 - 1. What architectural style is associated with the Greek cross and domes in areas of Byzantine influence?
A) Byzantine architecture
B) Romanesque architecture
C) Gothic architecture
D) Baroque architecture
- 2. What type of dome was added to the Church of San Salvatore in Barzanò during its third construction phase?
A) Ribbed dome
B) Octagonal dome
C) Hemispherical dome
D) Conical dome
- 3. What structural element supports the dome at the Church of San Salvatore in Barzanò?
A) Columns
B) Squinches
C) Flying buttresses
D) Pendentives
- 4. When did octagonal cloister vaults appear in connection with basilicas throughout Europe?
A) Between 1200 and 1250
B) Between 1000 and 1050
C) Between 1050 and 1100
D) Between 1150 and 1200
- 5. In what material were octagonal cloister vaults popular in medieval Italy?
A) Stone
B) Brick
C) Marble
D) Concrete
- 6. What plan was typical for Romanesque domes?
A) Octagonal
B) Square
C) Circular
D) Hexagonal
- 7. What structural element did Romanesque domes use to translate a square bay into an octagonal base?
A) Pendentives
B) Double chevets
C) Ribbed vaults
D) Corner squinches
- 8. Where were crossing domes generally located in Romanesque churches?
A) Above the apse
B) Above the narthex
C) Above the baptistery
D) Within crossing towers
- 9. What is the term for the tower-like structure that conceals a crossing dome?
A) Transept
B) Apse
C) Nave
D) Tiburio
- 10. What architectural feature was often found near the roof of a tiburio?
A) A lantern
B) A rose window
C) Flying buttresses
D) A blind arcade
- 11. Why did the use of domes decline in Western Europe?
A) Lack of materials
B) The rise of Gothic architecture
C) Structural instability
D) Changes in religious liturgy
- 12. What structural feature replaced domes over the naves in Gothic architecture?
A) Barrel vaults
B) Hemispherical domes
C) Cloister vaults
D) Rib vaults
- 13. What structure usually focused the crossings of Gothic churches instead of domes?
A) Tall steeples
B) Blind arcades
C) Barrel vaults
D) Crossing towers
- 14. The domes of Romanesque and Early Gothic Latin-cross churches rarely spanned more than what?
A) The width of the transept
B) The width of the nave
C) The height of the steeple
D) The diameter of the apse
- 15. What style of vaulting was sometimes used for circular or octagonal spaces, resembling chevet apse vaulting?
A) Rib vault
B) Hemispherical vault
C) Cloister vault
D) Double chevet
- 16. When was the rotunda of the Abbey of St. Bénigne in Dijon built?
A) Around the 9th century
B) Around the 13th century
C) Around the 10th century
D) Around the 11th century
- 17. Which ancient building is thought to have inspired the dome of the Abbey of St. Bénigne?
A) The Hagia Sophia
B) The Parthenon
C) The Colosseum
D) The Pantheon in Rome
- 18. In what year was the Pantheon rededicated as the Church of Sancta Maria ad Martyres?
A) 613
B) 850
C) 1032
D) 1100
- 19. What architectural feature of the Abbey of St. Bénigne dome suggests Roman influence?
A) A gold-tiled exterior
B) External buttresses
C) A central oculus
D) A pointed apex
- 20. The use of squinches in Catalan domes may indicate the influence of masons from where?
A) Eastern Christianity
B) Italy
C) Al-Andalus
D) France
- 21. What characterizes the lighting in the 11th-century Romanesque domes of Catalonia?
A) They tend to be dark
B) They are brightly lit by large glass panels
C) They contain no openings at all
D) They feature stained glass windows
- 22. In what year was the church of Santa Maria de Ripoll consecrated?
A) 1040
B) 1032
C) 1132
D) 1835
- 23. When was the church of Sant Vicenç in the Castle of Cardona built?
A) By 1100
B) By 950
C) By 1032
D) By 1040
- 24. What structure covers the dome of the church at Corbera on the exterior?
A) A square belfry
B) A clay tiled roof
C) A bronze lantern
D) A wooden spire
- 25. What feature of San Pablo in Barcelona resembles churches of eastern Christianity?
A) Its wooden roofing
B) Its marble exterior
C) Its lack of windows
D) Its triapsal arrangement
- 26. What type of domes were found in the Taifas of al-Andalus?
A) Bulbous domes
B) Pendentive domes
C) Crossed-arch domes
D) Hemispherical squinch domes
- 27. What region in France began using domes on pendentives after 1095?
A) Aquitaine
B) Brittany
C) Provence
D) Normandy
- 28. What shape did Ayyubid dynasty domes tend to be?
A) Bulbous
B) Smooth
C) Pointed
D) Ribbed
- 29. In Italy, which type of structures frequently used domes starting in the 11th century?
A) Royal palaces
B) Baptisteries
C) Public baths
D) City walls
- 30. Which specific baptistery featured a turret over the dome that was unconnected to the space below?
A) Novara
B) Galliano
C) S. Ponzo Canavese
D) Biella
- 31. Which Ottonian building was influenced by the 4th-century structure at St. Gereon?
A) Deutz Abbey
B) Bamberg Imperial Palace
C) Ottmarsheim Church
D) Essen Minster
- 32. The Palatine Chapel at Aachen was copied by the church in which location?
A) Ottmarsheim
B) Paris
C) Rome
D) Cordoba
- 33. In what year was the church of Sant Miquel in Cruïlles consecrated?
A) 1050
B) 1133
C) 1035
D) 1092
- 34. The Mosque of Cristo de la Luz contains how many bays?
A) Eleven
B) Seven
C) Nine
D) Six
- 35. The Mosque of Cristo de la Luz was built approximately how many years after the crossed-arch domes of the Great Mosque of Córdoba?
A) 100 years
B) 25 years
C) 50 years
D) 150 years
- 36. The Capilla de Belen in Santa Fe de Toledo is located in what region?
A) Cruïlles
B) Toledo
C) Aswān
D) Zaragoza
- 37. Who were the sovereigns of Toledo during the possible 11th-century construction of the Capilla de Belen?
A) Banu Du-l-Nun
B) Sultan Baybars
C) Ibn Jafar Al-Muqtadir
D) Fatimid
- 38. The Aljafería Palace is located in which Taifa?
A) Córdoba
B) Zaragoza
C) Cruïlles
D) Toledo
- 39. Who was the ruler of Zaragoza between 1049 and 1081?
A) Sultan Baybars
B) Ibn Jafar Al-Muqtadir
C) Sayyida Ruqayya
D) Banu Du-l-Nun
- 40. The dome of the Church of Santa Maria in Portonovo was potentially built during which time frame?
A) 1050-1150
B) 1120-1130
C) 1034-1050
D) 1094-1121
- 41. What type of squinches were used in the local brick dome technique of Egypt in the 11th century?
A) Conical or stepped arch
B) Flat or triangular arch
C) Trefoil or pointed arch
D) Round or scalloped arch
- 42. How many examples of domes with early brick muqarnas elements are noted between 1050 and 1150?
A) 3
B) 16
C) 11
D) 9
- 43. What is the diameter of the largest muqarnas dome listed, the Mashhad Yaḥyā al-Shabīh?
A) 11 meters
B) 5.5 meters
C) 7.58 meters
D) 3 meters
- 44. What standard width are most of the muqarnas domes mentioned?
A) 3 meters
B) 5 meters
C) 7.58 meters
D) 2 meters
- 45. The tomb at Qūṣ used what to create a sixteen-sided base for the dome?
A) Small trefoil arches
B) Brick muqarnas
C) Windows
D) Pointed squinches
- 46. How many layers of brick muqarnas form the diagonal trefoil arch in most of these domes?
A) Three
B) Two
C) One
D) Four
- 47. What model was the Chapel of our Lady at the Imperial Palace of Goslar said to be based on?
A) The Aachen church
B) Pisa Cathedral
C) Speyer Cathedral
D) The Pantheon
- 48. What is the earliest recorded use of an octagonal cloister vault within an external housing at the crossing of a cruciform church?
A) San Michele Maggiore
B) San Nazaro
C) Acqui Cathedral
D) Sant'Ambrogio
- 49. Which church in Milan was the first Lombard church to feature a lantern tower concealing an octagonal cloister vault?
A) Sant'Ambrogio
B) Cremona Baptistery
C) San Nazaro
D) San Lorenzo
- 50. Which emperor provided funding for the construction of Pisa Cathedral in 1089?
A) Nicholas II
B) Henry IV
C) Henry V
D) Charlemagne
- 51. Which Imperial Cathedral is the burial church of the Salian dynasty?
A) Pavia Cathedral
B) Mainz Cathedral
C) Worms Cathedral
D) Speyer Cathedral
- 52. What feature was added to the east crossing of the renovated Speyer Cathedral?
A) A wooden tension ring
B) A marble tambour
C) A dwarf gallery
D) A pointed oculus
- 53. What shape is the high dome found at the crossing of Pisa Cathedral?
A) Elliptical
B) Circular
C) Pyramidal
D) Octagonal
- 54. Who commissioned the lantern above the dome of the Florence Baptistery?
A) Emperor Henry IV
B) Brunelleschi
C) The Calimala Guild
D) Pope Nicholas II
- 55. What is the ratio of wall thickness to external diameter for the dome of the Florence Baptistery?
A) 1/5
B) 1/15
C) 1/10
D) 1/20
- 56. When was an iron ring added to the dome of the Florence Baptistery to help counteract spreading forces?
A) 1896
B) 1514
C) 1059
D) 1270
- 57. Which building's dome served as an inspiration for the proportions of the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore?
A) Speyer Cathedral
B) Pantheon
C) Florence Baptistery
D) Pisa Cathedral
- 58. In what year was the rectangular church of Neuvy-Saint-Sépulchre built?
A) 1075
B) 1200
C) 1100
D) 1045
- 59. What unusual material does the dome at the Collegiate Church of St-Martin at Angers reportedly incorporate?
A) Pottery
B) Lightweight volcanic stone
C) Reinforced timber beams
D) Tufa blocks
- 60. How many octagonal domes are found over the nave of Le Puy Cathedral?
A) Seven
B) Four
C) Two
D) Six
- 61. According to the text, what is the origin of the nave domes at Saint Hilaire at Poitiers?
A) 12th-century crusaders
B) 19th-century restorers
C) The original Romanesque construction
D) 11th-century builders
- 62. What architectural support is used for the domes in Auvergne churches that are hidden beneath octagonal towers?
A) Central pillars
B) Corbelled arches
C) Hidden buttressing shoulders
D) Flying screen walls
- 63. Which event led to the destruction and replacement of the dome at the church of Gerény?
A) Tatar invasion
B) Great fire of 1241
C) Ottoman conquest
D) Structural collapse
- 64. What is the primary material of the centralized Romanesque churches in Hungary before the 13th century?
A) Marble
B) Brick
C) Wood
D) Stone
- 65. The design of Santa Fosca on the island of Torcello follows which plan?
A) Circular rotunda
B) Centralized square
C) Latin cross hexagon
D) Greek cross octagon
- 66. How many domes vault the interior of St. Mark's Basilica?
A) Nine
B) Three
C) Five
D) Seven
- 67. When were the tall outer shells of St. Mark's Basilica added?
A) In the 14th century
B) Between 1063 and 1072
C) After 1204
D) During the initial construction
- 68. What benefit did the use of two distinct dome shells provide at St. Mark's?
A) Increased interior light
B) Improved weather protection
C) Better acoustic resonance
D) Stronger earthquake resistance
- 69. Which potential influence is cited for the onion-shaped cupolas added to St. Mark's?
A) Egyptian funerary architecture
B) Roman vaulting techniques
C) Persian wooden pavilions
D) Slavic bell towers
- 70. What was added later to St. Mark's domes to resist lateral movement?
A) Stone anchors
B) Buttressing walls
C) Steel cables
D) Iron chains
- 71. When was San Giacomo di Rialto rebuilt and consecrated?
A) 1430
B) 1333
C) 1097
D) 1197
- 72. Which region contains the highest concentration of Romanesque domed churches in France?
A) Limousin
B) Brittany
C) Normandy
D) Périgord
- 73. The Padua Baptistery dome is built on what specific structural support?
A) Dwarf galleries
B) Pendentives
C) Flying buttresses
D) Squinches
- 74. What happened to the dome of the Basilica of San Lorenzo in 1573?
A) It was expanded
B) It was demolished for the Renaissance
C) It collapsed
D) It was struck by lightning
- 75. How many squinches supported the Romanesque dome of San Lorenzo in Milan to create a sixteen-sided base?
A) Twelve
B) Four
C) Eight
D) Sixteen
- 76. Siena Cathedral's dome was built over what unusual geometric shape?
A) Square
B) Circle
C) Hexagon
D) Octagon
- 77. How many domes are featured in the Basilica of St. Anthony of Padua?
A) Seven
B) Eight
C) Nine
D) Six
- 78. What structural feature covers the crossing dome of the Basilica of St. Anthony of Padua externally?
A) A flat lead roof
B) A hemispherical drum
C) A lantern
D) A conical spire
- 79. What is the shape of the nave at St. Gereon's Basilica?
A) Octagon
B) Decagon
C) Square
D) Circle
- 80. When was the domed nave of St. Gereon's Basilica built?
A) 1219-1227
B) 1300-1310
C) 1150-1160
D) 1000-1010
- 81. What structure existed beneath St. Gereon's Basilica before the dome was built?
A) Frankish palace
B) 4th-century Roman mausoleum
C) Roman amphitheater
D) Earlier Gothic cathedral
- 82. Who may have used St. Gereon's Basilica as a burial place before it was a church?
A) German merchants
B) Frankish kings
C) Cologne bishops
D) Roman emperors
- 83. In which city is the Church of the Holy Apostles located?
A) Florence
B) Cologne
C) Rome
D) Worms
- 84. How many stories high is the ribbed domical vault of St. Gereon's Basilica?
A) Four
B) Ten
C) Six
D) Two
- 85. The Qubbat Barudiyyin dome blends styles from Cordoba and which other city?
A) Baghdad
B) Cairo
C) Damascus
D) Marrakesh
- 86. What shape is formed at the peak of the exterior dome of the Qubbat Barudiyyin?
A) A seven-pointed star
B) A five-pointed star
C) A circle
D) A crescent
- 87. What is the likely original purpose of the Qubbat Barudiyyin?
A) A military watchtower
B) A private library
C) A shelter for a fountain
D) A royal tomb
- 88. Which dynasty destroyed most Almoravid structures in Marrakesh?
A) Fatimid
B) Abbasids
C) Ayyubids
D) Almohads
- 89. What kind of decoration is found on the exterior of the Qarawiyyin Mosque dome?
A) Chevron
B) Interlaced arches
C) Muqarnas
D) Vertical zig-zag
- 90. What feature did Ayyubids use to replace the curved squinch forms of the Fatimids?
A) Angular forms
B) Columns
C) Pendentives
D) Corbelling
- 91. Who rebuilt the dome of the Al-Aqsa Mosque after conquering Jerusalem?
A) Al-Mu'azzam Isa
B) As-Salih Ayyub
C) Saladin
D) Az-Zahir Ghazi
- 92. The Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi'i features the earliest example of which structural element?
A) Wooden double dome
B) Muqarnas pendentive
C) Three-tiered squinch
D) Sixteen-sided drum
- 93. The Al-Tawbah Mosque in Damascus features a dome supported by what type of drum?
A) Circular
B) Twelve-sided
C) Sixteen-sided
D) Eight-sided
- 94. What was the purpose of the domes at Ayyubid and Mamluk madrasas in Cairo?
A) Funerary
B) Defensive
C) Public bathing
D) Residential
- 95. What was the largest dome in Egypt before the Salihiyya Madrasa was built?
A) Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi'i
B) Dome of the Rock
C) The text does not name a specific predecessor
D) Fatimid Eastern Palace dome
- 96. In the Yemen area, which dynasty built the earliest surviving domed mosques?
A) Ayyubids
B) Bahri Mamluks
C) Fatimid
D) Rasulids
- 97. Which structure, built before 1258, features domes at the corners of its forecourt arcades?
A) Asadiyya Madrasa
B) Salihiyya Madrasa
C) Mausoleum of Sultan Qalawun
D) Mudhaffar Mosque
- 98. Approximately how many domes were built in Cairo over 250 years for Mamluk sultans and emirs?
A) 750
B) 250
C) 400
D) 100
- 99. Which group innovated in structural and decorative techniques rather than following Ayyubid architectural rules for transitional zones?
A) Bahri Mamluks
B) Fatimid architects
C) Rasulids
D) Ayyubids
- 100. Where were pendentives first used before being adopted in Cairo?
A) Ibb
B) Isfahan
C) Aleppo
D) Ta'izz
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