Analytic philosophy - Exam
Analytic philosophy
  • 1. Analytic philosophy is a branch of philosophy that emphasizes clarity, rigor, and logical analysis in the examination of concepts and arguments. It originated in the early 20th century and is characterized by its focus on language, logic, and the philosophy of mind. Analytic philosophers often seek to clarify and analyze the meanings of concepts through the use of logic and language, aiming for precise and well-defined arguments. Key figures in analytic philosophy include Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Gottlob Frege.

    Who formulated the famous 'philosophical zombie' argument?
A) Ludwig Wittgenstein
B) John Dewey
C) David Chalmers
D) Søren Kierkegaard
  • 2. Who is known for his work on logic and philosophy of mathematics in analytic philosophy?
A) Gottlob Frege
B) Jean-Paul Sartre
C) Friedrich Nietzsche
D) Jacques Derrida
  • 3. Which school of thought is closely associated with analytic philosophy?
A) Logical positivism
B) Nihilism
C) Structuralism
D) New Age spirituality
  • 4. Who famously presented the 'Gettier problem' in epistemology within analytic philosophy?
A) Henri Bergson
B) Friedrich Hayek
C) David Hume
D) Edmund Gettier
  • 5. Who is known for his work on the theory of descriptions in analytic philosophy?
A) Michel de Montaigne
B) Bertrand Russell
C) Karl Marx
D) Simone Weil
  • 6. Analytic philosophy originated primarily in which country?
A) France
B) Greece
C) United Kingdom
D) Germany
  • 7. Who introduced the concept of 'language games' in analytic philosophy?
A) Simone de Beauvoir
B) Michel Foucault
C) Ludwig Wittgenstein
D) Martin Heidegger
  • 8. What is the primary language of analytic philosophy?
A) German
B) Latin
C) English
D) French
  • 9. Which school of thought is characterized by an emphasis on analysis, clear prose, and formal logic?
A) Phenomenology
B) Existentialism
C) Continental philosophy
D) Analytic philosophy
  • 10. What is the linguistic turn in analytic philosophy primarily concerned with?
A) Aesthetics and art
B) Ethics and morality
C) Metaphysics and ontology
D) Language and meaning
  • 11. Which philosopher is known for introducing the problem of intentionality?
A) Gottlob Frege
B) Franz Brentano
C) Bertrand Russell
D) Ludwig Wittgenstein
  • 12. What does intentionality refer to in the context of mental phenomena?
A) An ethical judgment
B) A physical phenomenon's properties
C) A mental state's intensity
D) The 'aboutness' or directedness towards an object
  • 13. Which school of thought did Franz Brentano influence through his work?
A) The School of Brentano, including Husserl and Meinong
B) Hegelianism
C) Logical positivism
D) Existentialism
  • 14. Who founded the Graz School known for its unique ontology?
A) W. V. O. Quine
B) Wilfrid Sellars
C) Alexius Meinong
D) Saul Kripke
  • 15. What is the term used to describe Meinong's ontology of real, nonexistent objects?
A) Analytic realism
B) Meinongianism
C) Logical empiricism
D) Continental idealism
  • 16. Which philosopher emphasized 'small philosophy' and detailed analysis of specific problems?
A) G. E. Moore
B) Rudolf Carnap
C) David Lewis
D) Kazimierz Twardowski
  • 17. Which philosopher is associated with the decline of logical positivism?
A) Alexius Meinong
B) Wilfrid Sellars
C) Gottlob Frege
D) Franz Brentano
  • 18. What did Franz Brentano mean by 'intentional in-existence'?
A) An ethical principle
B) The characteristic of mental phenomena to include an object within themselves
C) A physical phenomenon's existence
D) A mathematical proof
  • 19. What is the term for objects like flying pigs or golden mountains in Meinong's ontology?
A) Empirical observations
B) Logical constructs
C) Real, nonexistent objects
D) Physical phenomena
  • 20. What is a key characteristic that distinguishes mental phenomena from physical phenomena according to Brentano?
A) Physical presence
B) Empirical evidence
C) Intentional in-existence
D) Logical consistency
  • 21. What is the main contrast between analytic and continental philosophy?
A) Analytic emphasizes ethics, while continental emphasizes logic
B) Analytic focuses on metaphysics, while continental focuses on science
C) Analytic is concerned with aesthetics, while continental is concerned with mathematics
D) Analytic focuses on technical analysis, while continental is more literary
  • 22. What philosophical project did Frege advocate for reducing arithmetic to pure logic?
A) Phenomenology
B) Rationalism
C) Logicism
D) Empiricism
  • 23. Which book by Frege introduced modern mathematical and predicate logic with quantifiers?
A) Philosophie der Arithmetik
B) The Foundations of Arithmetic
C) Begriffsschrift (Concept-script)
D) Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (Basic Laws of Arithmetic)
  • 24. What philosophical stance did Frege oppose in the philosophy of mathematics?
A) Logicism
B) Psychologism
C) Empiricism
D) Rationalism
  • 25. Who simplified Dedekind's work to systematize mathematics with Peano arithmetic?
A) Gottlob Frege
B) Richard Dedekind
C) Giuseppe Peano
D) Georg Cantor
  • 26. What principle did Dummett trace the linguistic turn to in Frege's work?
A) The transcendental deduction
B) The categorical imperative
C) The context principle
D) The analytic-synthetic distinction
  • 27. In Frege's example, what is the reference of 'the Morning Star' and 'the Evening Star'?
A) The planet Venus.
B) A morning star and an evening star.
C) Two different stars.
D) Two distinct celestial bodies.
  • 28. Who is credited with starting a revival of logic in British philosophy during the nineteenth century?
A) George Boole
B) F. H. Bradley
C) Richard Whately
D) William Hamilton
  • 29. Who were the major figures in the revival of logic in British philosophy?
A) Bertrand Russell, G. E. Moore
B) Richard Whately, George Boole
C) Hugh MacColl, Charles Sanders Peirce
D) F. H. Bradley, T. H. Green
  • 30. Which movement dominated British philosophy in the late nineteenth century?
A) British idealism
B) Logical atomism
C) Pragmatism
D) Empiricism
  • 31. Who exemplified the British idealist school with 'Appearance and Reality'?
A) G. E. Moore
B) T. H. Green
C) Bertrand Russell
D) F. H. Bradley
  • 32. What did Bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore reject in their philosophical approach?
A) Logical atomism
B) Empiricism
C) Pragmatism
D) Hegelianism for being obscure
  • 33. What did Russell and Moore revert to in their philosophical stance?
A) Common sense realism
B) Neo-Hegelianism
C) Internal relations
D) Logical holism
  • 34. In what year did Bertrand Russell discover the paradox in Basic Law V?
A) 1905
B) 1910
C) 1903
D) 1901
  • 35. According to Russell, what can proper names be replaced with?
A) Demonstratives like this or that
B) Abstract concepts
C) Universal terms
D) Disguised definite descriptions
  • 36. What philosophical puzzle does Russell present his own version of in 'On Denoting'?
A) Frege's second puzzle
B) The liar paradox
C) Zeno's paradoxes
D) Descartes' evil demon
  • 37. What does denying 'The present King of France is bald' illustrate?
A) Identity theory
B) Predicate logic
C) Quantifier ambiguity
D) Scope ambiguity
  • 38. Who co-authored 'Principia Mathematica' with Bertrand Russell?
A) Gottlob Frege
B) Ludwig Wittgenstein
C) John Stuart Mill
D) Alfred North Whitehead
  • 39. What did Alfred North Whitehead develop in 'Process and Reality' (1929)?
A) Logical atomism
B) The theory of types
C) Ideal language philosophy
D) Process metaphysics
  • 40. 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus' is also known as:
A) The Tractatus
B) Process and Reality
C) Logical Atomism
D) Principia Mathematica
  • 41. Who is recognized as one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century?
A) Kant
B) Sellars
C) W. V. O. Quine
D) Carnap
  • 42. What did Ryle criticize in 'The Concept of Mind'?
A) Russell's theory of descriptions
B) Sense-data theories
C) Austrian realism
D) Cartesian dualism
  • 43. What concept did Isaiah Berlin define as the absence of coercion or interference in private actions?
A) 'Negative liberty'
B) 'Positive liberty'
C) 'Proletarian unfreedom'
D) 'Distributive justice'
  • 44. What was Carnap's approach to solving philosophical problems called?
A) Logical ascent
B) Metaphysical ascent
C) Epistemic ascent
D) Semantic ascent
  • 45. What method did the 'Tractatus' introduce philosophers to?
A) Theory of types.
B) Process metaphysics.
C) Predicate logic.
D) Truth table method.
  • 46. What does the KK thesis relate to in epistemology?
A) Justified true belief
B) The principle of sufficient reason
C) Logical pluralism
D) Knowledge about knowledge
  • 47. Which philosopher was Quine a student of?
A) Carnap
B) Sellars
C) Wittgenstein
D) Russell
  • 48. Which philosopher criticized utilitarianism with the utility monster argument?
A) John Rawls
B) Thomas Nagel
C) Robert Nozick
D) Henry Sidgwick
  • 49. Which philosopher contributed the 'trolley problem' into ethical discourse?
A) Philippa Foot
B) R. M. Hare
C) Elizabeth Anscombe
D) G. E. Moore
  • 50. What thought experiment does Wittgenstein use to argue against the possibility of a private language?
A) The color-exclusion problem.
B) The duck-rabbit ambiguous image.
C) The linguistic ladder.
D) The beetle-in-a-box thought experiment.
  • 51. Which school applies analytic techniques to the theories of Karl Marx?
A) Ordinary language philosophy
B) Legal positivism
C) Analytical Marxism
D) Liberal egalitarianism
  • 52. Who issued a thought experiment involving fission in 'Reasons and Persons'?
A) Bernard Williams
B) Derek Parfit
C) David Lewis
D) John Locke
  • 53. Who taught at the University of Otago in New Zealand?
A) John Anderson
B) J.N. Findlay
C) Karl Popper
D) David Lewis
  • 54. What is methodism in the context of the problem of the criterion?
A) Focusing on particular instances of knowledge
B) Applying induction to philosophical problems
C) Answering 'how do we know?' before 'what do we know?'
D) Doubting all knowledge claims
  • 55. What term is used to describe the increased interest in virtue ethics?
A) The deontological revival
B) The emotivist shift
C) The 'aretaic turn'
D) The consequentialist resurgence
  • 56. Which theory did Charles Stevenson develop in 'Ethics and Language'?
A) Emotivism
B) Universal prescriptivism
C) Expressivism
D) Error theory
  • 57. Who argued against the closure principle with relevant alternatives theory?
A) G. E. Moore
B) Wittgenstein
C) Robert Nozick
D) Fred Dretske
  • 58. What is the current phase of analytic philosophy in China called?
A) Third phase
B) Fourth phase
C) First phase
D) Second phase
  • 59. Which philosopher lectured at Canterbury University College in Christchurch?
A) J.N. Findlay
B) David Lewis
C) Karl Popper
D) John Anderson
  • 60. Which theory did Austin criticize in 'Sense and Sensibilia'?
A) Austrian realism
B) Sense-data theories
C) Russell's theory of descriptions
D) Cartesian dualism
  • 61. What does Wittgenstein conclude about the propositions in the 'Tractatus'?
A) They solve all philosophical problems.
B) They provide a comprehensive system of logical atomism.
C) All its propositions are ultimately meaningless.
D) They express the totality of actual states of affairs.
  • 62. Who introduced logical positivism to China with The Philosophy of the Vienna Circle?
A) Tscha Hung
B) Liang Qichao
C) Zhang Shenfu
D) Hong Qian
  • 63. Who is considered to have founded Finnish analytic philosophy?
A) Georg Henrik von Wright
B) Eino Kaila
C) Axel Hägerström
D) Ernst Mally
  • 64. Which philosopher used the closure principle in an anti-skeptical argument?
A) Wittgenstein
B) Nelson Goodman
C) Chisholm
D) G. E. Moore
  • 65. Who is credited with reviving theories of essence and identity in philosophy?
A) Ludwig Wittgenstein.
B) Willard Van Orman Quine.
C) Saul Kripke.
D) Bertrand Russell.
  • 66. What does G. A. Cohen's book defend?
A) Liberal egalitarian distributive justice
B) Free-market libertarianism
C) Legal positivism
D) Marx's historical materialism
  • 67. Who succeeded Wittgenstein at Cambridge in 1948?
A) Eino Kaila
B) Ernst Mally
C) Georg Henrik von Wright
D) Axel Hägerström
  • 68. Who led the Vienna Circle?
A) Hans Reichenbach
B) Moritz Schlick
C) Rudolf Carnap
D) Otto Neurath
  • 69. Who introduced the 'box' operator for necessity in modal logic?
A) Carnap.
B) Ruth Barcan Marcus.
C) Willard Van Orman Quine.
D) Saul Kripke.
  • 70. Who defended foundationalism in epistemology?
A) Quine
B) Michael Huemer
C) Alvin Goldman
D) Roderick Chisholm
  • 71. Which philosophical movement saw a revival during the second half of the twentieth century?
A) Logical positivism
B) Empiricism
C) Pragmatism
D) Metaphysical theorizing
  • 72. What political event sidelined research in analytic philosophy during its second phase in China?
A) Economic reforms of the 1970s
B) Communist political pressure
C) Cultural Revolution
D) World War II
  • 73. In which year did Russell visit China?
A) 1945
B) 1920
C) 1970s
D) 1956
  • 74. What does Robert Nozick's Wilt Chamberlain argument relate to?
A) Historical materialism
B) Legal positivism
C) Free-market libertarianism
D) Animal rights
  • 75. Which philosopher is known for the A-theory of time?
A) David Lewis
B) Arthur Prior
C) John McTaggart
D) Charlie Broad
  • 76. Who introduced the concept of open texture?
A) Friedrich Waismann
B) Hans Reichenbach
C) Rudolf Carnap
D) Moritz Schlick
  • 77. Who proposed virtue epistemology in 'The Raft and the Pyramid'?
A) Ernest Sosa
B) Alvin Goldman
C) Quine
D) Roderick Chisholm
  • 78. Who first introduced Russell's ideas to China?
A) Jin Yuelin
B) Zhang Shenfu
C) Liang Qichao
D) Tscha Hung
  • 79. Who influenced Australian philosophy with realism?
A) Samuel Alexander
B) J.N. Findlay
C) David Lewis
D) John Anderson
  • 80. What did Kripke provide for modal logic?
A) A semantics.
B) A proof system.
C) An algorithm.
D) A syntax.
  • 81. 'Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.' is a conclusion from:
A) The 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus'.
B) Principia Mathematica.
C) Process and Reality.
D) Logical Atomism.
  • 82. What happened to Moritz Schlick in 1936?
A) He was murdered by his former student, Hans Nelböck
B) He published a major work on logical positivism
C) He fled to the United States
D) He became a professor at Oxford University
  • 83. Who believed in mereological nihilism except for living beings?
A) Stanisław Leśniewski
B) Peter Van Inwagen
C) Nelson Goodman
D) David Lewis
  • 84. Which book by Peter Singer argues for vegetarianism?
A) Animal Liberation (1975)
B) Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974)
C) A Theory of Justice (1971)
D) The Open Society and its Enemies (1945)
  • 85. What does Isaiah Berlin's 'positive liberty' emphasize?
A) Self-mastery
B) Proletarian unfreedom
C) Distributive justice
D) Absence of coercion
  • 86. What did Ryle argue was similar to asking 'Where is the university?'?
A) Descartes' error
B) Hägerström's idealism
C) Austin's speech acts theory
D) Strawson's presupposition of existence
  • 87. Which philosopher proposed ethical (or normative) legal positivism?
A) Karl Popper
B) G. A. Cohen
C) John Rawls
D) Matthew Kramer
  • 88. What was the title of Wittgenstein's posthumous work published in 1953?
A) Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
B) Some Remarks on Logical Form
C) Philosophical Investigations
D) The Blue Book
  • 89. What is particularism in the context of the problem of the criterion?
A) Doubting that knowledge exists
B) Focusing on methodological criteria first
C) Applying closure principles to knowledge
D) Answering 'what do we know?' before 'how do we know it?'
  • 90. In 'Naming and Necessity', what does Saul Kripke argue proper names are?
A) Analytic terms.
B) Synthetic constructs.
C) Rigid designators.
D) Flexible descriptions.
  • 91. What is a truth-maker contrasted with?
A) A semantic theory
B) An ontological commitment
C) A redundancy theory
D) A truth-bearer
  • 92. Which philosopher's criticisms led to Wittgenstein's first doubts about his early philosophy?
A) Piero Sraffa
B) John Wisdom
C) Rush Rhees
D) Frank Ramsey
  • 93. What argument did Peter van Inwagen introduce in his monograph 'An Essay on Free Will'?
A) The principle of sufficient reason
B) The consequence argument
C) Tense logic
D) The liar paradox
  • 94. What term did van Inwagen use to contrast with compatibilism?
A) Incompatibilism
B) Libertarianism
C) Determinism
D) Perdurantism
  • 95. What type of foundationalism does Michael Huemer defend?
A) Phenomenal conservatism
B) Coherentism
C) Causal theory of knowledge
D) Virtue epistemology
  • 96. What did C. I. Lewis develop to address the paradoxes of material implication?
A) Predicate logic.
B) Deontic logic.
C) Quantifier logic.
D) Modal logic.
  • 97. Which journal did Carnap and Reichenbach start?
A) Philosophical Review
B) Mind
C) Analysis
D) Erkenntnis
  • 98. Which philosopher is credited with providing information about Wittgenstein's later philosophy before the publication of Philosophical Investigations?
A) Frank Ramsey
B) Ludwig Wittgenstein himself
C) John Wisdom
D) Piero Sraffa
  • 99. Who is a pioneer of logical pluralism?
A) Edmund Gettier
B) Jan Łukasiewicz
C) JC Beall
D) Graham Priest
  • 100. Which philosopher developed a causal theory of knowledge?
A) Ernest Sosa
B) Alvin Goldman
C) Quine
D) Roderick Chisholm
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