Analytic philosophy - Exam
Analytic philosophy
  • 1. Analytic philosophy is a branch of philosophy that emphasizes clarity, rigor, and logical analysis in the examination of concepts and arguments. It originated in the early 20th century and is characterized by its focus on language, logic, and the philosophy of mind. Analytic philosophers often seek to clarify and analyze the meanings of concepts through the use of logic and language, aiming for precise and well-defined arguments. Key figures in analytic philosophy include Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Gottlob Frege.

    Who formulated the famous 'philosophical zombie' argument?
A) David Chalmers
B) Søren Kierkegaard
C) Ludwig Wittgenstein
D) John Dewey
  • 2. Who is known for his work on logic and philosophy of mathematics in analytic philosophy?
A) Jacques Derrida
B) Gottlob Frege
C) Friedrich Nietzsche
D) Jean-Paul Sartre
  • 3. Which school of thought is closely associated with analytic philosophy?
A) New Age spirituality
B) Nihilism
C) Structuralism
D) Logical positivism
  • 4. Who famously presented the 'Gettier problem' in epistemology within analytic philosophy?
A) Henri Bergson
B) David Hume
C) Edmund Gettier
D) Friedrich Hayek
  • 5. Who is known for his work on the theory of descriptions in analytic philosophy?
A) Karl Marx
B) Simone Weil
C) Michel de Montaigne
D) Bertrand Russell
  • 6. Analytic philosophy originated primarily in which country?
A) Germany
B) France
C) United Kingdom
D) Greece
  • 7. Who introduced the concept of 'language games' in analytic philosophy?
A) Martin Heidegger
B) Ludwig Wittgenstein
C) Michel Foucault
D) Simone de Beauvoir
  • 8. What is the primary language of analytic philosophy?
A) French
B) English
C) German
D) Latin
  • 9. Which school of thought is characterized by an emphasis on analysis, clear prose, and formal logic?
A) Phenomenology
B) Existentialism
C) Analytic philosophy
D) Continental philosophy
  • 10. What is the linguistic turn in analytic philosophy primarily concerned with?
A) Aesthetics and art
B) Ethics and morality
C) Language and meaning
D) Metaphysics and ontology
  • 11. Which philosopher is known for introducing the problem of intentionality?
A) Gottlob Frege
B) Franz Brentano
C) Ludwig Wittgenstein
D) Bertrand Russell
  • 12. What does intentionality refer to in the context of mental phenomena?
A) The 'aboutness' or directedness towards an object
B) An ethical judgment
C) A mental state's intensity
D) A physical phenomenon's properties
  • 13. Which school of thought did Franz Brentano influence through his work?
A) The School of Brentano, including Husserl and Meinong
B) Existentialism
C) Logical positivism
D) Hegelianism
  • 14. Who founded the Graz School known for its unique ontology?
A) W. V. O. Quine
B) Alexius Meinong
C) Saul Kripke
D) Wilfrid Sellars
  • 15. What is the term used to describe Meinong's ontology of real, nonexistent objects?
A) Meinongianism
B) Continental idealism
C) Analytic realism
D) Logical empiricism
  • 16. Which philosopher emphasized 'small philosophy' and detailed analysis of specific problems?
A) G. E. Moore
B) Kazimierz Twardowski
C) Rudolf Carnap
D) David Lewis
  • 17. Which philosopher is associated with the decline of logical positivism?
A) Franz Brentano
B) Gottlob Frege
C) Alexius Meinong
D) Wilfrid Sellars
  • 18. What did Franz Brentano mean by 'intentional in-existence'?
A) An ethical principle
B) A mathematical proof
C) The characteristic of mental phenomena to include an object within themselves
D) A physical phenomenon's existence
  • 19. What is the term for objects like flying pigs or golden mountains in Meinong's ontology?
A) Empirical observations
B) Real, nonexistent objects
C) Physical phenomena
D) Logical constructs
  • 20. What is a key characteristic that distinguishes mental phenomena from physical phenomena according to Brentano?
A) Intentional in-existence
B) Empirical evidence
C) Logical consistency
D) Physical presence
  • 21. What is the main contrast between analytic and continental philosophy?
A) Analytic focuses on technical analysis, while continental is more literary
B) Analytic emphasizes ethics, while continental emphasizes logic
C) Analytic focuses on metaphysics, while continental focuses on science
D) Analytic is concerned with aesthetics, while continental is concerned with mathematics
  • 22. What philosophical project did Frege advocate for reducing arithmetic to pure logic?
A) Logicism
B) Phenomenology
C) Empiricism
D) Rationalism
  • 23. Which book by Frege introduced modern mathematical and predicate logic with quantifiers?
A) Begriffsschrift (Concept-script)
B) Philosophie der Arithmetik
C) Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (Basic Laws of Arithmetic)
D) The Foundations of Arithmetic
  • 24. What philosophical stance did Frege oppose in the philosophy of mathematics?
A) Empiricism
B) Logicism
C) Rationalism
D) Psychologism
  • 25. Who simplified Dedekind's work to systematize mathematics with Peano arithmetic?
A) Giuseppe Peano
B) Gottlob Frege
C) Georg Cantor
D) Richard Dedekind
  • 26. What principle did Dummett trace the linguistic turn to in Frege's work?
A) The analytic-synthetic distinction
B) The context principle
C) The categorical imperative
D) The transcendental deduction
  • 27. In Frege's example, what is the reference of 'the Morning Star' and 'the Evening Star'?
A) Two distinct celestial bodies.
B) The planet Venus.
C) Two different stars.
D) A morning star and an evening star.
  • 28. Who is credited with starting a revival of logic in British philosophy during the nineteenth century?
A) F. H. Bradley
B) Richard Whately
C) William Hamilton
D) George Boole
  • 29. Who were the major figures in the revival of logic in British philosophy?
A) Hugh MacColl, Charles Sanders Peirce
B) Richard Whately, George Boole
C) F. H. Bradley, T. H. Green
D) Bertrand Russell, G. E. Moore
  • 30. Which movement dominated British philosophy in the late nineteenth century?
A) Empiricism
B) Logical atomism
C) Pragmatism
D) British idealism
  • 31. Who exemplified the British idealist school with 'Appearance and Reality'?
A) G. E. Moore
B) Bertrand Russell
C) T. H. Green
D) F. H. Bradley
  • 32. What did Bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore reject in their philosophical approach?
A) Hegelianism for being obscure
B) Logical atomism
C) Pragmatism
D) Empiricism
  • 33. What did Russell and Moore revert to in their philosophical stance?
A) Neo-Hegelianism
B) Internal relations
C) Common sense realism
D) Logical holism
  • 34. In what year did Bertrand Russell discover the paradox in Basic Law V?
A) 1903
B) 1901
C) 1905
D) 1910
  • 35. According to Russell, what can proper names be replaced with?
A) Disguised definite descriptions
B) Abstract concepts
C) Demonstratives like this or that
D) Universal terms
  • 36. What philosophical puzzle does Russell present his own version of in 'On Denoting'?
A) Frege's second puzzle
B) The liar paradox
C) Zeno's paradoxes
D) Descartes' evil demon
  • 37. What does denying 'The present King of France is bald' illustrate?
A) Scope ambiguity
B) Quantifier ambiguity
C) Identity theory
D) Predicate logic
  • 38. Who co-authored 'Principia Mathematica' with Bertrand Russell?
A) Ludwig Wittgenstein
B) Alfred North Whitehead
C) John Stuart Mill
D) Gottlob Frege
  • 39. What did Alfred North Whitehead develop in 'Process and Reality' (1929)?
A) Logical atomism
B) Process metaphysics
C) The theory of types
D) Ideal language philosophy
  • 40. 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus' is also known as:
A) Logical Atomism
B) The Tractatus
C) Process and Reality
D) Principia Mathematica
  • 41. Who is recognized as one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century?
A) Carnap
B) Sellars
C) Kant
D) W. V. O. Quine
  • 42. What did Ryle criticize in 'The Concept of Mind'?
A) Russell's theory of descriptions
B) Austrian realism
C) Sense-data theories
D) Cartesian dualism
  • 43. What concept did Isaiah Berlin define as the absence of coercion or interference in private actions?
A) 'Distributive justice'
B) 'Negative liberty'
C) 'Positive liberty'
D) 'Proletarian unfreedom'
  • 44. What was Carnap's approach to solving philosophical problems called?
A) Epistemic ascent
B) Semantic ascent
C) Metaphysical ascent
D) Logical ascent
  • 45. What method did the 'Tractatus' introduce philosophers to?
A) Process metaphysics.
B) Truth table method.
C) Theory of types.
D) Predicate logic.
  • 46. What does the KK thesis relate to in epistemology?
A) The principle of sufficient reason
B) Justified true belief
C) Logical pluralism
D) Knowledge about knowledge
  • 47. Which philosopher was Quine a student of?
A) Carnap
B) Sellars
C) Russell
D) Wittgenstein
  • 48. Which philosopher criticized utilitarianism with the utility monster argument?
A) Henry Sidgwick
B) Thomas Nagel
C) John Rawls
D) Robert Nozick
  • 49. Which philosopher contributed the 'trolley problem' into ethical discourse?
A) R. M. Hare
B) G. E. Moore
C) Philippa Foot
D) Elizabeth Anscombe
  • 50. What thought experiment does Wittgenstein use to argue against the possibility of a private language?
A) The duck-rabbit ambiguous image.
B) The color-exclusion problem.
C) The linguistic ladder.
D) The beetle-in-a-box thought experiment.
  • 51. Which school applies analytic techniques to the theories of Karl Marx?
A) Liberal egalitarianism
B) Ordinary language philosophy
C) Legal positivism
D) Analytical Marxism
  • 52. Who issued a thought experiment involving fission in 'Reasons and Persons'?
A) Derek Parfit
B) David Lewis
C) Bernard Williams
D) John Locke
  • 53. Who taught at the University of Otago in New Zealand?
A) J.N. Findlay
B) John Anderson
C) David Lewis
D) Karl Popper
  • 54. What is methodism in the context of the problem of the criterion?
A) Focusing on particular instances of knowledge
B) Doubting all knowledge claims
C) Applying induction to philosophical problems
D) Answering 'how do we know?' before 'what do we know?'
  • 55. What term is used to describe the increased interest in virtue ethics?
A) The deontological revival
B) The emotivist shift
C) The 'aretaic turn'
D) The consequentialist resurgence
  • 56. Which theory did Charles Stevenson develop in 'Ethics and Language'?
A) Error theory
B) Universal prescriptivism
C) Expressivism
D) Emotivism
  • 57. Who argued against the closure principle with relevant alternatives theory?
A) Fred Dretske
B) Wittgenstein
C) Robert Nozick
D) G. E. Moore
  • 58. What is the current phase of analytic philosophy in China called?
A) First phase
B) Second phase
C) Fourth phase
D) Third phase
  • 59. Which philosopher lectured at Canterbury University College in Christchurch?
A) David Lewis
B) Karl Popper
C) John Anderson
D) J.N. Findlay
  • 60. Which theory did Austin criticize in 'Sense and Sensibilia'?
A) Russell's theory of descriptions
B) Cartesian dualism
C) Austrian realism
D) Sense-data theories
  • 61. What does Wittgenstein conclude about the propositions in the 'Tractatus'?
A) They express the totality of actual states of affairs.
B) They solve all philosophical problems.
C) They provide a comprehensive system of logical atomism.
D) All its propositions are ultimately meaningless.
  • 62. Who introduced logical positivism to China with The Philosophy of the Vienna Circle?
A) Tscha Hung
B) Hong Qian
C) Zhang Shenfu
D) Liang Qichao
  • 63. Who is considered to have founded Finnish analytic philosophy?
A) Eino Kaila
B) Ernst Mally
C) Axel Hägerström
D) Georg Henrik von Wright
  • 64. Which philosopher used the closure principle in an anti-skeptical argument?
A) G. E. Moore
B) Nelson Goodman
C) Wittgenstein
D) Chisholm
  • 65. Who is credited with reviving theories of essence and identity in philosophy?
A) Willard Van Orman Quine.
B) Saul Kripke.
C) Ludwig Wittgenstein.
D) Bertrand Russell.
  • 66. What does G. A. Cohen's book defend?
A) Marx's historical materialism
B) Liberal egalitarian distributive justice
C) Free-market libertarianism
D) Legal positivism
  • 67. Who succeeded Wittgenstein at Cambridge in 1948?
A) Axel Hägerström
B) Eino Kaila
C) Georg Henrik von Wright
D) Ernst Mally
  • 68. Who led the Vienna Circle?
A) Moritz Schlick
B) Rudolf Carnap
C) Hans Reichenbach
D) Otto Neurath
  • 69. Who introduced the 'box' operator for necessity in modal logic?
A) Carnap.
B) Saul Kripke.
C) Ruth Barcan Marcus.
D) Willard Van Orman Quine.
  • 70. Who defended foundationalism in epistemology?
A) Michael Huemer
B) Alvin Goldman
C) Roderick Chisholm
D) Quine
  • 71. Which philosophical movement saw a revival during the second half of the twentieth century?
A) Logical positivism
B) Metaphysical theorizing
C) Empiricism
D) Pragmatism
  • 72. What political event sidelined research in analytic philosophy during its second phase in China?
A) World War II
B) Cultural Revolution
C) Economic reforms of the 1970s
D) Communist political pressure
  • 73. In which year did Russell visit China?
A) 1945
B) 1956
C) 1970s
D) 1920
  • 74. What does Robert Nozick's Wilt Chamberlain argument relate to?
A) Historical materialism
B) Animal rights
C) Legal positivism
D) Free-market libertarianism
  • 75. Which philosopher is known for the A-theory of time?
A) David Lewis
B) Arthur Prior
C) Charlie Broad
D) John McTaggart
  • 76. Who introduced the concept of open texture?
A) Rudolf Carnap
B) Hans Reichenbach
C) Friedrich Waismann
D) Moritz Schlick
  • 77. Who proposed virtue epistemology in 'The Raft and the Pyramid'?
A) Ernest Sosa
B) Roderick Chisholm
C) Alvin Goldman
D) Quine
  • 78. Who first introduced Russell's ideas to China?
A) Jin Yuelin
B) Liang Qichao
C) Zhang Shenfu
D) Tscha Hung
  • 79. Who influenced Australian philosophy with realism?
A) Samuel Alexander
B) David Lewis
C) J.N. Findlay
D) John Anderson
  • 80. What did Kripke provide for modal logic?
A) A proof system.
B) An algorithm.
C) A syntax.
D) A semantics.
  • 81. 'Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.' is a conclusion from:
A) Principia Mathematica.
B) Process and Reality.
C) Logical Atomism.
D) The 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus'.
  • 82. What happened to Moritz Schlick in 1936?
A) He fled to the United States
B) He published a major work on logical positivism
C) He became a professor at Oxford University
D) He was murdered by his former student, Hans Nelböck
  • 83. Who believed in mereological nihilism except for living beings?
A) Nelson Goodman
B) David Lewis
C) Peter Van Inwagen
D) Stanisław Leśniewski
  • 84. Which book by Peter Singer argues for vegetarianism?
A) The Open Society and its Enemies (1945)
B) Animal Liberation (1975)
C) Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974)
D) A Theory of Justice (1971)
  • 85. What does Isaiah Berlin's 'positive liberty' emphasize?
A) Proletarian unfreedom
B) Absence of coercion
C) Self-mastery
D) Distributive justice
  • 86. What did Ryle argue was similar to asking 'Where is the university?'?
A) Austin's speech acts theory
B) Strawson's presupposition of existence
C) Descartes' error
D) Hägerström's idealism
  • 87. Which philosopher proposed ethical (or normative) legal positivism?
A) John Rawls
B) G. A. Cohen
C) Matthew Kramer
D) Karl Popper
  • 88. What was the title of Wittgenstein's posthumous work published in 1953?
A) Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
B) The Blue Book
C) Some Remarks on Logical Form
D) Philosophical Investigations
  • 89. What is particularism in the context of the problem of the criterion?
A) Focusing on methodological criteria first
B) Applying closure principles to knowledge
C) Answering 'what do we know?' before 'how do we know it?'
D) Doubting that knowledge exists
  • 90. In 'Naming and Necessity', what does Saul Kripke argue proper names are?
A) Synthetic constructs.
B) Flexible descriptions.
C) Rigid designators.
D) Analytic terms.
  • 91. What is a truth-maker contrasted with?
A) A semantic theory
B) A redundancy theory
C) An ontological commitment
D) A truth-bearer
  • 92. Which philosopher's criticisms led to Wittgenstein's first doubts about his early philosophy?
A) John Wisdom
B) Rush Rhees
C) Frank Ramsey
D) Piero Sraffa
  • 93. What argument did Peter van Inwagen introduce in his monograph 'An Essay on Free Will'?
A) The principle of sufficient reason
B) The consequence argument
C) The liar paradox
D) Tense logic
  • 94. What term did van Inwagen use to contrast with compatibilism?
A) Libertarianism
B) Incompatibilism
C) Determinism
D) Perdurantism
  • 95. What type of foundationalism does Michael Huemer defend?
A) Coherentism
B) Phenomenal conservatism
C) Virtue epistemology
D) Causal theory of knowledge
  • 96. What did C. I. Lewis develop to address the paradoxes of material implication?
A) Predicate logic.
B) Quantifier logic.
C) Deontic logic.
D) Modal logic.
  • 97. Which journal did Carnap and Reichenbach start?
A) Erkenntnis
B) Mind
C) Analysis
D) Philosophical Review
  • 98. Which philosopher is credited with providing information about Wittgenstein's later philosophy before the publication of Philosophical Investigations?
A) John Wisdom
B) Piero Sraffa
C) Frank Ramsey
D) Ludwig Wittgenstein himself
  • 99. Who is a pioneer of logical pluralism?
A) Jan Łukasiewicz
B) Edmund Gettier
C) JC Beall
D) Graham Priest
  • 100. Which philosopher developed a causal theory of knowledge?
A) Quine
B) Ernest Sosa
C) Alvin Goldman
D) Roderick Chisholm
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