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Hydroxyproline - Quiz
Hydroxyproline
  • 1. Who isolated hydroxyproline from hydrolyzed gelatin in 1902?
A) Hermann Emil Fischer
B) Hermann Leuchs
C) Louis Pasteur
D) Alexander Fleming
  • 2. In what year did Hermann Leuchs synthesize a racemic mixture of 4-hydroxyproline?
A) 1908
B) 1902
C) 1905
D) 1910
  • 3. What distinguishes hydroxyproline from proline?
A) A carboxyl group
B) An additional amino group
C) The presence of a hydroxyl (OH) group attached to the gamma carbon atom.
D) A methyl group
  • 4. Which enzyme is responsible for the hydroxylation of proline to form hydroxyproline?
A) Prolyl 4-hydroxylase
B) Prolyl 3-hydroxylase
C) Prolyl 5-hydroxylase
D) Prolyl 2-hydroxylase
  • 5. Where does the enzyme-catalyzed hydroxylation of proline take place?
A) In the cytoplasm
B) In the Golgi apparatus
C) In the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum
D) In the mitochondria
  • 6. What percentage of all amino acids found in animal tissue does hydroxyproline comprise?
A) Roughly 1%
B) Roughly 10%
C) Roughly 7%
D) Roughly 4%
  • 7. What is the major component of the protein collagen?
A) Arginine
B) Glycine
C) Lysine
D) Hydroxyproline
  • 8. What percentage of mammalian collagen is comprised of hydroxyproline?
A) Roughly 13.5%
B) Roughly 30%
C) Roughly 20%
D) Roughly 5%
  • 9. What role do hydroxyproline and proline play in collagen?
A) They have no role in the collagen helix.
B) They prevent the twisting of the collagen helix.
C) They break down the collagen helix.
D) They permit the sharp twisting of the collagen helix.
  • 10. In the canonical collagen Xaa-Yaa-Gly triad, what happens to a proline occupying the Yaa position?
A) It is acetylated to give a Xaa-Ac-Gly sequence.
B) It is dehydrated to give a Xaa-DeHy-Gly sequence.
C) It is hydroxylated to give a Xaa-Hyp-Gly sequence.
D) It is methylated to give a Xaa-Met-Gly sequence.
  • 11. What was initially proposed as the reason for the stabilization of the collagen triple helix?
A) The presence of additional amino acids.
B) The presence of lipid molecules.
C) The absence of water molecules.
D) Water molecules forming a hydrogen bonding network linking the prolyl hydroxyl groups and the main-chain carbonyl groups.
  • 12. What is the primary reason for the increased stability of the collagen triple helix?
A) Hydration of the hydroxyproline residues.
B) Stereoelectronic effects.
C) Absence of water molecules.
D) Presence of additional amino acids.
  • 13. Which proteins other than collagen contain hydroxyproline?
A) Insulin and glucagon
B) Actin and myosin
C) Hemoglobin and myoglobin
D) Elastin and argonaute 2
  • 14. What is the role of hydroxylation of proline in targeting HIF-1 alpha for degradation?
A) It has no role in targeting HIF-1 alpha for degradation.
B) It allows ubiquitylation by the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (pVHL) and subsequent targeting for proteasome degradation.
C) It stabilizes HIF-1 alpha.
D) It prevents ubiquitylation by the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (pVHL).
  • 15. Which protein hydroxylates the proline at the 564 position of HIF-1 alpha under normoxia?
A) DYRK1A
B) IKK2
C) EGLN1
D) p53
  • 16. Which of the following proteins is hydroxylated by PHD1?
A) EGLN1
B) pVHL
C) DYRK1A
D) HIF-1 alpha
  • 17. Which protein is hydroxylated by PHD3?
A) HIF-1 alpha
B) p53
C) DYRK1A
D) EGLN1
  • 18. What is free hydroxyproline reportedly an antioxidant like?
A) Free arginine
B) Free proline
C) Free lysine
D) Free glycine
  • 19. In which type of organisms are hydroxyproline rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) found?
A) Animal cell walls
B) Bacterial cell walls
C) Fungal cell walls
D) Plant cell walls
  • 20. Which pathogenic protein contains 4-hydroxyproline?
A) Phytophthora cactorum
B) Saccharomyces cerevisiae
C) Staphylococcus aureus
D) Escherichia coli
  • 21. Which vitamin is required for proline hydroxylation?
A) Vitamin E
B) Vitamin D
C) Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
D) Vitamin B12
  • 22. What is a clinical consequence of ascorbic acid deficiency in humans?
A) Rickets
B) Beriberi
C) Pellagra
D) Scurvy
  • 23. In which disease are increased serum and urine levels of hydroxyproline observed?
A) Rheumatoid arthritis
B) Paget's disease
C) Osteoporosis
D) Lupus
  • 24. Which organisms perform the conversion between trans-4-hydroxyproline and cis-4-hydroxy-D-proline?
A) Liver cells
B) Intestinal bacteria
C) Skin cells
D) Neurons
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