A) Lipid-based microfluidic mixers B) Small interfering RNA strands C) Cationic polymers mixed with mRNA D) Natural ribonucleases
A) Protecting mRNA from ribonucleases B) Creating ionizable cationic lipids C) Targeting only the lymphatic system D) Scaling up microfluidic production
A) Protamine B) Polymer vector C) Lipid nanoparticle D) Onpattro
A) Onpattro B) Protamine encapsulation C) COVID-19 mRNA vaccine D) Polyplex coating
A) 2015 B) 2020 C) 2022 D) 2018
A) siRNA lipids are non-cationic B) Lipids for siRNA were too expensive C) mRNA strands are much longer than siRNA D) mRNA requires higher temperatures
A) Protection against degradation B) Reducing cellular intake C) Increasing mRNA strand length D) Replacing the need for microfluidics
A) Adjusting the patient's lymphatic flow B) Customizing the lipid's outer layer with ligands C) Using different ribonuclease enzymes D) Changing the internal mRNA length
A) Inconsistency between in vivo and in vitro applications B) Inability to administer intravenously C) Lack of protective lipid layers D) High cost of producing mRNA strands
A) Direct ribonuclease injection B) Intravenously C) Encapsulation in siRNA D) Oral ingestion of polymers
A) Ribonuclease synthesis B) Microfluidics C) Massive parallel pipetting D) Direct polymer mixing
A) They require high temperatures to function B) The lipids are incompatible with microchannels C) They consume too much electricity D) They exploit microscale behaviors of liquids
A) Replacing lipids with cationic polymers B) Eliminating the need for reaction chambers C) Running many microfluidic chambers in parallel D) Developing larger microfluidic mixers
A) Scaling microfluidic reaction chambers B) Protamine availability C) FDA approval delays D) Synthesizing mRNA strands
A) Natural protamine lipids B) Ionizable cationic lipids C) Polyplex-derived lipids D) Standard ribonuclease lipids
A) Several tons B) Grams or kilograms C) Liter quantities only D) Micro-milligrams
A) Introns B) 3'-poly(A) tail C) Histone proteins D) Double-stranded DNA
A) 3'-untranslated region B) 5'-cap C) Open reading frame D) 5'-untranslated region
A) Reducing the length of the UTR B) Removing the 5' cap C) Modifying structural components D) Increasing RNAase concentration
A) Loss of the poly(A) tail B) Decreased mRNA half-life C) Increased RNAase sensitivity D) Decreased innate immune activation
A) Reduced mRNA translation B) Increased mutation rate C) Enhanced protein production D) Inhibition of the open reading frame
A) It is too small B) Electrostatic repulsion C) It lacks a poly(A) tail D) It is positively charged
A) Proteases B) RNAases C) DNA polymerase D) T7 polymerase
A) T7 phage protein fragments B) Engineered plasmid DNA C) Natural eukaryotic ribosomes D) In vivo transcription in blood
A) It is not negatively charged B) It is too small C) It lacks a 5' cap D) It is too large
A) 2008 B) 2005 C) 2010 D) 2001
A) Lipid nanoparticle encapsulation B) Viral vector delivery C) Modified nucleosides D) Dendritic cell transfection
A) 2001 B) 2008 C) 2013 D) 2010
A) Moderna B) Pfizer C) BioNTech D) AstraZeneca
A) Moderna B) BioNTech C) Merck D) GSK
A) ADEPT B) RAPID C) VACCINE D) DEFEND
A) $50 million B) $100 million C) $25 million D) $10 million
A) 2015 B) 2013 C) 2008 D) 2010
A) Rabies B) Influenza C) Chikungunya virus D) Zika virus
A) Ebola B) HIV C) Chikungunya virus D) Smallpox
A) To destroy lipid nanoparticles B) To replicate the cell's DNA C) To store energy D) To build foreign proteins
A) Lipid nanoparticles B) Protein capsules C) Cellular enzymes D) Antibodies
A) The method of storage B) The tendency to produce adverse reactions C) The speed of immune response D) The cost of production
A) People who are allergic to peanuts B) People susceptible to autoimmune responses C) People with viral infections D) People with high blood pressure
A) UK MHRA B) European Medicines Agency C) US FDA D) World Health Organization
A) 1989 B) 2020 C) 1993 D) 1995
A) DNA strands B) Red blood cells C) T cells D) Platelets
A) Only in cancer cells B) Yes, always C) Only in viral cells D) No
A) January 2020 B) December 2020 C) December 2021 D) May 2021
A) mFlusiva B) mResvia C) mCombriax D) BNT162b2
A) Antigens B) Dendritic cells C) Pathogens D) Ribosomes
A) Inside the ribosome B) Outside the body C) Inside the cell nucleus D) By the dendritic cells directly
A) mFlusiva B) BNT162b2 C) mCombriax D) mResvia
A) Ribosomes B) Proteasomes C) MHC molecules D) Genomic DNA
A) Dendritic cells B) Ribosomes C) Proteasomes D) MHC molecules
A) Proteasomes B) Ribosomes C) MHC molecules D) Antibodies
A) Bloodstream B) Lymph nodes C) Cell nucleus D) Liver
A) August 2026 B) May 2024 C) December 2020 D) February 2026
A) A few days B) Several years C) They are never degraded D) Several months
A) Viral transduction B) Electroporation C) Liposomal fusion D) Endocytosis
A) Electroporation B) Incubation C) Osmosis D) Centrifugation
A) A surgical procedure B) A regular infection C) A secondary immune response D) A nutritional deficiency
A) 2010s B) 1990s C) 1970s D) 2000s
A) Relatively weak B) Delayed by several years C) Non-existent D) Extremely potent
A) Intradermal injections B) Intravenous drips C) Intranasal sprays D) Intramuscular injections
A) Retroviruses B) Coronaviruses C) Adenoviruses D) Poxviruses
A) Cytosol B) Mitochondria C) Golgi apparatus D) Nucleus
A) Decreased stability B) Integration into the genome C) Increased translation D) Faster degradation
A) Sheep B) Chicken C) Dogs D) Rats
A) Sequence engineering B) Rigorous quality control C) Lipid encapsulation D) Molecular cloning
A) Pseudouridines B) Thymine-pseudouridine C) Cytosine-adenosine D) Guanine-uracil
A) Ten B) One C) Five D) Zero
A) Eight weeks B) Six months C) Two weeks D) One year
A) Those that prevent daily activity B) Any fever above 100 degrees C) Side effects requiring hospitalization D) Any reaction lasting longer than a week
A) Around 50 percent B) Over 90 percent C) Less than 80 percent D) Exactly 75 percent
A) Two B) One C) Three D) Four
A) The number of open reading frames B) The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase C) The amount delivered by the vaccine D) The cell's internal replication
A) One B) Three C) Two D) Zero
A) Lipid nanoparticles B) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase C) N1-Methylpseudouridine D) The antigen of interest
A) Gemcovac B) ARCT-154 C) Pfizer D) Moderna
A) January 2020 B) June 2021 C) June 2022 D) November 2023
A) Arcturus Therapeutics B) Gritstone bio C) Meiji Seika Pharma D) GSK
A) June 2022 B) January 2021 C) December 2020 D) November 2023
A) Uridine B) DNA polymerase C) N1-Methylpseudouridine D) Adjuvants
A) Malaria B) Ebola C) Tuberculosis D) Influenza
A) 2021 B) 2023 C) 2022 D) 2019 |