Analytic philosophy - Exam
Analytic philosophy
  • 1. Analytic philosophy is a branch of philosophy that emphasizes clarity, rigor, and logical analysis in the examination of concepts and arguments. It originated in the early 20th century and is characterized by its focus on language, logic, and the philosophy of mind. Analytic philosophers often seek to clarify and analyze the meanings of concepts through the use of logic and language, aiming for precise and well-defined arguments. Key figures in analytic philosophy include Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Gottlob Frege.

    Who formulated the famous 'philosophical zombie' argument?
A) John Dewey
B) David Chalmers
C) Søren Kierkegaard
D) Ludwig Wittgenstein
  • 2. Who is known for his work on logic and philosophy of mathematics in analytic philosophy?
A) Friedrich Nietzsche
B) Gottlob Frege
C) Jean-Paul Sartre
D) Jacques Derrida
  • 3. Which school of thought is closely associated with analytic philosophy?
A) Nihilism
B) Logical positivism
C) Structuralism
D) New Age spirituality
  • 4. Who famously presented the 'Gettier problem' in epistemology within analytic philosophy?
A) Friedrich Hayek
B) David Hume
C) Edmund Gettier
D) Henri Bergson
  • 5. Who is known for his work on the theory of descriptions in analytic philosophy?
A) Karl Marx
B) Bertrand Russell
C) Simone Weil
D) Michel de Montaigne
  • 6. Analytic philosophy originated primarily in which country?
A) Greece
B) France
C) United Kingdom
D) Germany
  • 7. Who introduced the concept of 'language games' in analytic philosophy?
A) Simone de Beauvoir
B) Martin Heidegger
C) Ludwig Wittgenstein
D) Michel Foucault
  • 8. What is the primary language of analytic philosophy?
A) French
B) English
C) Latin
D) German
  • 9. Which school of thought is characterized by an emphasis on analysis, clear prose, and formal logic?
A) Existentialism
B) Analytic philosophy
C) Continental philosophy
D) Phenomenology
  • 10. What is the linguistic turn in analytic philosophy primarily concerned with?
A) Ethics and morality
B) Metaphysics and ontology
C) Aesthetics and art
D) Language and meaning
  • 11. Which philosopher is known for introducing the problem of intentionality?
A) Bertrand Russell
B) Gottlob Frege
C) Ludwig Wittgenstein
D) Franz Brentano
  • 12. What does intentionality refer to in the context of mental phenomena?
A) The 'aboutness' or directedness towards an object
B) A physical phenomenon's properties
C) A mental state's intensity
D) An ethical judgment
  • 13. Which school of thought did Franz Brentano influence through his work?
A) Existentialism
B) Logical positivism
C) The School of Brentano, including Husserl and Meinong
D) Hegelianism
  • 14. Who founded the Graz School known for its unique ontology?
A) Alexius Meinong
B) W. V. O. Quine
C) Wilfrid Sellars
D) Saul Kripke
  • 15. What is the term used to describe Meinong's ontology of real, nonexistent objects?
A) Continental idealism
B) Logical empiricism
C) Meinongianism
D) Analytic realism
  • 16. Which philosopher emphasized 'small philosophy' and detailed analysis of specific problems?
A) Kazimierz Twardowski
B) David Lewis
C) G. E. Moore
D) Rudolf Carnap
  • 17. Which philosopher is associated with the decline of logical positivism?
A) Alexius Meinong
B) Franz Brentano
C) Wilfrid Sellars
D) Gottlob Frege
  • 18. What did Franz Brentano mean by 'intentional in-existence'?
A) An ethical principle
B) A mathematical proof
C) The characteristic of mental phenomena to include an object within themselves
D) A physical phenomenon's existence
  • 19. What is the term for objects like flying pigs or golden mountains in Meinong's ontology?
A) Empirical observations
B) Real, nonexistent objects
C) Logical constructs
D) Physical phenomena
  • 20. What is a key characteristic that distinguishes mental phenomena from physical phenomena according to Brentano?
A) Physical presence
B) Empirical evidence
C) Intentional in-existence
D) Logical consistency
  • 21. What is the main contrast between analytic and continental philosophy?
A) Analytic is concerned with aesthetics, while continental is concerned with mathematics
B) Analytic focuses on metaphysics, while continental focuses on science
C) Analytic emphasizes ethics, while continental emphasizes logic
D) Analytic focuses on technical analysis, while continental is more literary
  • 22. What philosophical project did Frege advocate for reducing arithmetic to pure logic?
A) Rationalism
B) Empiricism
C) Phenomenology
D) Logicism
  • 23. Which book by Frege introduced modern mathematical and predicate logic with quantifiers?
A) Philosophie der Arithmetik
B) Begriffsschrift (Concept-script)
C) Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (Basic Laws of Arithmetic)
D) The Foundations of Arithmetic
  • 24. What philosophical stance did Frege oppose in the philosophy of mathematics?
A) Rationalism
B) Logicism
C) Empiricism
D) Psychologism
  • 25. Who simplified Dedekind's work to systematize mathematics with Peano arithmetic?
A) Gottlob Frege
B) Richard Dedekind
C) Giuseppe Peano
D) Georg Cantor
  • 26. What principle did Dummett trace the linguistic turn to in Frege's work?
A) The context principle
B) The transcendental deduction
C) The analytic-synthetic distinction
D) The categorical imperative
  • 27. In Frege's example, what is the reference of 'the Morning Star' and 'the Evening Star'?
A) A morning star and an evening star.
B) Two different stars.
C) The planet Venus.
D) Two distinct celestial bodies.
  • 28. Who is credited with starting a revival of logic in British philosophy during the nineteenth century?
A) William Hamilton
B) George Boole
C) Richard Whately
D) F. H. Bradley
  • 29. Who were the major figures in the revival of logic in British philosophy?
A) Richard Whately, George Boole
B) Bertrand Russell, G. E. Moore
C) F. H. Bradley, T. H. Green
D) Hugh MacColl, Charles Sanders Peirce
  • 30. Which movement dominated British philosophy in the late nineteenth century?
A) Logical atomism
B) British idealism
C) Empiricism
D) Pragmatism
  • 31. Who exemplified the British idealist school with 'Appearance and Reality'?
A) T. H. Green
B) Bertrand Russell
C) F. H. Bradley
D) G. E. Moore
  • 32. What did Bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore reject in their philosophical approach?
A) Empiricism
B) Hegelianism for being obscure
C) Logical atomism
D) Pragmatism
  • 33. What did Russell and Moore revert to in their philosophical stance?
A) Common sense realism
B) Neo-Hegelianism
C) Internal relations
D) Logical holism
  • 34. In what year did Bertrand Russell discover the paradox in Basic Law V?
A) 1905
B) 1910
C) 1903
D) 1901
  • 35. According to Russell, what can proper names be replaced with?
A) Demonstratives like this or that
B) Universal terms
C) Disguised definite descriptions
D) Abstract concepts
  • 36. What philosophical puzzle does Russell present his own version of in 'On Denoting'?
A) Zeno's paradoxes
B) The liar paradox
C) Descartes' evil demon
D) Frege's second puzzle
  • 37. What does denying 'The present King of France is bald' illustrate?
A) Identity theory
B) Scope ambiguity
C) Quantifier ambiguity
D) Predicate logic
  • 38. Who co-authored 'Principia Mathematica' with Bertrand Russell?
A) Alfred North Whitehead
B) Gottlob Frege
C) Ludwig Wittgenstein
D) John Stuart Mill
  • 39. What did Alfred North Whitehead develop in 'Process and Reality' (1929)?
A) Logical atomism
B) Ideal language philosophy
C) Process metaphysics
D) The theory of types
  • 40. 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus' is also known as:
A) Process and Reality
B) Logical Atomism
C) The Tractatus
D) Principia Mathematica
  • 41. Who is recognized as one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century?
A) Sellars
B) W. V. O. Quine
C) Carnap
D) Kant
  • 42. What did Ryle criticize in 'The Concept of Mind'?
A) Sense-data theories
B) Austrian realism
C) Cartesian dualism
D) Russell's theory of descriptions
  • 43. What concept did Isaiah Berlin define as the absence of coercion or interference in private actions?
A) 'Positive liberty'
B) 'Distributive justice'
C) 'Proletarian unfreedom'
D) 'Negative liberty'
  • 44. What was Carnap's approach to solving philosophical problems called?
A) Semantic ascent
B) Logical ascent
C) Epistemic ascent
D) Metaphysical ascent
  • 45. What method did the 'Tractatus' introduce philosophers to?
A) Predicate logic.
B) Theory of types.
C) Truth table method.
D) Process metaphysics.
  • 46. What does the KK thesis relate to in epistemology?
A) Justified true belief
B) The principle of sufficient reason
C) Logical pluralism
D) Knowledge about knowledge
  • 47. Which philosopher was Quine a student of?
A) Russell
B) Sellars
C) Wittgenstein
D) Carnap
  • 48. Which philosopher criticized utilitarianism with the utility monster argument?
A) Robert Nozick
B) Henry Sidgwick
C) Thomas Nagel
D) John Rawls
  • 49. Which philosopher contributed the 'trolley problem' into ethical discourse?
A) G. E. Moore
B) R. M. Hare
C) Philippa Foot
D) Elizabeth Anscombe
  • 50. What thought experiment does Wittgenstein use to argue against the possibility of a private language?
A) The color-exclusion problem.
B) The linguistic ladder.
C) The duck-rabbit ambiguous image.
D) The beetle-in-a-box thought experiment.
  • 51. Which school applies analytic techniques to the theories of Karl Marx?
A) Liberal egalitarianism
B) Legal positivism
C) Analytical Marxism
D) Ordinary language philosophy
  • 52. Who issued a thought experiment involving fission in 'Reasons and Persons'?
A) Bernard Williams
B) Derek Parfit
C) John Locke
D) David Lewis
  • 53. Who taught at the University of Otago in New Zealand?
A) J.N. Findlay
B) John Anderson
C) David Lewis
D) Karl Popper
  • 54. What is methodism in the context of the problem of the criterion?
A) Doubting all knowledge claims
B) Answering 'how do we know?' before 'what do we know?'
C) Applying induction to philosophical problems
D) Focusing on particular instances of knowledge
  • 55. What term is used to describe the increased interest in virtue ethics?
A) The consequentialist resurgence
B) The deontological revival
C) The emotivist shift
D) The 'aretaic turn'
  • 56. Which theory did Charles Stevenson develop in 'Ethics and Language'?
A) Error theory
B) Expressivism
C) Universal prescriptivism
D) Emotivism
  • 57. Who argued against the closure principle with relevant alternatives theory?
A) Fred Dretske
B) Robert Nozick
C) G. E. Moore
D) Wittgenstein
  • 58. What is the current phase of analytic philosophy in China called?
A) Third phase
B) First phase
C) Fourth phase
D) Second phase
  • 59. Which philosopher lectured at Canterbury University College in Christchurch?
A) Karl Popper
B) David Lewis
C) J.N. Findlay
D) John Anderson
  • 60. Which theory did Austin criticize in 'Sense and Sensibilia'?
A) Austrian realism
B) Cartesian dualism
C) Sense-data theories
D) Russell's theory of descriptions
  • 61. What does Wittgenstein conclude about the propositions in the 'Tractatus'?
A) They solve all philosophical problems.
B) They provide a comprehensive system of logical atomism.
C) All its propositions are ultimately meaningless.
D) They express the totality of actual states of affairs.
  • 62. Who introduced logical positivism to China with The Philosophy of the Vienna Circle?
A) Zhang Shenfu
B) Liang Qichao
C) Tscha Hung
D) Hong Qian
  • 63. Who is considered to have founded Finnish analytic philosophy?
A) Ernst Mally
B) Eino Kaila
C) Axel Hägerström
D) Georg Henrik von Wright
  • 64. Which philosopher used the closure principle in an anti-skeptical argument?
A) G. E. Moore
B) Wittgenstein
C) Nelson Goodman
D) Chisholm
  • 65. Who is credited with reviving theories of essence and identity in philosophy?
A) Bertrand Russell.
B) Ludwig Wittgenstein.
C) Willard Van Orman Quine.
D) Saul Kripke.
  • 66. What does G. A. Cohen's book defend?
A) Liberal egalitarian distributive justice
B) Free-market libertarianism
C) Legal positivism
D) Marx's historical materialism
  • 67. Who succeeded Wittgenstein at Cambridge in 1948?
A) Eino Kaila
B) Axel Hägerström
C) Georg Henrik von Wright
D) Ernst Mally
  • 68. Who led the Vienna Circle?
A) Hans Reichenbach
B) Moritz Schlick
C) Rudolf Carnap
D) Otto Neurath
  • 69. Who introduced the 'box' operator for necessity in modal logic?
A) Ruth Barcan Marcus.
B) Carnap.
C) Willard Van Orman Quine.
D) Saul Kripke.
  • 70. Who defended foundationalism in epistemology?
A) Quine
B) Roderick Chisholm
C) Michael Huemer
D) Alvin Goldman
  • 71. Which philosophical movement saw a revival during the second half of the twentieth century?
A) Metaphysical theorizing
B) Pragmatism
C) Logical positivism
D) Empiricism
  • 72. What political event sidelined research in analytic philosophy during its second phase in China?
A) World War II
B) Cultural Revolution
C) Economic reforms of the 1970s
D) Communist political pressure
  • 73. In which year did Russell visit China?
A) 1970s
B) 1956
C) 1945
D) 1920
  • 74. What does Robert Nozick's Wilt Chamberlain argument relate to?
A) Free-market libertarianism
B) Animal rights
C) Legal positivism
D) Historical materialism
  • 75. Which philosopher is known for the A-theory of time?
A) Arthur Prior
B) John McTaggart
C) David Lewis
D) Charlie Broad
  • 76. Who introduced the concept of open texture?
A) Friedrich Waismann
B) Moritz Schlick
C) Hans Reichenbach
D) Rudolf Carnap
  • 77. Who proposed virtue epistemology in 'The Raft and the Pyramid'?
A) Quine
B) Alvin Goldman
C) Roderick Chisholm
D) Ernest Sosa
  • 78. Who first introduced Russell's ideas to China?
A) Jin Yuelin
B) Tscha Hung
C) Liang Qichao
D) Zhang Shenfu
  • 79. Who influenced Australian philosophy with realism?
A) David Lewis
B) John Anderson
C) J.N. Findlay
D) Samuel Alexander
  • 80. What did Kripke provide for modal logic?
A) A semantics.
B) A syntax.
C) A proof system.
D) An algorithm.
  • 81. 'Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.' is a conclusion from:
A) Logical Atomism.
B) Principia Mathematica.
C) The 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus'.
D) Process and Reality.
  • 82. What happened to Moritz Schlick in 1936?
A) He fled to the United States
B) He published a major work on logical positivism
C) He became a professor at Oxford University
D) He was murdered by his former student, Hans Nelböck
  • 83. Who believed in mereological nihilism except for living beings?
A) Nelson Goodman
B) Stanisław Leśniewski
C) David Lewis
D) Peter Van Inwagen
  • 84. Which book by Peter Singer argues for vegetarianism?
A) Animal Liberation (1975)
B) The Open Society and its Enemies (1945)
C) Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974)
D) A Theory of Justice (1971)
  • 85. What does Isaiah Berlin's 'positive liberty' emphasize?
A) Distributive justice
B) Self-mastery
C) Absence of coercion
D) Proletarian unfreedom
  • 86. What did Ryle argue was similar to asking 'Where is the university?'?
A) Strawson's presupposition of existence
B) Descartes' error
C) Hägerström's idealism
D) Austin's speech acts theory
  • 87. Which philosopher proposed ethical (or normative) legal positivism?
A) G. A. Cohen
B) John Rawls
C) Karl Popper
D) Matthew Kramer
  • 88. What was the title of Wittgenstein's posthumous work published in 1953?
A) Some Remarks on Logical Form
B) Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
C) The Blue Book
D) Philosophical Investigations
  • 89. What is particularism in the context of the problem of the criterion?
A) Applying closure principles to knowledge
B) Focusing on methodological criteria first
C) Doubting that knowledge exists
D) Answering 'what do we know?' before 'how do we know it?'
  • 90. In 'Naming and Necessity', what does Saul Kripke argue proper names are?
A) Flexible descriptions.
B) Rigid designators.
C) Analytic terms.
D) Synthetic constructs.
  • 91. What is a truth-maker contrasted with?
A) A truth-bearer
B) A redundancy theory
C) An ontological commitment
D) A semantic theory
  • 92. Which philosopher's criticisms led to Wittgenstein's first doubts about his early philosophy?
A) Piero Sraffa
B) John Wisdom
C) Rush Rhees
D) Frank Ramsey
  • 93. What argument did Peter van Inwagen introduce in his monograph 'An Essay on Free Will'?
A) Tense logic
B) The consequence argument
C) The principle of sufficient reason
D) The liar paradox
  • 94. What term did van Inwagen use to contrast with compatibilism?
A) Perdurantism
B) Libertarianism
C) Incompatibilism
D) Determinism
  • 95. What type of foundationalism does Michael Huemer defend?
A) Causal theory of knowledge
B) Phenomenal conservatism
C) Coherentism
D) Virtue epistemology
  • 96. What did C. I. Lewis develop to address the paradoxes of material implication?
A) Modal logic.
B) Deontic logic.
C) Predicate logic.
D) Quantifier logic.
  • 97. Which journal did Carnap and Reichenbach start?
A) Mind
B) Analysis
C) Philosophical Review
D) Erkenntnis
  • 98. Which philosopher is credited with providing information about Wittgenstein's later philosophy before the publication of Philosophical Investigations?
A) Piero Sraffa
B) Frank Ramsey
C) John Wisdom
D) Ludwig Wittgenstein himself
  • 99. Who is a pioneer of logical pluralism?
A) JC Beall
B) Edmund Gettier
C) Graham Priest
D) Jan Łukasiewicz
  • 100. Which philosopher developed a causal theory of knowledge?
A) Roderick Chisholm
B) Quine
C) Alvin Goldman
D) Ernest Sosa
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