 - 1. According to the Hebrew Bible, when did the United Monarchy of Israel rule?
A) Around the 6th century BCE B) Around the 8th century BCE C) Around the 10th century BCE D) Around the 12th century BCE
- 2. Which two regions did the United Monarchy allegedly rule over according to the Hebrew Bible?
A) Israel and Philistia B) Judea and Samaria C) Jerusalem and Shechem D) Cisjordan and Transjordan
- 3. What period corresponds to the Early Monarchical period in archaeology?
A) Iron Age I B) Iron Age IIa C) Late Bronze Age D) Iron Age IIb
- 4. What evidence supports the existence of a centralized organization in Judah during Iron Age IIa?
A) Large gold and silver treasures B) Extensive written royal archives C) Fortified cities, literacy, and city planning D) Foreign trade agreements
- 5. According to interpretations in the 1990s, how did Israel and Judah arise relative to each other?
A) Separately and as distinct entities B) Simultaneously from a shared capital C) As colonies of Egypt D) As a single unified empire
- 6. Where were Israel and Judah centered, respectively, according to 1990s interpretations?
A) Khirbet Qeiyafa and Judah B) Shechem and Jerusalem C) Transjordan and Cisjordan D) Jerusalem and Samaria
- 7. Which archaeological site supports the biblical account of a United Monarchy?
A) Khirbet Qeiyafa B) Tel Dan C) The Ophel D) The City of David
- 8. What did the Israel Antiquities Authority state that the excavations at Khirbat Qeiyafa reveal?
A) A Philistine fortress city B) An urban society that existed in Judah in the late eleventh century BCE C) A small country village from the eighth century BCE D) An uninhabited wasteland
- 9. What is the oldest part of Jerusalem and its original urban core?
A) Upper Samaria B) Khirbet Qeiyafa C) The City of David D) The Ophel
- 10. Which administrative structures in Jerusalem contain material culture dated to Iron I?
A) The Stepped Stone Structure and the Large Stone Structure B) The Tel Dan Stele and Mesha Stele C) The temple of Solomon D) The Ophel fortifications
- 11. Who argued that Jerusalem in the 10th century BCE was a small country village rather than a national capital?
A) Israel Finkelstein B) Amihai Mazar C) Avraham Faust D) William G. Dever
- 12. Who argued that Jerusalem was entirely uninhabited in the 10th century BCE?
A) Ussishkin B) Israel Finkelstein C) William G. Dever D) Zev Farber
- 13. Who contends that Jerusalem was a small town with a mighty citadel and a center of a substantial regional polity?
A) Avraham Faust B) Israel Finkelstein C) Ussishkin D) Amihai Mazar
- 14. Who argued that Jerusalem was significantly large compared to highland sites and contained fortifications and public buildings?
A) Israel Finkelstein and Ussishkin B) William G. Dever and Amihai Mazar C) The Israel Antiquities Authority D) Avraham Faust and Zev Farber
- 15. Recent archaeological discoveries at which two locations seem to indicate Jerusalem was sufficiently developed to be a capital?
A) Tel Dan and Transjordan B) Samaria and the Judean hills C) The City of David and the Ophel D) Khirbet Qeiyafa and Shechem
- 16. When was the Tel Dan Stele discovered?
A) Late eleventh century BCE B) Iron Age IIa C) The 1990s D) July 1993
- 17. To which centuries is the Tel Dan Stele dated?
A) The 9th or 8th century BCE B) The late 11th century BCE C) The 10th century BCE D) The Bronze Age
- 18. What phrase on the Tel Dan Stele is interpreted by many as a reference to a monarchic dynasty in Judah?
A) bytdwd B) Shechem and Jerusalem C) Upper Samaria D) Cisjordan
- 19. What is 'bytdwd' widely interpreted to mean?
A) United Monarchy B) Temple of Solomon C) Capital of Jerusalem D) House of David
- 20. Besides the Tel Dan Stele, which other stele might contain a reference to the House of David?
A) The Khirbet Qeiyafa inscription B) The Stepped Stone Structure C) The Large Stone Structure D) The Mesha Stele
- 21. What do the majority of scholars accept regarding David and Solomon since the discovery of the Tel Dan Stele?
A) The existence of a polity ruled by them, on a more modest scale than described in the Bible B) That they never existed and were entirely mythical figures C) That they ruled a vast empire stretching from Egypt to Mesopotamia D) That they only ruled a small country village in the Judean hills
- 22. What areas do most scholars believe David and Solomon reigned over?
A) Upper Samaria and Shechem exclusively B) Large sections of Cisjordan and probably parts of Transjordan C) Only the City of David and Khirbet Qeiyafa D) The entire Near East without exception
- 23. According to William G. Dever, which territories did David actually reign over?
A) Current territories of Israel and West Bank B) All of Cisjordan and Transjordan C) Only Jerusalem and its immediate surroundings D) Judea and Samaria as an empire
- 24. Which invading group does William G. Dever argue that David defeated?
A) The Moabites B) The Egyptians C) The Philistines D) The Ammonites
- 25. What does William G. Dever argue about David's conquests other than defeating the invaders?
A) They were larger than described in the Bible B) They are fictitious C) They were peacefully negotiated D) They are historically proven by the Tel Dan Stele
- 26. According to Paula McNutt, do Old Testament narratives record history in the sense it is understood in the twentieth century?
A) No B) Only regarding political history C) Only in the books of Moses D) Yes
- 27. Who is credited in the Talmud with the dictum that "there is no chronological order in the Torah"?
A) Rabbi Ishmael B) W.F. Albright C) Abba Arika D) Rabbi Akiva
- 28. Whose view was that "the Torah speaks in human language"?
A) Rabbi Akiva B) W.F. Albright C) Rabbi Ishmael D) Abba Arika
- 29. Which archaeologist described a more expansive view of history involving multiple histories within the Bible?
A) Abraham Joshua Heschel B) W.F. Albright C) William Dever D) Abba Arika
- 30. Cultural history encompasses overall cultural evolution, demography, socio-economic and political structure, and what else?
A) Telepathy B) Ethnicity C) Infallibility D) Chronology
- 31. What do most historians accept regarding Jesus in the New Testament?
A) He was a historical figure crucified under Pontius Pilate B) He wrote the gospels himself C) Every single event in his life is scientifically verifiable D) He never actually existed as a person
- 32. Who is a representative of the Copenhagen School, also known as 'biblical minimalism'?
A) An unnamed biblical literalist B) Thomas L. Thompson C) William G. Dever D) Pontius Pilate
- 33. What is the Copenhagen School also known as?
A) Biblical archaeology B) Biblical maximalism C) Biblical minimalism D) Biblical literalism
- 34. What early philosophical movement influenced patrons like Justin Martyr and Tertullian?
A) The Ionian Enlightenment B) Scholasticism C) The Renaissance D) The Age of Enlightenment
- 35. Who was aware of the difference between science and scripture?
A) Tertullian B) Justin Martyr C) Faustus of Mileve D) Augustine
- 36. Whose historical doubts are used as a comparison in the text?
A) Faustus of Mileve B) Augustine C) Herodotus D) Tertullian
- 37. Do very few or very many texts survive directly from antiquity?
A) Very few B) An infinite number C) Very many D) Almost all of them
- 38. What indicates greater textual reliability in earliest texts?
A) Lower consistency B) Fewer copies overall C) Higher consistency D) Greater length
- 39. What can multiple copies of manuscripts be grouped into?
A) Canon categories B) Text types C) Apocryphal volumes D) Enlightenment subsets
- 40. What are some text types judged to be closer to than others?
A) The apocrypha B) The modern translation C) The myths of other religions D) The hypothetical original
- 41. Which scholar noted internal contradictions suggesting Moses did not author the Pentateuch as early as the Middle Ages?
A) Jean Astruc B) Baruch Spinoza C) Thomas Hobbes D) Abraham ibn Ezra
- 42. Which biblical chapter describes the death of Moses, making it impossible for him to have written it?
A) Genesis 1 B) Leviticus 10 C) Deuteronomy 34 D) Numbers 22
- 43. In which major work did Thomas Hobbes argue that biblical texts provide evidence for their own dates of composition?
A) The Pentateuch B) Leviathan C) Tractatus Theologico-Politicus D) Higher Criticism
- 44. In what year was Thomas Hobbes's work Leviathan published?
A) 1753 B) 1651 C) 1670 D) 1678
- 45. Which philosopher and pantheist echoed Hobbes's doubts about the historical books in Tractatus Theologico-Politicus?
A) Baruch Spinoza B) Julius Wellhausen C) Jean Astruc D) Thomas Hobbes
- 46. In what year was Baruch Spinoza's Tractatus Theologico-Politicus published?
A) 1753 B) 1670 C) 1678 D) 1651
- 47. Which French priest brought critical perspectives on Scripture to the Catholic tradition in 1678?
A) Abraham ibn Ezra B) Julius Wellhausen C) Richard Simon D) Jean Astruc
- 48. Who applied source criticism methods from classical secular texts to the Pentateuch in 1753?
A) Thomas Hobbes B) Jean Astruc C) Julius Wellhausen D) Richard Simon
- 49. How many different manuscript traditions did Jean Astruc believe he could detect in the Pentateuch?
A) Four B) Two C) Five D) Three
- 50. Who formalised the documentary hypothesis in the 1870s?
A) Julius Wellhausen B) Thomas Hobbes C) Jean Astruc D) Abraham ibn Ezra
- 51. Which of the following is part of the sources identified in the documentary hypothesis?
A) Mosaic B) Jahwist C) Ezraic D) Hobbesian
- 52. Which source is included in the four identified by the documentary hypothesis?
A) Elohist B) Traditionist C) Historical D) Prophetic
- 53. Along with Jahwist and Elohist, which source is part of the documentary hypothesis?
A) Mosaic B) Reformist C) Levitical D) Deuteronomist
- 54. What is the fourth source identified in the documentary hypothesis besides Jahwist, Elohist, and Deuteronomist?
A) Prophetic source B) Scribal source C) Priestly source D) Royal source
- 55. What did medieval philosopher Maimonides consider the stories about Adam to be?
A) Philosophical anthropology B) Strict historical records C) Literal scientific data D) Prophetic poetry
- 56. Whose publication of 'Theory of the Earth' in 1788 was an important development in dethroning Genesis as ultimate authority?
A) William Albright B) James Hutton C) Charles Darwin D) Martin Noth
- 57. Who was the president of the Geological Society who publicly recanted his previous support for the diluvian theory in 1831?
A) Hermann Gunkel B) John Van Seters C) Adam Sedgwick D) David Ilan
- 58. Who naturalized the Garden of Eden with the publication of 'On the Origin of Species' in 1859?
A) Charles Darwin B) William Dever C) James Hutton D) Thomas L. Thompson
- 59. What is the mainstream scholarly consensus regarding Genesis 1–11 today?
A) A legal contract from the Bronze Age B) A highly schematic literary work representing theology/symbolic mythology C) An eyewitness account written by Adam D) A strictly accurate historical and scientific chronicle
- 60. Who drew attention to the mythic aspects of the Pentateuch following the early scientific developments?
A) Hermann Gunkel B) St Augustine of Hippo C) Martin Heide D) William Albright
- 61. Which school argued that although core traditions had ancient roots, narratives were fictional framing devices?
A) Assyrian trade guild B) Tradition history school C) Evangelical literalist school D) Biblical archaeology movement
- 62. Who led the American biblical archaeology movement to counterattack and defend the broad outline of framing narratives?
A) Albright B) Hutton C) Darwin D) Augustine
- 63. Who published 'Abraham in History and Tradition' in 1975?
A) John Van Seters B) Thomas L. Thompson C) Adam Sedgwick D) Maimonides
- 64. According to William Dever in 1993, whose central theses had all been overturned?
A) Albright's B) Hutton's C) Gunkel's D) Darwin's
- 65. What did William Dever state contributed the most to Biblical studies in the long run?
A) The newer secular archaeology B) Ancient oral tradition preservation C) Traditional biblical archaeology D) Literalist evangelical commentary
- 66. How long does the Book of Exodus state the Israelites dwelled in Egypt?
A) 40 years B) 100 years C) 200 years D) 430 years
- 67. How many Israelite men does the Book of Exodus state were involved in the Exodus?
A) 600,000 B) 2.5 million C) 603,550 D) 22,273
- 68. What is the modern estimate for the total number of Israelites based on the Book of Numbers?
A) 600,000 B) 10 million C) 500,000 D) 2.5–3 million
- 69. Who connects the formation of the highland communities and shared identity with the exodus tradition?
A) Ronald Hendel B) Kenton Sparks C) Richard Elliott Friedman D) William G. Dever
- 70. Who held that the Exodus narrative is a Canaanite memory of the Hyksos' descent and occupation of Egypt?
A) Gili Kugler B) Donald Redford C) Ronald Hendel D) Kenton Sparks
- 71. Which biblical text recalls God’s revelation in Egypt but omits any mention of slavery or oppression?
A) Exodus 12 B) Ezekiel 20 C) Deuteronomy 23 D) Genesis 46
- 72. What kind of folklore and culture elements are found in the Exodus narrative?
A) Greek B) Mesopotamian C) Egyptian D) Persian
- 73. Which biblical chapter mentions that the Israelites dwelled in Egypt for 430 years?
A) Genesis 46 B) Exodus 12 C) Deuteronomy 23 D) Numbers 1
- 74. What does the Deuteronomistic history contain regarding historical figures and events?
A) No information whatsoever B) Only fictional names C) Certain information D) Complete and flawless documentation
- 75. How are large portions of the Deuteronomistic history described?
A) Scientifically proven B) Strictly biographical C) Entirely factual D) Legendary
- 76. What else does the Deuteronomistic history contain in large numbers?
A) Poetic verses B) Mathematical formulas C) Foreign languages D) Anachronisms
- 77. What proportion of biblical individuals has been identified independently?
A) Only a negligible fraction B) A significant number C) None at all D) Every single individual
- 78. How have a significant number of biblical individuals been identified?
A) Solely through biblical text B) By guessing randomly C) Through modern media D) Independently
- 79. What type of inscriptions have helped identify biblical individuals?
A) South American petroglyphs B) European runes C) Northwest Semitic inscriptions D) East Asian hieroglyphics
- 80. What other sources besides inscriptions have helped identify biblical individuals?
A) Oral myths from the 20th century B) Fictional novels C) Other archeological sources D) Modern newspaper articles
- 81. What time period do the archeological sources and inscriptions generally cover?
A) 1 AD - 500 AD B) 1000 - 2000 AD C) 5000 - 4000 BC D) 1200 - 539 BC
- 82. Who provided corrections and updates regarding the inscriptions?
A) An ancient king B) Lawrence J. Mykytiuk C) A team of fictional writers D) An anonymous blogger
- 83. Which site was identified by excavators as biblical Bethel?
A) Beitin B) Hazor C) Jericho D) Tel ed-Duweir
- 84. Which site was identified by excavators as biblical Lachish?
A) Hazor B) Beitin C) Tel ed-Duweir D) Jericho
- 85. Who reached the same conclusion as Kathleen Kenyon regarding Jericho based on all excavation findings?
A) Lorenzo Nigro B) Piotr Bienkowski C) Amnon Ben-Tor D) John Garstang
- 86. The Exodus is usually dated in relation to which Pharaoh mentioned in the text?
A) Amenhotep B) Thutmose C) Merneptah D) Ramses
- 87. By what decade had it become clear that the archaeological record did not support the conquest account in Joshua?
A) 1960s B) 1930s C) 1950s D) 1970s
- 88. Who led recent excavations finding that Jericho was occupied in the Late Bronze Age (1400–1200 BCE)?
A) Israel Finkelstein B) Kathleen Kenyon C) Lorenzo Nigro D) John Garstang
- 89. What was added on top of the Middle Bronze city wall at Jericho during the Late Bronze Age?
A) An iron gate B) A mudbrick wall C) A stone fortification D) A wooden palisade
- 90. According to Peake's Commentary, independent battles were artificially attributed to a single leader named what?
A) Joshua B) Deborah C) Moses D) Jabin
- 91. Which stratum in Tel Hazor shows signs of catastrophic fire from around 1200 BCE?
A) Stratum III B) Stratum XIII C) Stratum X D) Stratum VII
- 92. Cuneiform tablets found at Tel Hazor refer to monarchs named what?
A) Thutmose B) Merneptah C) Ibni Addi D) Ramses
- 93. What may be the etymological origin of the biblical name Yavin (Jabin)?
A) Canaan B) Addi C) Hazor D) Ibni
- 94. Who believes that recently unearthed evidence of violent destruction by burning verifies the biblical account of Hazor?
A) Amnon Ben-Tor B) Sharon Zuckerman C) Israel Finkelstein D) John Garstang
- 95. In what year did Amnon Ben-Tor and Sharon Zuckerman discover a scorched palace from the 13th century BC?
A) 2018 B) 2005 C) 2012 D) 1998
- 96. Who claimed that the burning of Hazor was the result of the city's numerous factions opposing each other?
A) Richard Elliot Friedman B) Sharon Zuckerman C) Amnon Ben-Tor D) Kathleen Kenyon
- 97. According to Richard Elliot Friedman, the destruction of Hazor fits best with which biblical figure defeating the king of Hazor?
A) Pharaoh Ramses B) The prophetess Deborah C) Joshua D) Moses
- 98. Which animal's use is cited as an anachronism in 1 Samuel 30:17?
A) Camels B) Elephants C) Donkeys D) Horses
- 99. How is the troop size described in 2 Samuel 17:1?
A) Non-existent B) Extremely small C) Gargantuan D) Average for the period
- 100. Whose paramilitary and servants are referenced in the text as evidence of a later date?
A) Babylonians B) Persians C) Assyrians D) Kushites
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