Six Sigma - Quiz
  • 1. According to John Dodge, is the use of Six Sigma appropriate in a research environment?
A) Only in basic research
B) No
C) Only for pure research
D) Yes
  • 2. What does John Dodge state that Six Sigma's intense focus on reducing variability does to the discovery process?
A) Speeds it up
B) Improves it
C) Waters it down
D) Enhances it
  • 3. According to John Dodge, what side of discovery is stifled under Six Sigma?
A) The documented side
B) The serendipitous side
C) The analytical side
D) The commercial side
  • 4. What nature of brainstorming does John Dodge say is stifled under Six Sigma?
A) Metric-driven
B) Measured
C) Structured
D) Free-wheeling
  • 5. According to John Dodge, where does Six Sigma work best?
A) Blue skies research projects
B) Pure basic research
C) Unstructured brainstorming environments
D) Incremental innovation when there's an expressed commercial goal
  • 6. Whose introduction of Six Sigma at 3M had the effect of stifling creativity?
A) James McNerney's
B) Andy Neely's
C) John Dodge's
D) Yasar Jarrar's
  • 7. What publication reported the removal of Six Sigma from 3M's research function?
A) BusinessWeek
B) Cranfield School report
C) Design News
D) Going Lean
  • 8. Which school's professors are cited as saying Six Sigma leads to incremental innovation at the expense of blue skies research?
A) Stanford Graduate School
B) Wharton School
C) Harvard Business School
D) Cranfield School of Management
  • 9. What book explores the phenomenon of Six Sigma leading to incremental innovation at the expense of blue skies research?
A) Six Sigma Success
B) BusinessWeek
C) Design News
D) Going Lean
  • 10. According to the book Going Lean, what approach is described as related to Six Sigma?
A) Lean dynamics
B) Free-wheeling brainstorming
C) Blue skies research
D) Academic rigor
  • 11. What did data in the book Going Lean show about Ford's 6 Sigma program?
A) It enhanced blue skies research
B) It eliminated all variability
C) It did little to change its fortunes
D) It greatly increased commercial success
  • 12. Who criticized Six Sigma for potentially unduly dominating an organization's culture?
A) Yasar Jarrar and Andy Neely
B) BusinessWeek editors
C) Latzko and Ford
D) John Dodge and James McNerney
  • 13. What does much of the Six Sigma literature lack, according to Jarrar and Neely?
A) Academic rigor
B) Commercial goals
C) Case studies from GE
D) Website illustrations
  • 14. What is presented as the strongest evidence for Six Sigma's success?
A) Engineered metric reports
B) Government statistics
C) Academic peer-reviewed journals
D) Documented case studies
  • 15. Apart from leading organizations like GE and Motorola, how are most Six Sigma case studies illustrated?
A) In academic textbooks
B) In government archives
C) In peer-reviewed journals
D) On websites
  • 16. How are most documented cases of Six Sigma described aside from those from GE and Motorola?
A) Systemic
B) Extremely rigorous
C) Empirically proven
D) Sketchy
  • 17. What do the majority of website-illustrated case studies fail to mention?
A) The date of implementation
B) The name of the company involved
C) The commercial goal
D) Specific Six Sigma methods that were used
  • 18. According to Latzko (1995), what does management rely on that lulls them into the idea that something is being done about quality?
A) Six Sigma criteria
B) Lean dynamics
C) Academic rigor
D) Blue skies research
  • 19. According to Latzko (1995), when management relies on Six Sigma criteria, any resulting improvement is considered what?
A) Accidental
B) Guaranteed
C) Empirical
D) Systemic
  • 20. Who puts forward most of the evidence for Six Sigma's success?
A) Consultants and people with vested interests
B) Wharton School professors
C) Independent academic researchers
D) Cranfield School faculty
  • 21. Instead of making true improvements with Six Sigma, what does the text suggest people might just be getting skilled at?
A) Reducing variability
B) Conducting pure research
C) Brainstorming freely
D) Telling stories
  • 22. Achieving sustained quality improvement requires commitment from whom?
A) External consultants exclusively
B) Only the entry-level manufacturing staff
C) The entire organization, particularly top-level management
D) The customer base alone
  • 23. What did lean management and Six Sigma both get influenced by?
A) Nineteenth-century railway operations
B) Medieval guild practices
C) Ancient agricultural traditions
D) Japanese business culture
  • 24. Whose responsibility is it to prioritize areas of improvement?
A) Regulatory government bodies
B) Management of the organization
C) External auditors
D) Suppliers of raw materials
  • 25. Which thinker inspired the project methodologies used in Six Sigma?
A) Henry Ford
B) W. Edwards Deming
C) Max Weber
D) Frederick Winslow Taylor
  • 26. Which cycle inspired Six Sigma project methodologies?
A) Forecast-Execute-Review Cycle
B) Design-Build-Test-Release Cycle
C) Plan-Do-Study-Act Cycle
D) Analyze-Design-Deploy Cycle
  • 27. How many phases do Six Sigma project methodologies have?
A) Three phases
B) Five phases
C) Seven phases
D) Ten phases
  • 28. What is DMADV used for?
A) Projects aimed at creating new product or process designs
B) Improving existing business processes
C) Routine financial auditing
D) Daily customer support operations
  • 29. What is the first phase of the standard DMAIC methodology?
A) Measure
B) Improve
C) Analyze
D) Define
  • 30. What is the second phase of the standard DMAIC methodology?
A) Measure
B) Define
C) Control
D) Improve
  • 31. What is the third phase of the standard DMAIC methodology?
A) Control
B) Measure
C) Define
D) Analyze
  • 32. What is the fourth phase of the standard DMAIC methodology?
A) Define
B) Control
C) Analyze
D) Improve
  • 33. What is the fifth phase of the standard DMAIC methodology?
A) Analyze
B) Measure
C) Control
D) Improve
  • 34. During the Measure phase of DMAIC, what is calculated?
A) The 'as-is' process capability
B) The future state defect rate
C) The executive compensation package
D) The ultimate financial return on investment
  • 35. What is another term for mistake proofing used in the Improve phase?
A) Kaizen
B) Kanban
C) Poka yoke
D) Andon
  • 36. What is set up during the Improve phase to establish process capability?
A) Customer feedback forms
B) Initial brainstorming sessions
C) Pilot runs
D) Long-term visual workplaces
  • 37. What is the purpose of the Control phase in DMAIC?
A) Ensure any deviations from the target are corrected before they result in defects
B) Identify the voice of the customer
C) Calculate the 'as-is' process capability
D) Investigate cause and effect relationships
  • 38. How long is the DMAIC process repeated?
A) Until the budget is completely exhausted
B) Until the desired quality level is obtained
C) Only for exactly one week
D) Until management decides to cancel all projects
  • 39. What step do some organizations add to the beginning of DMAIC?
A) Outsource
B) Terminate
C) Ignore
D) Recognize
  • 40. What acronym is formed when the Recognize step is added to DMAIC?
A) DMADV
B) RDMAIC
C) DPMO
D) PDSA
  • 41. Who introduced Six Sigma?
A) Frederick Taylor
B) Henry Ford
C) Jack Welch
D) Bill Smith
  • 42. At which company was Six Sigma introduced?
A) Motorola
B) Honeywell
C) General Electric
D) Toyota
  • 43. In what year was Six Sigma introduced?
A) 1986
B) 1991
C) 2005
D) 1995
  • 44. What does Six Sigma aim to minimize in manufacturing and business processes?
A) Productivity
B) Variability
C) Technology
D) Innovation
  • 45. When did Motorola register Six Sigma as a service mark?
A) January 1, 1986
B) June 11, 1991
C) December 28, 1993
D) October 15, 1995
  • 46. When did Motorola register Six Sigma as a trademark?
A) June 11, 1991
B) July 4, 1998
C) November 20, 2005
D) December 28, 1993
  • 47. How much in savings did Motorola attribute to Six Sigma by 2005?
A) Over $350 million
B) Over $1 billion
C) Over $50 million
D) Over $17 billion
  • 48. Which company was an early adopter of Six Sigma along with Motorola?
A) Microsoft
B) Toyota
C) Honeywell
D) Apple
  • 49. Which company made Six Sigma central to its business strategy in 1995?
A) Motorola
B) General Electric
C) Honeywell
D) Ford
  • 50. Who was the CEO of General Electric in 1995 who championed Six Sigma?
A) Jack Welch
B) Bill Smith
C) Elon Musk
D) Jeff Bezos
  • 51. How much in cost savings did General Electric announce in 1998 thanks to Six Sigma?
A) $5 billion
B) $350 million
C) $17 billion
D) $10 million
  • 52. Approximately what fraction of Fortune 500 organizations had begun Six Sigma initiatives by the late 1990s?
A) About one quarter
B) All of them
C) About one tenth
D) About two thirds
  • 53. In what year was the ISO standard defining a Six Sigma process published?
A) 2005
B) 2011
C) 1986
D) 1993
  • 54. What profession did Bill Smith have?
A) Human resources specialist
B) Accountant
C) Sales manager
D) Engineer
  • 55. What did GE's cost savings from Six Sigma eventually grow to exceed?
A) $500 million
B) $1 billion
C) $17 billion
D) $100 million
  • 56. What is the abbreviation for defects per million opportunities?
A) DPMO
B) FPMO
C) DPM
D) SDO
  • 57. Who explained the ± 1.5 sigma shift?
A) W. Edwards Deming
B) Bill Smith
C) Kaoru Ishikawa
D) Mikel Harry
  • 58. What Greek letter represents the mean?
A) λ (lambda)
B) σ (sigma)
C) μ (mu)
D) θ (theta)
  • 59. What distribution was proposed in 2004 as suitable for non-normal process data?
A) The binomial distribution
B) The standard normal distribution
C) The Poisson distribution
D) The generalized lambda distribution
  • 60. In the DMADV methodology, what does the letter 'C' in CTQ stand for?
A) Capable
B) Customer
C) Consistent
D) Critical
  • 61. What system does Six Sigma's elite ranking terminology resemble?
A) Corporate board designations
B) Martial arts systems like judo
C) Academic degree hierarchies
D) Military ranking structures
  • 62. Who draws Champions from upper management?
A) Master Black Belts
B) Executive Leadership
C) Black Belts
D) The CEO alone
  • 63. Whose mentors are the Champions?
A) Executive Leadership
B) Master Black Belts
C) Black Belts
D) Green Belts
  • 64. Who identifies Master Black Belts?
A) Champions
B) The CEO
C) Executive Leadership
D) Black Belts
  • 65. Who acts as in-house coaches on Six Sigma and devotes all of their time to it?
A) Master Black Belts
B) Yellow Belts
C) Executive Leadership
D) Green Belts
  • 66. Which practitioners take up Six Sigma implementation along with their other job responsibilities?
A) Champions
B) Black Belts
C) Master Black Belts
D) Green Belts
  • 67. What belt color is used for employees with basic training in Six Sigma tools who generally participate in projects?
A) White belt
B) Green belt
C) Orange belt
D) Yellow belt
  • 68. Which belt is used for those locally trained in the concepts who do NOT participate in the project team?
A) Yellow belt
B) White belt
C) Green belt
D) Orange belt
  • 69. Which belt is mentioned to be used for special cases?
A) Orange belt
B) Green belt
C) Yellow belt
D) White belt
  • 70. In what decade did many organizations start offering Six Sigma certifications to their employees?
A) The 1980s
B) The 2000s
C) The 1990s
D) The 1970s
  • 71. How do processes generally perform in the long term compared to the short term, according to experience?
A) Not as well
B) Better
C) Identically
D) More predictably
  • 72. What term did Mikel Harry use to describe his method of stacking discs?
A) Harrying
B) Sigma-shifting
C) Stack-tuning
D) Benderizing
  • 73. According to Mikel Harry's idea, how often do all processes shift 1.5 sigma?
A) Every 50 samples
B) Every 1000 samples
C) Every 10 samples
D) Every 100 samples
  • 74. How many defective parts per million opportunities (DPMO) does a widely accepted 6 sigma process produce?
A) 6.0
B) 1.5
C) 3.4
D) 4.5
  • 75. What do the figures in the provided table assume regarding specification limits?
A) No specification limits
B) Symmetric specification limits
C) A one-sided specification limit
D) A two-sided specification limit
  • 76. What is the short-term Cpk value mentioned for 1 sigma before the shift?
A) 0.50
B) -0.17
C) 0.33
D) 1.00
  • 77. In what type of organizations does Six Sigma mostly find application?
A) Government agencies only
B) Non-profit organizations
C) Small organizations
D) Large organizations
  • 78. According to Thomas Pyzdek and John Kullmann, companies with how many employees are less suited to standard Six Sigma?
A) More than 500
B) Fewer than 100
C) More than 1,000
D) Fewer than 500
  • 79. Can small to mid-size organizations successfully use Six Sigma tools and techniques?
A) Yes
B) Only if they hire consultants
C) Only if they have black belts
D) No
  • 80. Construction waste was reduced by what percentage at Tianjin Xianyi Construction Technology?
A) 10.4%
B) 67%
C) 24%
D) 26.2%
  • 81. By what percentage did Bank of America decrease customer issues using Six Sigma?
A) 10.4%
B) 24%
C) 26.2%
D) 67%
  • 82. Which financial company eliminated non-received renewal credit cards using Six Sigma?
A) JPMorgan Chase
B) American Express
C) GE Capital
D) Bank of America
  • 83. What variation did Six Sigma help reduce in financial institutions?
A) Collector performance
B) Initial investment
C) Construction time
D) Customer satisfaction
  • 84. How does Six Sigma ensure quality control in the supply chain?
A) By changing the schematic diagram for the supply chain
B) By increasing the number of suppliers
C) By lowering quality standards
D) By reducing delivery times
  • 85. By how much was patients' preparation time reduced in multiple cases at the MD Anderson Cancer Center?
A) 20 minutes
B) 40 minutes
C) 60 minutes
D) 10 minutes
  • 86. When was Lean Six Sigma adopted at Stanford hospitals?
A) 2002
B) 2010
C) 2003
D) 1995
  • 87. When was Lean Six Sigma introduced at Red Cross hospitals?
A) 2002
B) 2003
C) 1995
D) 2010
  • 88. How many common failure factors were found in academic literature from 56 papers between 1995 and 2013?
A) 34
B) 10
C) 56
D) 100
  • 89. Who described Six Sigma as "a basic version of quality improvement" with "nothing new there"?
A) The Wall Street Journal
B) Stanford researchers
C) Philip B. Crosby
D) Joseph M. Juran
  • 90. According to Joseph M. Juran, what did the American Society for Quality long ago establish certificates for?
A) Reliability engineers
B) Supply chain managers
C) Healthcare administrators
D) Six Sigma Black Belts
  • 91. Who stated that the Six Sigma standard does not go far enough and permits all microchips to be defective?
A) Joseph M. Juran
B) Philip B. Crosby
C) The Red Cross
D) MD Anderson Cancer Center
  • 92. According to a Fortune article, what percentage of 58 large companies with Six Sigma programs trailed the S&P 500?
A) 100%
B) 91%
C) 58%
D) 50%
  • 93. Who was the analysis cited in the Fortune article attributed to?
A) An anonymous CEO
B) Donald J. Wheeler
C) A Fortune journalist
D) Charles Holland
  • 94. Which consulting firm does Charles Holland work for?
A) Qualpro
B) S&P Global
C) Process Dynamics
D) Six Sigma Institute
  • 95. In Six Sigma, more attention is typically paid to reducing variation and searching for what?
A) Disruptive technologies
B) Double-loop learning
C) Significant factors
D) Workforce creativity
  • 96. What is paid less attention to, which could altogether eliminate the need for reducing variation?
A) P-value calculations
B) Significance testing
C) Exploratory model building
D) Developing robustness
  • 97. Which oft-mentioned theory seems to be flawed if looked at in detail?
A) Qualpro improvement process
B) Transfer Function
C) Double-loop learning
D) S&P 500 trailing theory
  • 98. Which publication featured a 2006 article critical of Six Sigma's single paradigmatic orientation?
A) Qualpro Journal of Quality
B) Statistical Science Review
C) USA Army Logistician
D) Fortune magazine
  • 99. Who dismissed the 1.5 sigma shift as goofy because of its arbitrary nature?
A) Donald J. Wheeler
B) Charles Holland
C) A USA Army Logistician writer
D) An unnamed Fortune analyst
  • 100. What has the fact that a '6 sigma' process has a 4.5 sigma long-term defect rate led several commentators to call Six Sigma?
A) A flawless statistical model
B) A confidence trick
C) A disruptive technology
D) A complete double-loop learning tool
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