Pythagoras - Quiz
Pythagoras
  • 1. Where was Pythagoras originally from?
A) Metapontum
B) Croton
C) Samos
D) Athens
  • 2. What is Pythagoras the eponymous founder of?
A) Pythagoreanism
B) Aristotelianism
C) Platonism
D) Neopythagoreanism
  • 3. Which philosophers' teachings were influenced by Pythagoras's political and religious teachings?
A) Xenophanes and Heraclitus
B) Plato and Aristotle
C) Aristotle and Socrates
D) Socrates and Plato
  • 4. Around what year did Pythagoras travel to Croton in southern Italy?
A) 510 BC
B) 570 BC
C) 530 BC
D) 495 BC
  • 5. What kind of lifestyle did initiates live in the school founded by Pythagoras?
A) Nomadic and transient
B) Wealthy and solitary
C) Political and lavish
D) Communal and ascetic
  • 6. What were initiates in Pythagoras's school allegedly sworn to?
A) Secrecy
B) Poverty
C) Silence
D) Celibacy
  • 7. Which of the following is credited to Pythagoras in antiquity?
A) Laws of motion
B) The theory of relativity
C) The Pythagorean theorem
D) Calculus
  • 8. What planet was identified by Pythagoras as both the morning and evening stars?
A) Venus
B) Jupiter
C) Saturn
D) Mars
  • 9. Into how many climatic zones did Pythagoras divide the globe?
A) Four
B) Three
C) Five
D) Seven
  • 10. Who was reputedly the first man to call himself a philosopher?
A) Socrates
B) Pythagoras
C) Aristotle
D) Plato
  • 11. What does the term 'philosopher' mean according to the text?
A) Lover of wisdom
B) Seeker of truth
C) Student of nature
D) Master of logic
  • 12. Who are some colleagues or successors suggested to have made discoveries credited to Pythagoras?
A) Xenophanes and Heraclitus
B) Plato and Aristotle
C) Hippasus and Philolaus
D) Porphyry and Iamblichus
  • 13. What teaching is most securely identified with Pythagoras?
A) Geocentrism
B) Atomic theory
C) Transmigration of souls
D) Heliocentrism
  • 14. What is another name for the transmigration of souls?
A) Polymathy
B) Neopythagoreanism
C) Musica universalis
D) Metempsychosis
  • 15. What does the doctrine of musica universalis hold?
A) Earth is the center of the universe
B) Stars are stationary and eternal
C) Planets move according to mathematical ratios
D) Music can heal physical ailments
  • 16. Around what year did Croton achieve a decisive victory over Sybaris?
A) 570 BC
B) 510 BC
C) 530 BC
D) 495 BC
  • 17. With whom did Pythagoras's followers come into conflict after the victory over Sybaris?
A) Followers of Aristotle
B) Roman soldiers
C) Supporters of monarchy
D) Supporters of democracy
  • 18. What happened to the meeting houses of Pythagoras's followers during the conflict?
A) They were burned
B) They were abandoned
C) They were converted into temples
D) They were confiscated
  • 19. Where might Pythagoras have escaped to before dying during the persecution?
A) Sparta
B) Samos
C) Athens
D) Metapontum
  • 20. Which of Plato's dialogues exhibits Pythagorean ideas?
A) Republic
B) Timaeus
C) Symposium
D) Phaedo
  • 21. When did a major revival of Pythagoras's teachings occur?
A) First century BC
B) Fifth century BC
C) First century AD
D) Middle Ages
  • 22. What movement coincided with the major revival of Pythagorean teachings?
A) Romanticism
B) Enlightenment
C) Neopythagoreanism
D) Renaissance humanism
  • 23. Which scientist was influenced by Pythagoreanism?
A) Charles Darwin
B) Galileo Galilei
C) Isaac Newton
D) Albert Einstein
  • 24. Which astronomer was influenced by Pythagoreanism alongside Nicolaus Copernicus?
A) Tycho Brahe
B) Johannes Kepler
C) Edwin Hubble
D) Ptolemy
  • 25. Whose work portrayed Pythagoras's teachings in a way that influenced the modern vegetarian movement?
A) Plato's Republic
B) Homer's Iliad
C) Aristotle's Metaphysics
D) Ovid's Metamorphoses
  • 26. What kind of writings by Pythagoras have survived?
A) None
B) Poetic verses
C) Letters and essays
D) Mathematical treatises
  • 27. Who wrote the earliest brief and ambiguous sources on Pythagoras's life?
A) Porphyry and Iamblichus
B) Xenophanes and Heraclitus
C) Diogenes Laërtius and Aristotle
D) Plato and Socrates
  • 28. Who wrote the three biographies from late antiquity that are major sources on Pythagoras's life?
A) Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates
B) Diogenes Laërtius, Porphyry, and Iamblichus
C) Xenophanes, Heraclitus, and Herodotus
D) Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton
  • 29. Whose students from the 4th century BC provided reliable material used by Porphyry and Iamblichus?
A) Aristotle
B) Pythagoras
C) Plato
D) Socrates
  • 30. Which of Aristotle's students provided material used in later biographies of Pythagoras?
A) Epicurus
B) Aristoxenus
C) Zenon
D) Theophrastus
  • 31. Which student of Aristotle, alongside Dicaearchus and Aristoxenus, wrote earlier writings on Pythagoras?
A) Ion of Chios
B) Heraclides Ponticus
C) Philolaus
D) Empedocles
  • 32. Are there details in the life of Pythagoras that stand completely uncontradicted?
A) No, not a single detail stands uncontradicted.
B) Only his date of birth is undisputed.
C) Yes, his early life is well documented without contradiction.
D) Only his parentage is universally agreed upon.
  • 33. What was Pythagoras's father, Mnesarchus, said to have been?
A) A gem-engraver or a wealthy merchant
B) A famous architect
C) A priest of Apollo
D) A military general
  • 34. What was the name of Pythagoras's mother according to Apollonius of Tyana?
A) Aspasia
B) Theano
C) Diotima
D) Pythaïs
  • 35. With which deity was Pythagoras's name associated?
A) Hermes
B) Dionysus
C) Zeus
D) Pythian Apollo
  • 36. How did Aristippus of Cyrene explain the origin of Pythagoras's name in the 4th century BC?
A) By claiming he was born near the temple of Apollo
B) By connecting it to his mother's lineage
C) By saying he spoke the truth no less than the Pythian
D) By stating he was named after a mythical snake
  • 37. Which historian living in Miletus was a contemporary of Pythagoras?
A) Herodotus
B) Hecataeus
C) Thucydides
D) Xenophon
  • 38. Which Pharaoh allegedly taught the Egyptian language to Pythagoras?
A) Psamtik I
B) Amasis II
C) Necho II
D) Apries
  • 39. Where did Pythagoras study with Egyptian priests according to the text?
A) Memphis
B) Alexandria
C) Diospolis
D) Giza
  • 40. What unique privilege was Pythagoras granted among foreigners while in Egypt?
A) Ruling over a province
B) Viewing the royal treasury
C) Marrying into the royal family
D) Taking part in the Egyptian priests' worship
  • 41. Who did some ancient writers claim taught Pythagoras besides the Egyptians?
A) The Spartan generals
B) The Magi in Persia
C) The Athenian philosophers
D) The Roman senators
  • 42. Which specific Persian figure was reputed by some to have taught Pythagoras?
A) Zoroaster
B) Cyrus the Great
C) Xerxes
D) Darius the Great
  • 43. What subject were the Phoenicians reputed to have taught Pythagoras?
A) Arithmetic
B) Astronomy
C) Architecture
D) Medicine
  • 44. What subject were the Chaldeans reputed to have taught Pythagoras?
A) Arithmetic
B) Philosophy
C) Geometry
D) Astronomy
  • 45. Who reported in the third century AD that Pythagoras studied under sages or gymnosophists in India?
A) Philostratus
B) Aristoxenus
C) Herodotus
D) Iamblichus
  • 46. Which philosopher was Anaximander a pupil of?
A) Hermodamas
B) Thales
C) Pythagoras
D) Pherecydes
  • 47. What mythic bard do some traditions claim as Pythagoras's teacher?
A) Homer
B) Aglaophamus
C) Orpheus
D) Epimenides
  • 48. In what dialect was the 'sacred discourse' on the gods written, according to the Neoplatonists?
A) Doric Greek
B) Attic Greek
C) Ionic Greek
D) Samian Greek
  • 49. Who was the Orphic priest who supposedly dictated the sacred discourse to Pythagoras upon his initiation at Leibethra?
A) Aglaophamus
B) Antonius Diogenes
C) Apollonius Paradoxographus
D) Nicomachus
  • 50. According to Riedweg, Pythagoras's teachings were definitely influenced to a noteworthy extent by what?
A) Doric poetry
B) Egyptian mathematics
C) Orphism
D) Samian rhapsodies
  • 51. What is one of the miracle stories told about both Pythagoras and Pherecydes?
A) Walking on water
B) Healing the blind
C) Predicting a shipwreck
D) Turning water into wine
  • 52. What event did both Pythagoras and Pherecydes predict in the shared miracle stories?
A) A volcanic eruption
B) A great famine
C) A solar eclipse
D) An earthquake
  • 53. Who identified Pythagoras's thaumaturgic ideas as a result of Pherecydes's influence?
A) Apollonius Paradoxographus
B) Iamblichus
C) Antonius Diogenes
D) Diogenes Laërtius
  • 54. Which philosopher is the source for the story about Pythagoras returning to care for a dying Pherecydes?
A) Nicomachus
B) Aglaophamus
C) Duris
D) Riedweg
  • 55. On what island was Pherecydes old and dying when Pythagoras returned to care for him?
A) Delos
B) Samos
C) Crete
D) Leibethra
  • 56. What was the name of the school Pythagoras founded while still on Samos?
A) "croton"
B) "semicircle"
C) "magna graecia"
D) "rotunda"
  • 57. Where did Pythagoras dwell to study in private?
A) A royal palace
B) A public theater
C) A secret cave
D) The town hall
  • 58. According to Christoph Riedweg, Antiphon's account regarding the specific building on Samos appears to be motivated by what?
A) Samian patriotic interest
B) A desire to defame Pythagoras
C) Financial gain
D) Roman propaganda
  • 59. How old was Pythagoras when he left Samos?
A) About thirty years old
B) About sixty years old
C) About forty years old
D) About twenty years old
  • 60. Whose emphasis on Pythagoras's purported love of freedom does the tyranny explanation align with?
A) Nicomachus's
B) Polycrates's
C) Antiphon's
D) Riedweg's
  • 61. How did Pythagoras's enemies portray him regarding tyranny?
A) As an opponent of all forms of government
B) As a champion of total democracy
C) As a victim of totalitarian rule
D) As having a proclivity towards tyranny
  • 62. In which Greek colony did Pythagoras arrive after leaving Samos?
A) Croton
B) Sparta
C) Athens
D) Corinth
  • 63. What is Croton called today?
A) Samos
B) Crotone
C) Calabria
D) Magna
  • 64. In which region was Croton located?
A) Peloponnese
B) Attica
C) Magna Graecia
D) Ionia
  • 65. Whom did Pythagoras serve as an advisor to in Croton?
A) The slaves
B) The naval commanders
C) The foreign merchants
D) The elites
  • 66. According to Suda, how many children did Pythagoras have?
A) Four
B) Three
C) Two
D) Five
  • 67. According to Diogenes Laertius, how many brothers did Pythagoras have?
A) Two
B) One
C) Three
D) Four
  • 68. Who was the wrestler from Croton said to be a close associate of Pythagoras?
A) Pherecydes
B) Milo
C) Cylon
D) Ninon
  • 69. What victory is credited as being aided by Pythagoras's emphasis on dedication and asceticism?
A) Metapontum's victory over Croton
B) Locris's victory over Delos
C) Sybaris's victory over Croton
D) Croton's victory over Sybaris
  • 70. What political change did prominent citizens of Croton propose after their victory?
A) An absolute monarchy
B) A military dictatorship
C) An ascetic brotherhood
D) A democratic constitution
  • 71. Why was Cylon reportedly irritated with Pythagoras?
A) His exclusion from Pythagoras's brotherhood
B) Pythagoras refused to eat fava beans
C) Pythagoras refused to train him as a wrestler
D) Pythagoras supported the democratic constitution
  • 72. What happened to the building during the attack by Cylon and Ninon's followers?
A) It was set on fire
B) It was completely flooded
C) It was demolished by Milo
D) It was converted into a democratic hall
  • 73. Why did Pythagoras stop and refuse to run through the fava bean field?
A) He was too weak from starvation
B) Milo told him it was dangerous
C) The field was on fire
D) Doing so would violate his teachings
  • 74. Who originally told the story about the fava bean field according to the text?
A) Suda
B) Neanthes
C) Porphyry
D) Dicaearchus
  • 75. Whom did Neanthes originally tell the fava bean field story about?
A) Later Pythagoreans
B) Milo of Croton
C) Pherecydes of Delos
D) Pythagoras himself
  • 76. How are the exact details of Pythagoras's teachings generally described?
A) Fully documented
B) Uncertain
C) Widely disputed
D) Completely lost
  • 77. What form does the earliest source regarding Pythagoras's metempsychosis take?
A) A satirical poem
B) A historical biography
C) A political speech
D) A philosophical treatise
  • 78. What is Xenophanes of Colophon described as in relation to Pythagoras?
A) A bitter rival
B) A descendant
C) A student
D) A contemporary
  • 79. In Xenophanes's poem, what animal does Pythagoras intercede on behalf of?
A) A dog
B) A horse
C) A bird
D) A cat
  • 80. What is known about the nature or mechanism of Pythagoras's metempsychosis?
A) It required a specific ritual
B) Nothing whatsoever
C) It only happened to philosophers
D) It was controlled by Apollo
  • 81. Which philosopher alludes in a poem that Pythagoras could recall his former incarnations?
A) Xenophanes
B) Aristotle
C) Ion of Chios
D) Empedocles
  • 82. Who was Pythagoras in his first remembered past life?
A) Pyrrhus
B) Hermotimus
C) Aethalides
D) Euphorbus
  • 83. Who was the father of Aethalides?
A) Poseidon
B) Zeus
C) Hermes
D) Apollo
  • 84. Who was Pythagoras in his second incarnation?
A) Pyrrhus
B) Aethalides
C) Euphorbus
D) Hermotimus
  • 85. In which epic work is Euphorbus briefly mentioned?
A) The Odyssey
B) The Aeneid
C) The Histories
D) The Iliad
  • 86. Who did Pythagoras become after being Euphorbus?
A) Hermotimus
B) Pyrrhus
C) Dicaearchus
D) Aethalides
  • 87. What occupation or role is associated with Hermotimus?
A) Warrior
B) Courtesan
C) Fisherman
D) Philosopher
  • 88. Who was Pythagoras in his final incarnation mentioned in the Heraclides Ponticus account?
A) Aethalides
B) Hermotimus
C) Euphorbus
D) Pyrrhus
  • 89. What was Pyrrhus's profession?
A) Fisherman
B) Merchant
C) Philosopher
D) Teacher
  • 90. According to Dicaearchus, one of Pythagoras's past lives was as what?
A) A Spartan queen
B) A beautiful courtesan
C) A wealthy merchant
D) A temple priestess
  • 91. Who reported that one of Pythagoras's past lives was as a beautiful courtesan?
A) Xenophanes
B) Dicaearchus
C) Aristotle
D) Empedocles
  • 92. What number is considered the 'perfect' number in the context of the tetractys?
A) Seven
B) Ten
C) Nine
D) Four
  • 93. What did the organization Pythagoras founded at Croton resemble in many ways?
A) A monastery
B) A royal court
C) A bustling marketplace
D) A military camp
  • 94. What did adherents of Pythagoras share in common?
A) Their personal wealth
B) Only their religious texts
C) Their family homes
D) All their possessions
  • 95. Whose manner of eating did the Pythagoreans follow during their common meals?
A) The Romans
B) The Spartans
C) The Athenians
D) The Persians
  • 96. What does the term 'mathematikoi' translate to?
A) Worshippers
B) Learners
C) Athletes
D) Listeners
  • 97. What does the term 'akousmatikoi' translate to?
A) Thinkers
B) Speakers
C) Listeners
D) Learners
  • 98. What did the Pythagoreans believe music was a purification for?
A) The mind
B) The soul
C) The body
D) The home
  • 99. What did the Pythagoreans believe medicine was a purification for?
A) The community
B) The soul
C) The body
D) The spirit
  • 100. What aspect of physical life did the Pythagoreans place particular emphasis on?
A) Manual labor in fields
B) Physical exercise
C) Naval warfare training
D) Extended periods of fasting
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