Analytic philosophy - Exam
Analytic philosophy
  • 1. Analytic philosophy is a branch of philosophy that emphasizes clarity, rigor, and logical analysis in the examination of concepts and arguments. It originated in the early 20th century and is characterized by its focus on language, logic, and the philosophy of mind. Analytic philosophers often seek to clarify and analyze the meanings of concepts through the use of logic and language, aiming for precise and well-defined arguments. Key figures in analytic philosophy include Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Gottlob Frege.

    Who formulated the famous 'philosophical zombie' argument?
A) David Chalmers
B) Ludwig Wittgenstein
C) Søren Kierkegaard
D) John Dewey
  • 2. Who is known for his work on logic and philosophy of mathematics in analytic philosophy?
A) Jean-Paul Sartre
B) Jacques Derrida
C) Friedrich Nietzsche
D) Gottlob Frege
  • 3. Which school of thought is closely associated with analytic philosophy?
A) New Age spirituality
B) Logical positivism
C) Nihilism
D) Structuralism
  • 4. Who famously presented the 'Gettier problem' in epistemology within analytic philosophy?
A) Friedrich Hayek
B) David Hume
C) Henri Bergson
D) Edmund Gettier
  • 5. Who is known for his work on the theory of descriptions in analytic philosophy?
A) Karl Marx
B) Bertrand Russell
C) Michel de Montaigne
D) Simone Weil
  • 6. Analytic philosophy originated primarily in which country?
A) Greece
B) France
C) United Kingdom
D) Germany
  • 7. Who introduced the concept of 'language games' in analytic philosophy?
A) Michel Foucault
B) Martin Heidegger
C) Simone de Beauvoir
D) Ludwig Wittgenstein
  • 8. What is the primary language of analytic philosophy?
A) French
B) Latin
C) English
D) German
  • 9. Which school of thought is characterized by an emphasis on analysis, clear prose, and formal logic?
A) Existentialism
B) Phenomenology
C) Continental philosophy
D) Analytic philosophy
  • 10. What is the linguistic turn in analytic philosophy primarily concerned with?
A) Aesthetics and art
B) Ethics and morality
C) Language and meaning
D) Metaphysics and ontology
  • 11. Which philosopher is known for introducing the problem of intentionality?
A) Franz Brentano
B) Gottlob Frege
C) Bertrand Russell
D) Ludwig Wittgenstein
  • 12. What does intentionality refer to in the context of mental phenomena?
A) An ethical judgment
B) The 'aboutness' or directedness towards an object
C) A mental state's intensity
D) A physical phenomenon's properties
  • 13. Which school of thought did Franz Brentano influence through his work?
A) Logical positivism
B) Hegelianism
C) Existentialism
D) The School of Brentano, including Husserl and Meinong
  • 14. Who founded the Graz School known for its unique ontology?
A) Saul Kripke
B) W. V. O. Quine
C) Wilfrid Sellars
D) Alexius Meinong
  • 15. What is the term used to describe Meinong's ontology of real, nonexistent objects?
A) Meinongianism
B) Analytic realism
C) Logical empiricism
D) Continental idealism
  • 16. Which philosopher emphasized 'small philosophy' and detailed analysis of specific problems?
A) David Lewis
B) Rudolf Carnap
C) G. E. Moore
D) Kazimierz Twardowski
  • 17. Which philosopher is associated with the decline of logical positivism?
A) Gottlob Frege
B) Franz Brentano
C) Alexius Meinong
D) Wilfrid Sellars
  • 18. What did Franz Brentano mean by 'intentional in-existence'?
A) The characteristic of mental phenomena to include an object within themselves
B) An ethical principle
C) A mathematical proof
D) A physical phenomenon's existence
  • 19. What is the term for objects like flying pigs or golden mountains in Meinong's ontology?
A) Real, nonexistent objects
B) Empirical observations
C) Physical phenomena
D) Logical constructs
  • 20. What is a key characteristic that distinguishes mental phenomena from physical phenomena according to Brentano?
A) Empirical evidence
B) Logical consistency
C) Intentional in-existence
D) Physical presence
  • 21. What is the main contrast between analytic and continental philosophy?
A) Analytic is concerned with aesthetics, while continental is concerned with mathematics
B) Analytic focuses on metaphysics, while continental focuses on science
C) Analytic focuses on technical analysis, while continental is more literary
D) Analytic emphasizes ethics, while continental emphasizes logic
  • 22. What philosophical project did Frege advocate for reducing arithmetic to pure logic?
A) Logicism
B) Empiricism
C) Phenomenology
D) Rationalism
  • 23. Which book by Frege introduced modern mathematical and predicate logic with quantifiers?
A) Begriffsschrift (Concept-script)
B) Philosophie der Arithmetik
C) Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (Basic Laws of Arithmetic)
D) The Foundations of Arithmetic
  • 24. What philosophical stance did Frege oppose in the philosophy of mathematics?
A) Rationalism
B) Psychologism
C) Empiricism
D) Logicism
  • 25. Who simplified Dedekind's work to systematize mathematics with Peano arithmetic?
A) Richard Dedekind
B) Gottlob Frege
C) Giuseppe Peano
D) Georg Cantor
  • 26. What principle did Dummett trace the linguistic turn to in Frege's work?
A) The analytic-synthetic distinction
B) The context principle
C) The categorical imperative
D) The transcendental deduction
  • 27. In Frege's example, what is the reference of 'the Morning Star' and 'the Evening Star'?
A) The planet Venus.
B) Two different stars.
C) Two distinct celestial bodies.
D) A morning star and an evening star.
  • 28. Who is credited with starting a revival of logic in British philosophy during the nineteenth century?
A) George Boole
B) F. H. Bradley
C) William Hamilton
D) Richard Whately
  • 29. Who were the major figures in the revival of logic in British philosophy?
A) Hugh MacColl, Charles Sanders Peirce
B) F. H. Bradley, T. H. Green
C) Bertrand Russell, G. E. Moore
D) Richard Whately, George Boole
  • 30. Which movement dominated British philosophy in the late nineteenth century?
A) Logical atomism
B) Empiricism
C) Pragmatism
D) British idealism
  • 31. Who exemplified the British idealist school with 'Appearance and Reality'?
A) Bertrand Russell
B) F. H. Bradley
C) G. E. Moore
D) T. H. Green
  • 32. What did Bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore reject in their philosophical approach?
A) Empiricism
B) Pragmatism
C) Logical atomism
D) Hegelianism for being obscure
  • 33. What did Russell and Moore revert to in their philosophical stance?
A) Common sense realism
B) Logical holism
C) Internal relations
D) Neo-Hegelianism
  • 34. In what year did Bertrand Russell discover the paradox in Basic Law V?
A) 1901
B) 1903
C) 1910
D) 1905
  • 35. According to Russell, what can proper names be replaced with?
A) Universal terms
B) Abstract concepts
C) Disguised definite descriptions
D) Demonstratives like this or that
  • 36. What philosophical puzzle does Russell present his own version of in 'On Denoting'?
A) Descartes' evil demon
B) Frege's second puzzle
C) Zeno's paradoxes
D) The liar paradox
  • 37. What does denying 'The present King of France is bald' illustrate?
A) Quantifier ambiguity
B) Identity theory
C) Predicate logic
D) Scope ambiguity
  • 38. Who co-authored 'Principia Mathematica' with Bertrand Russell?
A) Gottlob Frege
B) John Stuart Mill
C) Ludwig Wittgenstein
D) Alfred North Whitehead
  • 39. What did Alfred North Whitehead develop in 'Process and Reality' (1929)?
A) Process metaphysics
B) Ideal language philosophy
C) Logical atomism
D) The theory of types
  • 40. 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus' is also known as:
A) Principia Mathematica
B) Process and Reality
C) The Tractatus
D) Logical Atomism
  • 41. What method did the 'Tractatus' introduce philosophers to?
A) Theory of types.
B) Process metaphysics.
C) Truth table method.
D) Predicate logic.
  • 42. What does Wittgenstein conclude about the propositions in the 'Tractatus'?
A) They solve all philosophical problems.
B) They provide a comprehensive system of logical atomism.
C) They express the totality of actual states of affairs.
D) All its propositions are ultimately meaningless.
  • 43. 'Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.' is a conclusion from:
A) The 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus'.
B) Logical Atomism.
C) Process and Reality.
D) Principia Mathematica.
  • 44. Who led the Vienna Circle?
A) Rudolf Carnap
B) Hans Reichenbach
C) Moritz Schlick
D) Otto Neurath
  • 45. Who introduced the concept of open texture?
A) Hans Reichenbach
B) Rudolf Carnap
C) Moritz Schlick
D) Friedrich Waismann
  • 46. What was Carnap's approach to solving philosophical problems called?
A) Semantic ascent
B) Epistemic ascent
C) Logical ascent
D) Metaphysical ascent
  • 47. Which journal did Carnap and Reichenbach start?
A) Analysis
B) Philosophical Review
C) Erkenntnis
D) Mind
  • 48. What happened to Moritz Schlick in 1936?
A) He published a major work on logical positivism
B) He fled to the United States
C) He became a professor at Oxford University
D) He was murdered by his former student, Hans Nelböck
  • 49. What was the title of Wittgenstein's posthumous work published in 1953?
A) Some Remarks on Logical Form
B) The Blue Book
C) Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
D) Philosophical Investigations
  • 50. Which philosopher's criticisms led to Wittgenstein's first doubts about his early philosophy?
A) Piero Sraffa
B) Frank Ramsey
C) John Wisdom
D) Rush Rhees
  • 51. What thought experiment does Wittgenstein use to argue against the possibility of a private language?
A) The beetle-in-a-box thought experiment.
B) The linguistic ladder.
C) The color-exclusion problem.
D) The duck-rabbit ambiguous image.
  • 52. Which philosopher is credited with providing information about Wittgenstein's later philosophy before the publication of Philosophical Investigations?
A) John Wisdom
B) Frank Ramsey
C) Piero Sraffa
D) Ludwig Wittgenstein himself
  • 53. What did Ryle criticize in 'The Concept of Mind'?
A) Cartesian dualism
B) Austrian realism
C) Russell's theory of descriptions
D) Sense-data theories
  • 54. What did Ryle argue was similar to asking 'Where is the university?'?
A) Descartes' error
B) Strawson's presupposition of existence
C) Austin's speech acts theory
D) Hägerström's idealism
  • 55. Which theory did Austin criticize in 'Sense and Sensibilia'?
A) Cartesian dualism
B) Sense-data theories
C) Austrian realism
D) Russell's theory of descriptions
  • 56. Who influenced Australian philosophy with realism?
A) John Anderson
B) David Lewis
C) J.N. Findlay
D) Samuel Alexander
  • 57. Who taught at the University of Otago in New Zealand?
A) J.N. Findlay
B) John Anderson
C) David Lewis
D) Karl Popper
  • 58. Which philosopher lectured at Canterbury University College in Christchurch?
A) John Anderson
B) J.N. Findlay
C) Karl Popper
D) David Lewis
  • 59. Who is considered to have founded Finnish analytic philosophy?
A) Ernst Mally
B) Eino Kaila
C) Georg Henrik von Wright
D) Axel Hägerström
  • 60. Who succeeded Wittgenstein at Cambridge in 1948?
A) Axel Hägerström
B) Georg Henrik von Wright
C) Eino Kaila
D) Ernst Mally
  • 61. Who first introduced Russell's ideas to China?
A) Tscha Hung
B) Jin Yuelin
C) Zhang Shenfu
D) Liang Qichao
  • 62. In which year did Russell visit China?
A) 1956
B) 1920
C) 1945
D) 1970s
  • 63. Who introduced logical positivism to China with The Philosophy of the Vienna Circle?
A) Zhang Shenfu
B) Tscha Hung
C) Hong Qian
D) Liang Qichao
  • 64. What political event sidelined research in analytic philosophy during its second phase in China?
A) World War II
B) Economic reforms of the 1970s
C) Cultural Revolution
D) Communist political pressure
  • 65. What is the current phase of analytic philosophy in China called?
A) Third phase
B) Fourth phase
C) Second phase
D) First phase
  • 66. Which philosophical movement saw a revival during the second half of the twentieth century?
A) Empiricism
B) Logical positivism
C) Pragmatism
D) Metaphysical theorizing
  • 67. Who is recognized as one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century?
A) Kant
B) W. V. O. Quine
C) Sellars
D) Carnap
  • 68. Which philosopher was Quine a student of?
A) Wittgenstein
B) Sellars
C) Carnap
D) Russell
  • 69. Who is credited with reviving theories of essence and identity in philosophy?
A) Ludwig Wittgenstein.
B) Saul Kripke.
C) Bertrand Russell.
D) Willard Van Orman Quine.
  • 70. What did C. I. Lewis develop to address the paradoxes of material implication?
A) Predicate logic.
B) Modal logic.
C) Quantifier logic.
D) Deontic logic.
  • 71. Who introduced the 'box' operator for necessity in modal logic?
A) Saul Kripke.
B) Willard Van Orman Quine.
C) Ruth Barcan Marcus.
D) Carnap.
  • 72. In 'Naming and Necessity', what does Saul Kripke argue proper names are?
A) Rigid designators.
B) Flexible descriptions.
C) Synthetic constructs.
D) Analytic terms.
  • 73. What did Kripke provide for modal logic?
A) An algorithm.
B) A syntax.
C) A semantics.
D) A proof system.
  • 74. Who believed in mereological nihilism except for living beings?
A) Nelson Goodman
B) Stanisław Leśniewski
C) David Lewis
D) Peter Van Inwagen
  • 75. Who issued a thought experiment involving fission in 'Reasons and Persons'?
A) Bernard Williams
B) Derek Parfit
C) John Locke
D) David Lewis
  • 76. What is a truth-maker contrasted with?
A) An ontological commitment
B) A semantic theory
C) A redundancy theory
D) A truth-bearer
  • 77. What argument did Peter van Inwagen introduce in his monograph 'An Essay on Free Will'?
A) The consequence argument
B) The liar paradox
C) The principle of sufficient reason
D) Tense logic
  • 78. What term did van Inwagen use to contrast with compatibilism?
A) Perdurantism
B) Incompatibilism
C) Determinism
D) Libertarianism
  • 79. Which philosopher is known for the A-theory of time?
A) David Lewis
B) Arthur Prior
C) John McTaggart
D) Charlie Broad
  • 80. Who is a pioneer of logical pluralism?
A) Edmund Gettier
B) JC Beall
C) Jan Łukasiewicz
D) Graham Priest
  • 81. Who defended foundationalism in epistemology?
A) Quine
B) Roderick Chisholm
C) Alvin Goldman
D) Michael Huemer
  • 82. What type of foundationalism does Michael Huemer defend?
A) Coherentism
B) Phenomenal conservatism
C) Virtue epistemology
D) Causal theory of knowledge
  • 83. Who proposed virtue epistemology in 'The Raft and the Pyramid'?
A) Ernest Sosa
B) Alvin Goldman
C) Quine
D) Roderick Chisholm
  • 84. Which philosopher developed a causal theory of knowledge?
A) Quine
B) Alvin Goldman
C) Ernest Sosa
D) Roderick Chisholm
  • 85. What does the KK thesis relate to in epistemology?
A) Logical pluralism
B) Justified true belief
C) The principle of sufficient reason
D) Knowledge about knowledge
  • 86. What is particularism in the context of the problem of the criterion?
A) Focusing on methodological criteria first
B) Answering 'what do we know?' before 'how do we know it?'
C) Applying closure principles to knowledge
D) Doubting that knowledge exists
  • 87. Which philosopher used the closure principle in an anti-skeptical argument?
A) G. E. Moore
B) Wittgenstein
C) Nelson Goodman
D) Chisholm
  • 88. Who argued against the closure principle with relevant alternatives theory?
A) Robert Nozick
B) G. E. Moore
C) Wittgenstein
D) Fred Dretske
  • 89. What is methodism in the context of the problem of the criterion?
A) Focusing on particular instances of knowledge
B) Doubting all knowledge claims
C) Answering 'how do we know?' before 'what do we know?'
D) Applying induction to philosophical problems
  • 90. Which philosopher contributed the 'trolley problem' into ethical discourse?
A) Elizabeth Anscombe
B) R. M. Hare
C) G. E. Moore
D) Philippa Foot
  • 91. Which theory did Charles Stevenson develop in 'Ethics and Language'?
A) Universal prescriptivism
B) Expressivism
C) Emotivism
D) Error theory
  • 92. Which philosopher criticized utilitarianism with the utility monster argument?
A) Henry Sidgwick
B) John Rawls
C) Robert Nozick
D) Thomas Nagel
  • 93. What term is used to describe the increased interest in virtue ethics?
A) The deontological revival
B) The consequentialist resurgence
C) The emotivist shift
D) The 'aretaic turn'
  • 94. Which book by Peter Singer argues for vegetarianism?
A) Animal Liberation (1975)
B) A Theory of Justice (1971)
C) The Open Society and its Enemies (1945)
D) Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974)
  • 95. What concept did Isaiah Berlin define as the absence of coercion or interference in private actions?
A) 'Proletarian unfreedom'
B) 'Positive liberty'
C) 'Distributive justice'
D) 'Negative liberty'
  • 96. What does Robert Nozick's Wilt Chamberlain argument relate to?
A) Free-market libertarianism
B) Animal rights
C) Legal positivism
D) Historical materialism
  • 97. What does G. A. Cohen's book defend?
A) Marx's historical materialism
B) Liberal egalitarian distributive justice
C) Free-market libertarianism
D) Legal positivism
  • 98. Which school applies analytic techniques to the theories of Karl Marx?
A) Analytical Marxism
B) Liberal egalitarianism
C) Ordinary language philosophy
D) Legal positivism
  • 99. What does Isaiah Berlin's 'positive liberty' emphasize?
A) Absence of coercion
B) Proletarian unfreedom
C) Self-mastery
D) Distributive justice
  • 100. Which philosopher proposed ethical (or normative) legal positivism?
A) Matthew Kramer
B) G. A. Cohen
C) John Rawls
D) Karl Popper
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