 - 1. What primary weapon type did Chinese troops have to rely on against amphibious assaults early in the conflict?
A) Heavy artillery
B) Anti-tank missiles
C) Naval destroyers
D) Small-caliber weapons
- 2. Why was the sandy soil of the coastal region a disadvantage for the Chinese?
A) It made the terrain impossible for tanks to cross
B) It was difficult to construct sturdy fortifications
C) It blocked the line of sight for snipers
D) It caused soldiers to develop skin infections
- 3. Where did the Chinese often obtain materials for building trenches and fortifications?
A) From local forestry supplies
B) Imported from international allies
C) From bombed-out houses
D) From abandoned Japanese supply depots
- 4. Which officer was assigned to defend the walled town of Baoshan?
A) Xue Yue
B) Chen Cheng
C) Lin Yindong
D) Yao Ziqing
- 5. What was the significance of the message delivered by the sole survivor of the Baoshan battalion?
A) They were determined to fight until every soldier was killed
B) The town had been evacuated safely
C) The town was surrendered under duress
D) They requested an immediate air strike
- 6. Which town was nicknamed the 'grinding mill of flesh and blood'?
A) Baoshan
B) Liujiahang
C) Luodian
D) Gujiazhai
- 7. Who advised Chiang Kai-shek that Luodian was the most crucial strategic point?
A) Chen Cheng
B) Yao Ziqing
C) Xue Yue
D) Alexander von Falkenhausen
- 8. What device did the Japanese use to pinpoint Chinese positions before artillery strikes?
A) Carrier pigeons
B) Thermal imaging cameras
C) Observation balloons
D) Radar technology
- 9. How did the Japanese finally breach the 'white house' in Luodian on September 23?
A) By using a tunnel to plant explosives
B) By negotiating a surrender
C) By starving out the defenders
D) By using poison gas
- 10. Approximately what percentage of casualties did the 59th and 90th Divisions of the 4th Army suffer in five days?
A) 90 to 100 percent
B) 40 to 50 percent
C) 20 to 30 percent
D) 70 to 80 percent
- 11. What happened to the 12th Company of the 3rd Battalion at Jinjiawan?
A) They were rescued by the 16th Division
B) They successfully retreated to the main line
C) They captured the Japanese commander
D) They were wiped out
- 12. Which commander was put under investigation for the retreat from Taipingqiao?
A) Li Youmei
B) Yao Ziqing
C) Lin Yindong
D) Luo Lin
- 13. When did the second phase of the Battle of Shanghai begin?
A) October 26
B) August 28
C) September 11
D) August 23
- 14. Which specific Japanese divisions were ordered to Shanghai on September 11, 1937?
A) 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
B) 3rd, 11th, and 5th
C) 18th, 20th, and 50th
D) 9th, 13th, and 101st
- 15. Where did the majority of Japanese landings occur?
A) Inside the downtown metropolis
B) Near the city center of Zhabei
C) Along the Huangpu River bank
D) Near the coast at Liuhe
- 16. Which Japanese commander led the Shanghai Expeditionary Force (SEF)?
A) Emperor Hirohito
B) Chiang Kai-shek
C) Iwane Matsui
D) Chen Cheng
- 17. What towns were targeted during the amphibious assault on August 23, 1937?
A) Liuhe, Shizilin, and Jiangwan
B) Zhabei, Jiangwan, and Liuhe
C) Chuanshakou, Shizilin, and Baoshan
D) Wusong, downtown Shanghai, and Zhabei
- 18. How far were the coastal landing towns from downtown Shanghai?
A) Ten kilometers
B) Five kilometers
C) One hundred kilometers
D) Fifty kilometers
- 19. Who did Chiang Kai-shek order to reinforce the coastal area?
A) The 9th Division
B) Chen Cheng
C) The 13th Division
D) Iwane Matsui
- 20. What military unit was used by Chen Cheng to reinforce the coast?
A) 5th Heavy Artillery Brigade
B) 11th Division
C) 18th Army
D) 3rd Division
- 21. How many Japanese soldiers were killed on August 28, 1937, attempting to secure a beachhead at Baoshan?
A) Five hundred
B) One hundred
C) One thousand
D) Two hundred
- 22. Which Japanese tactic was commonly used before amphibious assaults?
A) Night infiltration
B) Paratrooper drops
C) Heavy naval and air bombardment
D) Chemical warfare
- 23. Which downtown positions did Chinese divisions hold for three months?
A) Liuhe and Wusong
B) Shizilin and the Huangpu River
C) Zhabei and Jiangwan
D) Chuanshakou and Baoshan
- 24. Who was killed by Chinese soldiers at a Wusong artillery position?
A) Chen Cheng
B) The commander of the 101st Division
C) Iwane Matsui
D) Emperor Hirohito's cousin-in-law
- 25. The Japanese performed a similar maneuver to the landings near Liuhe in which year?
A) 1932
B) 1935
C) 1937
D) 1928
- 26. Who was the Chinese representative that dismissed the Japanese demand for troop withdrawal?
A) Yu Hung-chun
B) Chiang Kai-shek
C) Zhang Zhizhong
D) Alexander von Falkenhausen
- 27. What incident did major powers want to avoid repeating in Shanghai due to economic disruptions?
A) January 28 Incident
B) Bazi Bridge Incident
C) Nanjing Occupation
D) North China Incident
- 28. Where did the Japanese army cross to attack various centers in the city on August 13?
A) Huangpu River
B) Bazi Bridge
C) Yangtze River
D) Zhabei District
- 29. Which Chinese division retaliated with mortar attacks during the opening skirmishes?
A) 88th Division
B) 87th Division
C) Peace Preservation Corps
D) ROCAF
- 30. Which Chinese division was tasked with attacking the Japanese naval command at the Kung-ta Textile Mill?
A) 88th Division
B) 87th Division
C) The Third Fleet
D) Peace Preservation Corps
- 31. What was the only heavy weapon possessed by the Chinese forces during the battle?
A) Air-dropped bombs
B) Naval destroyers
C) Heavy tanks
D) 150mm howitzers
- 32. How long did Zhang Zhizhong estimate it would take to achieve the initial objectives?
A) Three days
B) One week
C) One day
D) One month
- 33. Who was the driver killed alongside Isao Ōyama?
A) Peter Harmsen
B) A nameless death row inmate
C) Shi Shuo
D) Saito Yozo
- 34. What was the status of Shanghai in the world at the time of the battle?
A) World's tenth largest city
B) World's fifth largest city
C) World's largest industrial center
D) World's largest city
- 35. Which Japanese military branch provided heavy bombardment from the Huangpu River during the first attack?
A) Third Fleet
B) Imperial Guard
C) Manchurian Expeditionary Force
D) First Air Squadron
- 36. Who was the brigade commander killed near Bazi Bridge during the first Chinese attack?
A) Zhang Zhizhong
B) Huang Meixing
C) Li Zeng
D) Chen Cheng
- 37. What tactics did Chinese divisions plan to use during the Operation Iron Fist assault on August 17?
A) Guerilla hit-and-run tactics
B) German Stosstrupp shock tactics
C) Static trench warfare
D) Aerial paratrooper drops
- 38. What did the Chinese construct to gradually surround Japanese strongholds?
A) Concrete walls
B) Sandbag blockades
C) Wooden barricades
D) Barbed wire fences
- 39. What type of tanks did the Chinese deploy to assist their assault on August 19?
A) British-made Vickers 6-ton tanks
B) Soviet T-26 tanks
C) French Renault FT tanks
D) German Panzer I tanks
- 40. Who was the 36th Division staff officer who witnessed a Chinese soldier use himself as a suicide bomber against a tank?
A) Xiong Xinmin
B) Chen Ruihe
C) Li Zeng
D) Zhang Zhizhong
- 41. What was the final street Chinese tanks reached before the Huangpu River by August 21?
A) Kunming Road
B) Zhoushan Road
C) Yangshupu Road
D) Broadway
- 42. What was the name of the fortified factory that could withstand Chinese artillery?
A) Gong Da Cotton Mill
B) Shanghai Textile Mill
C) Sasebo Steel Works
D) Hueishan Warehouse
- 43. Which American correspondent compared the battle to a mix of Verdun and Gettysburg?
A) Walter Lippmann
B) Ernest Hemingway
C) John Hersey
D) Edgar Snow
- 44. Which aircraft primarily provided escort cover for the Chinese Air Force during the Battle of Shanghai?
A) Mitsubishi A5M
B) Curtiss Hawk III
C) Boeing P-26 Model 281 Peashooter
D) Curtiss Hawk II
- 45. What was the name of the Japanese Navy flagship targeted by the ROCAF on August 14, 1937?
A) Izumo
B) Kaga
C) Yamato
D) Akagi
- 46. Approximately how many civilians were killed outright in the 'Black Saturday' bombing incident?
A) 200–500
B) 700–950
C) 2,000–3,000
D) 1,000–1,500
- 47. Where did most of the civilian deaths occur during the accidental bombing of the International Settlement?
A) Great World entertainment centre
B) The Bund
C) Jianqiao Airbase
D) Nanking Road
- 48. Who commanded the 4th Flying Group of the ROCAF during the engagement on August 14, 1937?
A) Kiyoshi Hasegawa
B) Captain Gao Zhihang
C) Chen Shaokuan
D) Chiang Kai-shek
- 49. What treaty provided a lifeline of new replacement fighter aircraft to the Chinese Air Force?
A) Sino-Soviet Treaty
B) Sino-Japanese Treaty
C) Sino-British Treaty
D) Sino-American Treaty
- 50. How many Chinese ships were sunk at Jiangyin by October 1937?
A) Five
B) One
C) Ten
D) Twenty
- 51. In which river was the Japanese cruiser Izumo moored during the attempted bombing?
A) Whangpoo (Huangpu) River
B) Yellow River
C) Pearl River
D) Yangtze River
- 52. How many Japanese planes did the 4th Flying Group shoot down on August 14 without suffering any losses?
A) Ten
B) Zero
C) Two
D) Six
- 53. Who was the commander of the Chinese 5th Army at the beginning of the battle?
A) Zhang Zhizhong
B) Chiang Kai-shek
C) Gu Zhutong
D) Chen Cheng
- 54. Who eventually became the commander of the third war zone covering Shanghai?
A) Chiang Kai-shek
B) Gu Zhutong
C) Zhang Zhizhong
D) Chen Cheng
- 55. What was the initial Japanese plan for the Shanghai region before the escalation?
A) Full economic cooperation
B) Localized containment
C) Total annexation
D) Immediate surrender of the city
- 56. Which town did the Japanese invade south of Luodian?
A) Wusong
B) Liuhang
C) Suzhou
D) Dachang
- 57. How many Japanese divisions did Matsui mass to break the Chinese lines?
A) Four
B) Two
C) Six
D) Eight
- 58. What date did the Japanese forces attack the Chinese defenses at Wusong Creek?
A) October 1, 1937
B) October 26, 1937
C) October 15, 1937
D) October 5, 1937
- 59. When did the Guangxi Army join the battle for Shanghai?
A) October 14, 1937
B) October 21, 1937
C) October 26, 1937
D) October 1, 1937
- 60. Which commander attempted suicide after the fall of Dachang?
A) Zhu Yaohua
B) Li Zongren
C) Bai Chongxi
D) Chiang Kai-shek
- 61. What date did Dachang finally fall to the Japanese?
A) October 5, 1937
B) October 26, 1937
C) October 14, 1937
D) October 21, 1937
- 62. What Chinese regiment defended Sanjiacun as part of the 160th Division?
A) 953rd Regiment
B) 958th Regiment
C) 959th Regiment
D) 73rd Regiment
- 63. What unit replaced the 958th Regiment on October 18, 1937, due to heavy casualties?
A) 292nd Brigade
B) 13th Division Engineer Battalion
C) 959th Regiment
D) 953rd Regiment
- 64. Which Chinese position fell on October 21, 1937, following a massive attack by the 58th Infantry Regiment?
A) Laoluzhai
B) Xinmuqiao
C) Mengjiazhai
D) Sanjiacun
- 65. To which location did the Chinese 13th Division withdraw for reorganization on October 22?
A) Shanghai
B) Chenjiahang
C) Taicang
D) Liujiahang
- 66. Who was the commander of the 159th Division's 953rd Regiment?
A) Guan Huimin
B) Ruan Zhaochang
C) Yazaki
D) Hong Shiyang
- 67. Which Japanese infantry regiment occupied Daijiazhai south of Xinmuqiao?
A) 104th Infantry Regiment
B) 58th Infantry Regiment
C) 65th Infantry Regiment
D) 116th Infantry Regiment
- 68. What did the Japanese Army accuse the Chinese Army of using near Sanjiacun on October 23?
A) Poison gas
B) Air support
C) Trench warfare
D) Artillery barrage
- 69. Who was the divisional commander of the 57th Division during the Mengjiazhai battle?
A) Yazaki
B) Ruan Zhaochang
C) Hong Shiyang
D) Guan Huimin
- 70. On what date did the Chinese withdraw from their positions in the Guangfu battlefield?
A) October 31
B) November 1
C) November 12
D) October 28
- 71. Which brigade commander was killed in action fighting the 116th Infantry Regiment at Gejiatou?
A) Hong Shiyang
B) Ruan Zhaochang
C) Yazaki
D) Guan Huimin
- 72. Who led the 1st Battalion of the 524th Regiment during the defense of the Sihang Warehouse?
A) Sun Li-jen
B) Ji Keipei
C) Gu Huiquan
D) Xie Jinyuan
- 73. Approximately how many men and officers defended the Sihang Warehouse?
A) 3,000
B) 1,200
C) 411
D) 102
- 74. Where were the Chinese defenders interned after escaping the Sihang Warehouse?
A) Brussels
B) Nanjing
C) Dachang
D) International Settlement
- 75. What was the casualty count reported by Colonel Xie Jinyuan for Japanese troops killed at Sihang?
A) Over 200
B) Over 1,000
C) Over 100
D) Exactly 3
- 76. Which general of the Tax Police Corps was badly wounded during the fighting along the Suzhou Creek?
A) Ji Keipei
B) Gu Huiquan
C) Xie Jinyuan
D) Sun Li-jen
- 77. Which regimental commander was killed in action while fighting the Japanese 9th Division?
A) Xie Jinyuan
B) Gu Huiquan
C) Ji Keipei
D) Sun Li-jen
- 78. How many combat soldiers were left in the 36th Division's 211th Regiment by November 6, 1937?
A) 80
B) 20
C) 50
D) 60
- 79. What caused half of the reinforcements from the 34th Division to desert?
A) Japanese aircraft bombing
B) Exhaustion and hunger
C) Lack of ammunition
D) Orders from commanders
- 80. Who was the commander of the 626th Regiment who died supervising the front-line?
A) Xie Jinyuan
B) Gu Huiquan
C) Ji Keipei
D) Sun Li-jen
- 81. Who was the commander of the Japanese 10th Army?
A) Heisuke Yanagawa
B) Prince Asaka
C) Iwane Matsui
D) Kesago Nakajima
- 82. Which Japanese royal was appointed as the commander of the SEF?
A) Prince Mikasa
B) Prince Asaka
C) Prince Chichibu
D) Emperor Hirohito
- 83. How long did it take for the Japanese army to cover the 400 kilometers to Nanjing?
A) About a month
B) Three months
C) Six months
D) One week
- 84. Which city were the 67th and 43rd Armies ordered to hold to cover the Chinese retreat?
A) Nanshi
B) Baoshan
C) Dachang
D) Songjiang
- 85. What was the name of the final line of defense between Shanghai and Nanjing?
A) Chinese Hindenburg Line
B) Maginot Line
C) Xicheng Line
D) Wufu Line
- 86. Which battle did a contemporary Chinese historian compare the Battle of Shanghai to in terms of bloodiness?
A) Ypres
B) Verdun
C) Somme
D) Stalingrad
- 87. According to the official Chinese report on November 5, how many Chinese were killed or wounded?
A) 130,000
B) 300,000
C) 187,200
D) 250,000
- 88. Who was the American military officer stationed in China that estimated total Chinese casualties at 240,000?
A) Frank Dorn
B) Peter Harmsen
C) James Paulose
D) Richard Frank
- 89. What factor contributed to the high Chinese casualties during the battle?
A) Excessive use of chemical weapons
B) Lack of motivation
C) Insufficient numbers of soldiers
D) Reliance on costly frontal assaults
- 90. What percentage casualty rate did the Japanese 9th Division suffer according to Richard Frank?
A) 64%
B) 74%
C) 84%
D) 94%
- 91. According to Ikuhiko Hata, what was the total number of casualties for the five most involved Japanese divisions?
A) 93,000
B) 60,000
C) 9,115
D) 42,202
- 92. How many total casualties did the Ministry of Military Affairs report in 1938 for the period between August 13 and November 15?
A) 333,500
B) 250,000
C) 300,000
D) 229,382
- 93. What was the official Japanese claim for their own killed-in-action total during the campaign?
A) 11,072
B) 17,000
C) 9,115
D) 18,000
- 94. What was a common method of execution for Chinese prisoners mentioned in the text?
A) Drowning in the Huangpu River.
B) Exposure to freezing conditions.
C) Public hanging.
D) Decapitation with swords.
- 95. What act of violence did Japanese troops commit near the Jessfield Railway Bridge?
A) Taking local civilians as hostages.
B) Mining the railway tracks.
C) Setting fire to the bridge structure.
D) Machine gunning crowds of refugees.
- 96. Which targets were deliberately bombed or strafed by Japanese aircraft?
A) Anything bearing the Red Cross.
B) Foreign embassy buildings.
C) Japanese supply depots.
D) Abandoned industrial factories.
- 97. Which of the following was a component of the Chinese scorched earth tactics?
A) Poisoning wells.
B) Constructing new defensive walls.
C) Building underground tunnels.
D) Distributing food to the poor.
- 98. How many Chinese troops were considered comparatively better trained at the start of the war?
A) 100,000
B) 500,000
C) 300,000
D) 80,000
- 99. How many junior officers did the Whampoa Military Academy train between 1929 and 1937?
A) 100,000
B) 10,000
C) 25,000
D) 50,000
- 100. How many of the 88th Division's troops during the defense of Nanjing were new recruits?
A) Seven thousand
B) Three thousand
C) Five thousand
D) One thousand
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