the six widely used bodhisattva virtues?
A) Nirvana
B) Generosity
C) Wisdom
D) Moral training
- 47. What is the term for the short periods of work performed with mindfulness in Zen practice?
A) Sesshin
B) Oryoki
C) Zazen
D) Samu
- 48. Which of the following is not a bodhisattva vow in Zen?
A) Ten essential precepts
B) Bodhisattva vows
C) Five precepts
D) Sixteen bodhisattva precepts
- 49. What is the term for the building used for ritual purposes in a Zen monastery?
A) Buddha hall
B) Garage
C) Zendō
D) Samu hall
- 50. What is the term for the initiation ritual of receiving the precepts in Korean?
A) Sugye
B) Zazen
C) Sesshin
D) Samu
- 51. What is the term for the formal and ceremonial taking of refuge in the three jewels?
A) Samu
B) Zazen
C) Sesshin
D) Taking refuge
- 52. Which Zen monastic code emphasizes self-sufficiency?
A) East Asian Buddhist monasticism
B) Pure Standards for the Zen Community
C) Vinaya
D) Avatamsaka sutra
- 53. What is the term for the building or hall for meditation in Chinese?
A) Garage
B) Buddha hall
C) Samu hall
D) Chantáng
- 54. What is the term for the periods of rest between sitting meditation in Zen?
A) Sesshin
B) Samu
C) Zazen
D) Rest breaks
- 55. What is the Japanese term for a sutra book in Zen Buddhism?
A) Sutrasen
B) Kyohon
C) Sutra-shu
D) Kyoji
- 56. Which bodhisattva is commonly associated with Zen rituals?
A) Maitreya
B) Samantabhadra
C) Vajrapani
D) Avalokiteśvara
- 57. What percentage of Sōtō laypeople visit their temple only for funerals?
A) 70 percent
B) 80 percent
C) 60 percent
D) 50 percent
- 58. What is the Japanese term for ritual prostrations in Zen?
A) Kinhin
B) Zazen
C) Raihai
D) Kinhai
- 59. What is the Japanese term for a home altar where offerings are made?
A) Kamidana
B) Honden
C) Shōrō
D) Butsudan
- 60. Which ritual is practiced for those who have had a miscarriage or stillbirth in Japanese Zen?
A) Obon
B) Hanamatsuri
C) Higan
D) Mizuko kuyō
- 61. What is the Japanese term for sutra recitation ceremonies?
A) Raihai
B) Kinhin
C) Nenju
D) Zazen
- 62. Which Zen master composed the Jewelled Repentance of the Emperor of Liang?
A) Dogen
B) Hakuin
C) Rinzai
D) Baozhi
- 63. Which sutra is included in the modern compilation known as the Shushogi?
A) The Heart Sutra
B) Dogen's treatise on repentance
C) The Lotus Sutra
D) The Diamond Sutra
- 64. Which Zen school states that 80 percent of its laypeople visit the temple only for funerals?
A) Sōtō
B) Sōtōshū
C) Rinzai
D) Kōdō
- 65. Which deity is associated with rites in Japanese Zen?
A) Daoist deity
B) Buddha
C) Kami
D) Bodhisattva
- 66. Which mantra is used in the Kwan Um school of Zen during sitting meditation?
A) Śūraṅgama Mantra
B) Guanyin Mantra (Kwanseum Bosal)
C) Heart Sutra Mantra
D) Mantra of Light
- 67. Which influential Soto monk was a major promoter of esoteric methods and was influenced by Shingon and Shugendo?
A) Keizan Jōkin
B) Eisai
C) Enni Ben'en
D) Menzan Zuihō
- 68. Which ritual in Japan includes esoteric elements and is associated with the ghost festival?
A) Yujia Yankou
B) Ambrosia Gate (甘露門 kanro mon)
C) Shuilu Fahui
D) Chaosong
- 69. During which dynasty did Korean Zen (Seon) become highly inclusive and ecumenical, incorporating Esoteric Buddhist practices?
A) Tang Dynasty
B) Han Dynasty
C) Yuan Dynasty
D) Joseon Dynasty
- 70. Which mantra is commonly chanted by monastics as part of the morning and evening liturgy in temples?
A) Śūraṅgama Mantra
B) Mantra of Light
C) Guanyin Mantra
D) Heart Sutra Mantra
- 71. Which Chan master was a student of the Zhenyan (Mantra) school?
A) Jingxian
B) Keizan Jōkin
C) Hyujeong
D) Menzan Zuihō
- 72. Which esoteric practice involves maṇḍala offerings and deity yoga?
A) Shuilu Fahui ceremony
B) Chaosong
C) Ambrosia Gate
D) Musong
- 73. Which Chan monk was a practitioner of Shingon and received esoteric initiation under Kisan Biku?
A) Menzan Zuihō
B) Enni Ben'en
C) Myōan Eisai
D) Keizan Jōkin
- 74. Which Korean Seon master was known to be an esoteric adept?
A) Enni Ben'en
B) Keizan Jōkin
C) Hyujeong
D) Menzan Zuihō
- 75. Which Zen master is known for creating a large corpus of sumi-e and Japanese calligraphy?
A) Muqi Fachang
B) Chōmei
C) Hakuin
D) Guanxiu
- 76. What term is used for Zen paintings in Japanese?
A) Hosshinshū
B) suizen
C) sumi-e
D) zenga
- 77. Which Chan monk painter used brush painting and calligraphy to communicate spiritual understanding?
A) Hakuin
B) Guanxiu
C) Chōmei
D) Muqi Fachang
- 78. Which Zen sect practiced 'blowing zen' using the shakuhachi bamboo flute?
A) Chan sect
B) Rinzai sect
C) Soto sect
D) Fuke sect
- 79. Which art form was used by Zen practitioners to communicate spiritual understanding?
A) calligraphy
B) pottery
C) sculpture
D) weaving
- 80. Which Chan monk painter's name is Muqi Fachang?
A) True
B) Unknown
C) Not applicable
D) False
- 81. What is the name of the collection written by Chōmei that discusses devotion to art?
A) Suizen
B) Zenga
C) Hosshinshū
D) Sumi-e
- 82. Which monastery is credited with developing the first institutionalized form of gōngfu?
A) Shaolin Monastery
B) Kongtong Monastery
C) Wudang Monastery
D) Takuan Monastery
- 83. What is the term used today for 'martial chan'?
A) Yangsheng
B) Qigong
C) Wuchan
D) Neigong
- 84. Who was the modern Chan master that discussed the adoption of internal cultivation exercises from the Shaolin tradition?
A) Hakuin
B) Takuan Sōhō
C) Sheng Yen
D) Wang Zuyuan
- 85. What is the practice called that involves focusing the mind and vital energy on the tanden?
A) Naikan
B) Zazen
C) Kinhin
D) Shikantaza
- 86. Which Korean Seon practice is similar to the active physical training in Zen?
A) Seonji
B) Seonbul
C) Sunmudo
D) Seonrye
- 87. Which Zen master promoted the 'correspondence of the teachings and Zen'?
A) Shunryu Suzuki
B) Hakuin
C) Guifeng Zongmi
D) Dogen
- 88. What metaphor is used in Zen to describe doctrinal teachings?
A) The tree in the forest
B) The finger pointing at the moon
C) The mountain standing
D) The river flowing
- 89. What is the ultimate goal in Zen?
A) Studying Buddhist texts
B) Awakening
C) Attaining enlightenment through rituals
D) Following scriptures
- 90. Which concept is emphasized by Linji- and Rinzai-focused traditions?
A) Monastic discipline
B) Special transmission outside scriptures
C) Ritual practice
D) Scriptural study
- 91. Which Zen master is known for promoting the unity of teachings and Zen?
A) Eihei Dogen
B) Jinul
C) Shunryu Suzuki
D) Hakuin Ekaku
- 92. Which Zen tradition focuses on meditation practice?
A) Soto
B) Theravada
C) Rinzai
D) Linji
- 93. What is the significance of the 'finger' in the Zen metaphor?
A) It represents the teachings
B) It represents ignorance
C) It represents awakening
D) It represents reality
- 94. Which Zen master is associated with the 'correspondence of the teachings and Zen'?
A) Eihei Dogen
B) Yongming Yanshou
C) Shunryu Suzuki
D) Hakuin Ekaku
- 95. What is the ultimate reality in Zen?
A) Is defined by teachings
B) Is achieved through rituals
C) Is limited to scriptures
D) Transcends all concepts
- 96. What is the role of the Prajñaparamita literature in Zen?
A) Influences doctrinal teaching
B) Is opposed by Zen
C) Is only partially related to Zen
D) Is irrelevant to Zen
- 97. What is the significance of the 'finger' in Zen practice?
A) It represents ignorance
B) It represents awakening
C) It represents reality
D) It represents the teachings, not the ultimate goal
- 98. What is the Sanskrit term for Buddha-nature?
A) Bodhidharma
B) Dharmakaya
C) Sangha
D) Buddhadhātu
- 99. What metaphor did Hongzhou use to describe the true mind?
A) A flowing river
B) A clear mirror
C) A solid rock
D) A burning flame
- 100. What is the ultimate principle in Zen from which all phenomena arise?
A) Li
B) Dharma
C) Karma
D) Samsara
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