Rwandan genocide - Quiz
Rwandan genocide
  • 1. Which two prefectures experienced few killings during the early phase of the genocide?
A) Kigali and Butare
B) Gitarama and Butare
C) Kigali and Cyangugu
D) Gitarama and Kigali
  • 2. On what date did the interim government relocate to Gitarama?
A) 12 April
B) 8 April
C) 18 April
D) 9 April
  • 3. Who was the only Tutsi prefect in Rwanda during the initial period of the genocide?
A) Jean-Baptiste Habyalimana
B) Jean Kambanda
C) Sylvain Nsabimana
D) Théodore Sindikubwabo
  • 4. When was the interim government officially sworn in?
A) 9 April
B) 12 April
C) 8 April
D) 18 April
  • 5. Who was appointed as the interim president of Rwanda by the crisis committee?
A) Sylvain Nsabimana
B) Théodore Sindikubwabo
C) Jean-Baptiste Habyalimana
D) Jean Kambanda
  • 6. Who was the prime minister appointed to the interim government?
A) Théodore Sindikubwabo
B) Sylvain Nsabimana
C) Bagosora
D) Jean Kambanda
  • 7. What document did the crisis committee use to justify the formation of the interim government?
A) 1991 constitution
B) Arusha Accords
C) 1994 Peace Treaty
D) UN Charter
  • 8. Who replaced Jean-Baptiste Habyalimana as the prefect of Butare?
A) Bagosora
B) Théodore Sindikubwabo
C) Sylvain Nsabimana
D) Jean Kambanda
  • 9. On what date was the interim government formed by the crisis committee?
A) 9 April
B) 12 April
C) 18 April
D) 8 April
  • 10. Who were the de facto rulers of the country after the crisis committee was dissolved?
A) Bagosora and senior officers
B) The prefects of Gitarama and Butare
C) The Interahamwe leaders
D) The interim president and prime minister
  • 11. What was the stated reason for the interim government's relocation from Kigali to Gitarama?
A) Fleeing the RPF's advance
B) Proximity to the military headquarters
C) To better organize the Interahamwe
D) Safety from international observers
  • 12. How did Roméo Dallaire describe the activities of officials when he visited the government headquarters?
A) Leading military operations
B) Actively planning the genocide
C) Sorting out a seating plan
D) Holding critical strategic meetings
  • 13. Until what date did Butare serve as a sanctuary for Tutsi refugees?
A) 9 April
B) 12 April
C) 8 April
D) 18 April
  • 14. Which political faction were most members of the interim government affiliated with?
A) Democratic reform wings
B) Liberal party wings
C) Communist wings
D) Hutu Power wings
  • 15. What was the name of the clan associated with the first lady Agathe Habyarimana?
A) Akazu
B) Impuzamugambi
C) CDR
D) Interahamwe
  • 16. What magazine published the Hutu Ten Commandments?
A) Power News
B) Gisenyi Tribune
C) Interahamwe Gazette
D) Kangura
  • 17. What was the political party formed by hardliners in 1992?
A) National Revolutionary Movement for Development
B) Rwandan Patriotic Front
C) Hutu Power Alliance
D) Coalition for the Defence of the Republic
  • 18. What term is used to describe the psychological process of accusing others of one's own planned actions?
A) Hutu Power
B) Mirror politics
C) Ethnic cleansing
D) Civil defence
  • 19. Which militia group was attached to the ruling party?
A) Rwandan Armed Forces
B) Presidential Guard
C) Interahamwe
D) Impuzamugambi
  • 20. Which militia group was attached to the CDR?
A) Interahamwe
B) Akazu youth
C) Civil defence units
D) Impuzamugambi
  • 21. What role did Boutros Boutros-Ghali play in the arms supply for Rwanda?
A) Authored the Hutu Ten Commandments
B) Facilitated an arms sale from Egypt
C) Served as a UN peacekeeper
D) Trained the Interahamwe
  • 22. Which event in 1993 reinforced the belief among Hutus that Tutsis were their enemy?
A) The RPF invasion
B) Assassination of Melchior Ndadaye
C) The Gisenyi pogrom
D) The signing of the ceasefire
  • 23. Who sent the 'Genocide Fax' to UN headquarters in 1994?
A) Théoneste Bagosora
B) Augustin Ndindiliyimana
C) Roméo Dallaire
D) Kassim Turatsinze
  • 24. What was the result of the ICTR charge that genocide was planned prior to Habyarimana's assassination?
A) It was proven and resulted in mass convictions
B) The UN admitted the plan in 1990
C) It was dismissed because the witnesses were unreliable
D) Prosecutors were unable to prove it
  • 25. How did the Rwandan Armed Forces grow between 1990 and 1991?
A) They decreased due to budget cuts
B) They remained stable at 15,000
C) They doubled from 10,000 to 20,000
D) From under 10,000 to almost 30,000
  • 26. What did the Hutu Ten Commandments label Hutus who married Tutsis?
A) Infiltrators
B) Outcasts
C) Traitors
D) Enemies
  • 27. What items were imported on a large scale during 1993 for use as weapons?
A) Firearms
B) Explosives
C) Uniforms
D) Machetes
  • 28. In the 1980s, which Ugandan leader did Rwandan refugees help overthrow?
A) Milton Obote
B) Yoweri Museveni
C) Paul Kagame
D) Fred Rwigyema
  • 29. Who led the 4,000 rebels that invaded Rwanda in October 1990?
A) Paul Kagame
B) Milton Obote
C) Fred Rwigyema
D) Yoweri Museveni
  • 30. Where did Paul Kagame retreat his forces after taking command of the RPF?
A) Kigali
B) Virunga Mountains
C) Ruhengeri
D) Arusha
  • 31. Where were the negotiations between the RPF and the Rwandan government held in 1992?
A) Kigali, Rwanda
B) Arusha, Tanzania
C) Kampala, Uganda
D) Virunga, Rwanda
  • 32. What did the RPF announce in June 1992 following the formation of a coalition government?
A) A surrender
B) A full-scale invasion
C) A ceasefire
D) A withdrawal to Uganda
  • 33. What were the agreements signed in August 1993 called?
A) NRA Agreement
B) Arusha Accords
C) Virunga Pact
D) Kigali Treaty
  • 34. Where were the RPF given a base in Kigali to use during the transitional government setup?
A) The town of Ruhengeri
B) National parliament building
C) The presidential palace
D) The Virunga Mountains
  • 35. Which institution showed increasing sympathy for the Hutu before the Rwandan Revolution?
A) The Belgian monarchy
B) The United Nations
C) The Catholic Church
D) The German colonial government
  • 36. What document was written by Hutu scholars in 1957?
A) Rwandan Constitution
B) Bahutu Manifesto
C) Declaration of Independence
D) Gitarama Accord
  • 37. What concept did the Bahutu Manifesto use to call for a transfer of power?
A) Historical legacy
B) Divine right
C) Statistical law
D) Colonial mandate
  • 38. Who was the Hutu sub-chief attacked in 1959?
A) Grégoire Kayibanda
B) Juvénal Habyarimana
C) Paul Kagame
D) Dominique Mbonyumutwa
  • 39. Which administration backed the Hutu during the 1959 revolution?
A) Great Britain
B) France
C) Belgium
D) Germany
  • 40. In what year did Rwanda become independent?
A) 1978
B) 1959
C) 1962
D) 1973
  • 41. Which of these was NOT a destination for Tutsi exiles fleeing the revolution?
A) Uganda
B) Tanzania
C) Zaire
D) Kenya
  • 42. Who presided over the Hutu republic for a decade after independence?
A) Dominique Mbonyumutwa
B) King Mutara
C) Grégoire Kayibanda
D) Juvénal Habyarimana
  • 43. In what year was Juvénal Habyarimana brought to power by a coup?
A) 1978
B) 1962
C) 1973
D) 1975
  • 44. What was the name of the political party founded by Habyarimana in 1975?
A) Bahutu Party
B) Rwandan Patriotic Front
C) Democratic Republic Party
D) MRND
  • 45. What led to increased competition for land in Rwanda?
A) Industrialization
B) Environmental climate change
C) High population density
D) Foreign land purchases
  • 46. Which historian suggested the 1994 genocide can be attributed to population density?
A) Juvénal Habyarimana
B) Dominique Mbonyumutwa
C) Grégoire Kayibanda
D) Gérard Prunier
  • 47. What was the population of Rwanda in 1989?
A) 1.6 million
B) 7.1 million
C) 300,000
D) 10,000
  • 48. How long did the Rwandan genocide last?
A) Two weeks
B) Approximately 100 days
C) One month
D) One full year
  • 49. Which rebel group invaded Rwanda from Uganda in 1990?
A) The Twa Liberation Front
B) The National Army of Zaire
C) Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF)
D) Hutu Power Militia
  • 50. Whose assassination on 6 April 1994 ignited the genocide?
A) Juvénal Habyarimana
B) Kigeli Rwabugiri
C) Kanyarwanda
D) Paul Kagame
  • 51. What term refers to the aboriginal pygmy hunter-gatherers of Rwanda?
A) Gadabuursi
B) Twa
C) Banyarwanda
D) Nyiginya
  • 52. What is the collective name for the Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa who share a common language?
A) The Nilotic Tribes
B) The Bantu Union
C) The Ethiopian Coalition
D) Banyarwanda
  • 53. Which clan ruled the Kingdom of Rwanda from the mid-eighteenth century?
A) Kigeli
B) Gadabuursi
C) Nyiginya
D) Habyarimana
  • 54. What was the name of the forced labour system imposed on Hutu under King Rwabugiri?
A) Ubwoko
B) Uburetwa
C) Ubuhake
D) Hamitic
  • 55. In what year did Belgium begin a policy of more direct colonial rule in Rwanda?
A) 1959
B) 1926
C) 1917
D) 1884
  • 56. According to the colonial classification of the 1930s, what percentage of the population were Hutu?
A) About 84%
B) About 1%
C) About 50%
D) About 15%
  • 57. What document was introduced in the 1930s that made socio-economic groups into rigid ethnic categories?
A) Compulsory identity cards
B) Passport of Residency
C) Arusha Accords
D) Rwandan Constitution
  • 58. What event led to the flight of the génocidaires into Zaire?
A) A volcanic eruption
B) The arrival of the UN peacekeeping force
C) The Arusha Accords
D) The RPF captured government-controlled territory
  • 59. Which conflict was triggered in 1996 as a result of the regional instability after the genocide?
A) Rwandan Civil War
B) The Burundi Independence War
C) First Congo War
D) The Great Lakes War
  • 60. Which demographic was RTLM primarily designed to appeal to?
A) The elderly population in urban centers.
B) The academic elite and professors.
C) International diplomats and foreign observers.
D) Young adults in Rwanda.
  • 61. What was the primary content that occupied 66.29% of RTLM's airtime?
A) Traditional Rwandan storytelling and folklore.
B) Journalists discussing their thoughts on various subjects.
C) Weather reports and agricultural advice.
D) Official government mandates and decrees.
  • 62. What term did RTLM use to label Tutsi as non-human pests?
A) Mille Collines
B) Inyenzi
C) Interahamwe
D) Power
  • 63. How many instances of RTLM accusing the Rwandan Patriotic Army of atrocities occurred before the genocide?
A) 66
B) 294
C) 10
D) 252
  • 64. What nickname was given to RTLM because of its incitement to genocide?
A) Radio Machete
B) The Voice of Hate
C) The Power Station
D) Radio Propaganda
  • 65. What critique did Gordon Danning make regarding the study by David Yanagizawa-Drott?
A) He claimed the study was biased against the Tutsi.
B) He suggested the study focused too much on television instead of radio.
C) He questioned if media availability correlated with media consumption.
D) He argued the study underestimated the impact of radio.
  • 66. Which leader of Burundi died alongside Habyarimana in the plane crash?
A) Augustin Ndindiliyimana
B) Paul Kagame
C) Théoneste Bagosora
D) Cyprien Ntaryamira
  • 67. Which French judge concluded in 2006 that Paul Kagame ordered the assassination?
A) Emmanuel Mughisa
B) Roméo Dallaire
C) Filip Reyntjens
D) Jean-Louis Bruguière
  • 68. Who was the Rwandan Prime Minister that was legally next in line for succession?
A) Augustin Ndindiliyimana
B) Cyprien Ntaryamira
C) Emmanuel Mughisa
D) Agathe Uwilingiyimana
  • 69. What was the name of the former Rwandan soldier who disappeared in Nairobi in 2014?
A) Augustin Ndindiliyimana
B) Cyprien Ntaryamira
C) Emmanuel Mughisa
D) Théoneste Bagosora
  • 70. Why was the plan to take the Prime Minister to Radio Rwanda cancelled?
A) The station was bombed
B) The presidential guard took over the station
C) The Prime Minister refused to go
D) The vehicle broke down
  • 71. Who rescued the Prime Minister's children?
A) Roméo Dallaire
B) Mbaye Diagne
C) Augustin Bizimungu
D) Bernard Ntuyahaga
  • 72. Where were the ten Belgian soldiers taken and killed?
A) The Constitutional Court
B) Radio Rwanda offices
C) Camp Kigali
D) The Prime Minister's residence
  • 73. Who was the commanding officer of the presidential guard unit that carried out the murders?
A) Augustin Bizimungu
B) Marcel Gatsinzi
C) Bernard Ntuyahaga
D) Faustin Twagiramungu
  • 74. In what year was Bernard Ntuyahaga sentenced for his role in the murders?
A) 2010
B) 1998
C) 2007
D) 1994
  • 75. What was the nationality of the court that sentenced Bernard Ntuyahaga?
A) Rwandan
B) Canadian
C) Senegalese
D) Belgian
  • 76. Which of these individuals was NOT listed as a victim killed on the night of 6-7 April?
A) Frederic Nzamurambaho
B) Joseph Kavaruganda
C) Faustin Twagiramungu
D) Boniface Ngulinzira
  • 77. Who was the President of the Constitutional Court killed by extremists?
A) Boniface Ngulinzira
B) Joseph Kavaruganda
C) Landwald Ndasingwa
D) Marcel Gatsinzi
  • 78. Who replaced Marcel Gatsinzi as army chief of staff?
A) Bernard Ntuyahaga
B) Joseph Kavaruganda
C) Augustin Bizimungu
D) Bagosora
  • 79. When did the RPF capture Kigali, effectively ending the genocide?
A) Early March
B) Mid-April
C) Mid-July
D) Late December
  • 80. Which organization's mission was criticized for its weak mandate and lack of support?
A) UNAMIR
B) NATO
C) African Union
D) The Red Cross
  • 81. According to reports in 2017, which government continued to support the Hutu government after the genocide began?
A) Belgium
B) United States
C) France
D) United Kingdom
  • 82. Which businessman was responsible for funding the RTLM and the Interahamwe?
A) Joseph Nzirorera
B) Augustin Bizimana
C) Félicien Kabuga
D) Pascal Musabe
  • 83. Which prefecture was considered the heartland of the akazu?
A) Gikongoro
B) Kigali
C) Gisenyi
D) Cyangugu
  • 84. Who was the prefect of Kigali-ville that toured roadblocks to ensure effectiveness?
A) Aloys Ntabakuze
B) Protais Mpiranya
C) Pascal Musabe
D) Tharcisse Renzaho
  • 85. Who was the commander of the paratroopers and a leading organizer of the genocide?
A) Aloys Ntabakuze
B) Pascal Musabe
C) Joseph Nzirorera
D) Tharcisse Renzaho
  • 86. In the countryside, what was the primary chain of command for executing the genocide?
A) The local government hierarchy
B) Independent rebel groups
C) The international media
D) Church leadership
  • 87. What term refers to the local commune leaders in the rural government hierarchy?
A) Prefects
B) Akazu
C) Interahamwe
D) Bourgmestres
  • 88. Where were thousands of bodies dumped during the genocide?
A) Rusumo Falls
B) Lake Kivu
C) The Nile River
D) Kagera River
  • 89. What was the official name of the French-led intervention in June?
A) Operation Safe Haven
B) Operation Peacekeeper
C) Operation Kigali
D) Opération Turquoise
  • 90. When did the RPF take control of Kigali?
A) 4 July
B) 18 July
C) 23 June
D) 1 May
  • 91. Which newspaper reported the execution of relief agency employees on 9 April?
A) The Rwandan Gazette
B) The New York Times
C) The London Times
D) The Washington Post
  • 92. How did the Interahamwe destroy the church in Nyange?
A) They used explosives.
B) They set it on fire.
C) They removed the roof during the night.
D) They used bulldozers.
  • 93. Who was the priest found guilty by the ICTR for his role in the Nyange church demolition?
A) A local Interahamwe captain
B) Jean-Baptiste Habyalimana
C) Athanase Seromba
D) Sylvain Nsabimana
  • 94. How did Hutu propaganda portray Tutsi women?
A) As innocent bystanders
B) As leaders of the opposition
C) As a sexually seductive fifth column
D) As the primary military threat
  • 95. What was Marie Louise Niyobuhungiro forced to do in between rapes?
A) Farm land
B) Teach local children
C) Cook for the soldiers
D) Clean weapons
  • 96. Which groups were specifically mentioned as victims of sexual violation besides women?
A) Elderly priests only
B) No men were victims
C) Children only
D) Men
  • 97. What was the specific intended outcome of infecting victims with HIV?
A) Forced labor
B) Immediate execution
C) Conversion to Hutu ideology
D) A slow, inexorable death
  • 98. What nickname is sometimes given to the Twa in relation to the Rwandan genocide?
A) Forest rebels
B) Hidden fighters
C) Primary targets
D) Forgotten victims
  • 99. Who did Dallaire credit with being a 'master of psychological warfare'?
A) The French military commander
B) Bagosora
C) Paul Kagame
D) The RPF recruitment officer
  • 100. What is the name of the public holiday commemorating Rwanda's liberation?
A) Unity Day
B) Liberation Day
C) RPF Victory Day
D) Genocide Memorial Day
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