Information theory - Quiz
Information theory
  • 1. What are pseudorandom number generators in computer language libraries almost universally unsuited for?
A) Bioinformatics
B) Cryptographic use
C) Seismic exploration
D) Gambling
  • 2. What must cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators have to work as intended?
A) Integrated neural clusters
B) Random seeds external to the software
C) High Shannon entropy
D) Analog processing methods
  • 3. How can random seeds for pseudorandom generators be obtained?
A) Through Shannon entropy
B) Via extractors
C) Via digital noise
D) By using semiotic signs
  • 4. What is the measure of sufficient randomness in extractors?
A) Dynamic core hypothesis
B) Effective information
C) Free energy
D) Min-entropy
  • 5. Min-entropy is related to Shannon entropy through which other type of entropy?
A) Rényi entropy
B) Conditional entropy
C) Thermal entropy
D) Algorithmic entropy
  • 6. Where is Rényi entropy also used?
A) In evaluating randomness in cryptographic systems
B) In seismic oil exploration
C) In minimizing free energy
D) In semiotic code control
  • 7. Does a random variable with high Shannon entropy guarantee it is satisfactory for use in an extractor?
A) Only for pseudorandom numbers
B) No
C) Yes
D) Only in cryptographic systems
  • 8. What was one early commercial application of information theory?
A) Black hole analysis
B) Seismic oil exploration
C) Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
D) Bioinformatics
  • 9. What did information theory make it possible to do in seismic exploration?
A) Minimize free energy in the brain
B) Strip off and separate unwanted noise from the desired seismic signal
C) Decode dominant social messages
D) Generate secure pseudorandom numbers
  • 10. What methods offered a major improvement of resolution and image clarity over previous analog methods in seismic work?
A) Free energy principles
B) Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators
C) Information theory and digital signal processing
D) Extractors and Rényi entropy
  • 11. Which semioticians considered Charles Sanders Peirce as having created a theory of information?
A) Doede Nauta and Winfried Nöth
B) Karl J. Friston and Andrey Kolmogorov
C) Umberto Eco and Ferruccio Rossi-Landi
D) Gerald Edelman and Giulio Tononi
  • 12. How did Doede Nauta define semiotic information theory?
A) The separation of unwanted noise from seismic signals
B) The minimization of free energy in a self-organized system
C) The measurement of sufficient randomness in extractors
D) The study of the internal processes of coding, filtering, and information processing
  • 13. Which semioticians used concepts like redundancy and code control to explain ideology?
A) Doede Nauta and Winfried Nöth
B) C.E. Shannon and R.V.L. Hartley
C) Gerald Edelman and Karl J. Friston
D) Umberto Eco and Ferruccio Rossi-Landi
  • 14. In semiotic explanations of ideology, how does a dominant social class emit its message?
A) By utilizing cryptographically secure pseudorandom seeds
B) By using signs that exhibit a high degree of redundancy
C) By applying the free energy principle
D) Through digital signal processing of seismic signals
  • 15. Where have quantitative information theoretic methods been applied in cognitive science?
A) To extract random numbers for cryptography
B) To explore seismic oil deposits
C) To study black holes and bioinformatics
D) To analyze the integrated process organization of neural information
  • 16. What neurological problem is linked to the analysis of neural information organization?
A) The issue of seismic noise filtering
B) The binding problem in cognitive neuroscience
C) The paradox of extraterrestrial intelligence
D) The problem of algorithmic complexity
  • 17. Whose functional clustering model and dynamic core hypothesis define an information-theoretical measure in neural processing?
A) R.V.L. Hartley and C.E. Shannon
B) Gerald Edelman and Giulio Tononi
C) Umberto Eco and Ferruccio Rossi-Landi
D) Doede Nauta and Winfried Nöth
  • 18. What is Giulio Tononi's integrated information theory (IIT) of consciousness based on?
A) Shannon entropy
B) Min-entropy
C) Effective information
D) Seismic signal processing
  • 19. What underlies the definition of measures in the context of neural information organization?
A) Analog methods of data transmission
B) A high degree of redundancy in signs
C) A reentrant process organization
D) External cryptographic random seeds
  • 20. What does a reentrant process organization refer to?
A) The generation of pseudorandom numbers using extractors
B) The synchronization of neurophysiological activity between groups of neuronal populations
C) The coding and filtering processes studied in semiotics
D) The filtering of unwanted noise from desired seismic signals
  • 21. Whose free energy principle (FEP) states that every adaptive change leads to a minimization of free energy?
A) Giulio Tononi
B) Charles Sanders Peirce
C) Karl J. Friston
D) Gerald Edelman
  • 22. What type of system does the free energy principle apply to?
A) A self-organized system
B) A cryptographic random number generator
C) A dominant social class
D) An analog seismic receiver
  • 23. Along with the free energy principle, what other hypothesis is mentioned in relation to statistical methods in the brain?
A) The dynamic core hypothesis
B) The semiotic information theory
C) The Bayesian brain hypothesis
D) The integrated information theory
  • 24. Which field, aside from cryptography and seismology, has applications in information theory?
A) Phrenology
B) Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
C) Astrology
D) Alchemy
  • 25. Which physical phenomenon is listed alongside extraterrestrial intelligence as having applications for information theory?
A) Neural clusters
B) Black holes
C) Seismic waves
D) Tectonic plates
  • 26. What life-science field is mentioned as having applications in information theory?
A) Bioinformatics
B) Biophysics
C) Biomechanics
D) Biochemistry
  • 27. What recreational activity is listed as an application of information theory?
A) Chess
B) Cipher creation
C) Gambling
D) Crosswords
  • 28. Who is listed in the history section alongside C.E. Shannon and Andrey Kolmogorov?
A) Umberto Eco
B) R.V.L. Hartley
C) Gerald Edelman
D) Doede Nauta
  • 29. Who is mentioned in the history section alongside R.V.L. Hartley and Andrey Kolmogorov?
A) Giulio Tononi
B) C.E. Shannon
C) Winfried Nöth
D) Ferruccio Rossi-Landi
  • 30. Who is listed in the history section alongside R.V.L. Hartley and C.E. Shannon?
A) Karl J. Friston
B) Charles Sanders Peirce
C) Andrey Kolmogorov
D) Winfried Nöth
  • 31. What is the historical figure H.P. Yockey associated with in the text?
A) Free energy principle
B) Dynamic core hypothesis
C) Integrated information theory
D) History of information theory
  • 32. What do physiological systems use information theory to exchange, process, and integrate as?
A) A brute force attack
B) A block cipher
C) A single organ
D) A network
  • 33. What do physiological systems generate alongside functions in health and disease?
A) Information theory units
B) Distinct physiological states
C) Unicity distances
D) Symmetric keys
  • 34. What does network cross-communication and regulation reveal within the organism?
A) Why brute force attacks succeed
B) How it occurs
C) Why it ceases permanently
D) How encryption keys are generated
  • 35. Which interactions are listed as applications of information-theoretic approaches in physiology?
A) One-time pad interactions
B) Cardio-respiratory interactions
C) Cryptographic interactions
D) Enigma machine interactions
  • 36. In what kind of environments is network physiology applied according to the text?
A) Extreme environments
B) Simulated virtual environments
C) Cryogenic laboratory environments
D) Underground bunker environments
  • 37. What was the name of Turing's information unit used in the Ultra project?
A) The bit
B) The shannon
C) The byte
D) The ban
  • 38. In which project was Turing's information unit used?
A) The Venona project
B) The Enigma project
C) The Unicity project
D) The Ultra project
  • 39. What German machine code was broken during World War II with the help of the ban?
A) One-time pad code
B) Enigma machine code
C) Lorenz cipher code
D) Symmetric key code
  • 40. What does information theory lead us to believe about keeping secrets?
A) It requires no computational effort
B) It is extremely easy using symmetric keys
C) It is much more difficult than it might first appear
D) It is completely impossible under any circumstances
  • 41. What kind of attack can break systems based on asymmetric or symmetric key algorithms?
A) An information-theoretic attack
B) A network physiology attack
C) A brute force attack
D) A conditional mutual attack
  • 42. What are symmetric key algorithms sometimes called?
A) Secret key algorithms
B) Asymmetric algorithms
C) Unicity distance algorithms
D) One-time pads
  • 43. What is an example of a commonly used method of symmetric key algorithms?
A) Block ciphers
B) One-time pads
C) Bans
D) Transfer entropy
  • 44. What must be used correctly even when applying information-theoretically secure methods?
A) Brute force
B) Transfer entropy
C) Care
D) Block ciphers
  • 45. Which project was able to crack the one-time pads of the Soviet Union?
A) The Enigma project
B) The Network Physiology project
C) The Ultra project
D) The Venona project
  • 46. In which type of data compression must the data be reconstructed exactly?
A) Lossless data compression
B) Channel coding
C) Lossy data compression
D) Rate-distortion theory
  • 47. What justifies the division of coding theory into compression and transmission?
A) Channel resolvability
B) Rate-distortion theory
C) Pragmatic information
D) Source-channel separation theorems
  • 48. What do source-channel separation theorems justify the use of as the universal currency for information?
A) Distortion functions
B) Bits
C) Bytes
D) Entropy
  • 49. What type of channel involves more than one transmitter?
A) The broadcast channel
B) The relay channel
C) The multiple-access channel
D) The wiretap channel
  • 50. What type of channel involves more than one receiver?
A) The wiretap channel
B) The multiple-access channel
C) The broadcast channel
D) The relay channel
  • 51. What type of channel involves intermediary helpers?
A) The broadcast channel
B) The relay channel
C) The multiple-access channel
D) The wiretap channel
  • 52. What should joint entropy not be confused with despite similar notation?
A) Mutual information
B) Cross-entropy
C) Conditional entropy
D) Kullback-Leibler divergence
  • 53. What type of space does the vector give values in for joint entropy?
A) Euclidean space
B) Product space
C) Vector space
D) Metric space
  • 54. What is the formula for self-information I(pi)?
A) -log2(pi)
B) -ln(pi)
C) log2(pi)
D) 1 / pi
  • 55. What is the entropy H relative to the surprisal of all possible symbols?
A) The geometric mean
B) The maximum value
C) The weighted average
D) The median
  • 56. If 1000 bits are transmitted and each is independently and equally likely to be 0 or 1, how much information has been transmitted?
A) 1 shannon
B) 1000 shannons
C) No information
D) 2000 bits
  • 57. In what year was Claude Shannon's paper 'A Mathematical Theory of Communication' published?
A) 1960
B) 1939
C) 1948
D) 1952
  • 58. In what decade was information theory established and formalized?
A) 1930s
B) 1950s
C) 1940s
D) 1920s
  • 59. In what context was information theory initially formed?
A) Molecular biology
B) Quantum computing
C) Artificial intelligence
D) Telecommunication
  • 60. What is the entropy of a coin flip when you already know the outcome after it has landed?
A) Zero
B) 0.5 bits
C) 1 bit
D) 2 bits
  • 61. What is an example of source coding or data compression mentioned in the text?
A) ZIP files
B) DSL
C) Compact discs
D) Voyager missions
  • 62. What is an example of channel coding mentioned in the text?
A) Artificial intelligence
B) DSL
C) Mobile phones
D) ZIP files
  • 63. Whose success was crucially impacted by information theory regarding deep space missions?
A) Apollo missions
B) Curiosity rover
C) Voyager missions
D) Hubble telescope
  • 64. Which invention's success was crucially impacted by information theory?
A) Steam engine
B) Compact disc
C) Television
D) Radio
  • 65. What technology's feasibility was made possible by information theory?
A) Electric guitars
B) Automobiles
C) Airplanes
D) Mobile phones
  • 66. What modern developments were impacted by information theory alongside artificial intelligence?
A) The Internet
B) The postal service
C) The printing press
D) The telegraph network
  • 67. Which computational paradigm is listed alongside artificial intelligence as an application of information theory?
A) Optical computing
B) Quantum computing
C) Distributed computing
D) Cloud computing
  • 68. Which of the following artistic applications is mentioned as a use case for information theory?
A) Oil painting restoration
B) Architectural drafting
C) Sculpture casting
D) Art creation
  • 69. What specific musical topic is analyzed using information theory according to the text?
A) Musical instrument design
B) Acoustic room resonance
C) Vocal cord anatomy
D) Music
  • 70. Which philosophical field is listed at the end of the text as an application area of information theory?
A) Metaphysics
B) Epistemology
C) Aesthetics
D) Ethics
  • 71. Which historian rated Shannon's 1948 paper as the most important development of 1948?
A) James Gleick
B) Harry Nyquist
C) Ralph Hartley
D) Vannevar Bush
  • 72. In what year did Shannon outline some of his initial ideas in a letter to Vannevar Bush?
A) 1928
B) 1939
C) 1940
D) 1948
  • 73. To whom did Shannon write a letter outlining initial ideas of information theory in 1939?
A) James Gleick
B) Ludwig Boltzmann
C) Vannevar Bush
D) Alan Turing
  • 74. Who wrote the 1924 paper 'Certain Factors Affecting Telegraph Speed'?
A) Harry Nyquist
B) Ralph Hartley
C) Claude Shannon
D) Alan Turing
  • 75. What relation was given in Harry Nyquist's 1924 paper?
A) H = log Sn
B) W = K log m
C) E = mc2
D) PV = nRT
  • 76. What unit of information was sometimes called the hartley in honor of Ralph Hartley?
A) The decimal digit
B) The bit
C) The byte
D) The baud
  • 77. Who used similar ideas in 1940 as part of the statistical analysis of breaking German Enigma ciphers?
A) Claude Shannon
B) Alan Turing
C) Harry Nyquist
D) Ralph Hartley
  • 78. Who made important contributions connecting information-theoretic entropy and thermodynamic entropy in the 1960s?
A) Harry Nyquist
B) James Gleick
C) Vannevar Bush
D) Rolf Landauer
  • 79. What logarithmic base is the bit or shannon based on?
A) Natural logarithm
B) Common logarithm
C) Binary logarithm
D) Decimal logarithm
  • 80. What logarithmic base is the nat based on?
A) Common logarithm
B) Natural logarithm
C) Binary logarithm
D) Base-two logarithm
  • 81. What logarithmic base is the decimal digit based on?
A) Binary logarithm
B) Natural logarithm
C) Base-e logarithm
D) Common logarithm
  • 82. What does the maximum value of entropy represent?
A) The lowest possible information content
B) A deterministic sequence
C) The most unpredictable state
D) The most predictable state
  • 83. What logarithmic base measures entropy in bytes per symbol?
A) Base-256
B) Base-2
C) Base-10
D) Base-e
  • 84. What type of trial has two outcomes for the binary entropy function?
A) A Bernoulli trial
B) A logarithmic trial
C) A Markov trial
D) An equiprobable trial
  • 85. What is another name for conditional entropy?
A) Joint entropy
B) Marginal entropy
C) Equivocation
D) Mutual information
  • 86. What is another name for mutual information according to the text?
A) Kullback-Leibler divergence
B) Transinformation
C) Log-likelihood ratio
D) Pointwise mutual information
  • 87. In what field is mutual information particularly important for maximizing shared information between sent and received signals?
A) Quantum mechanics
B) Thermodynamics
C) Communication
D) Macroeconomics
  • 88. Mutual information can be expressed as the average of which divergence?
A) Euclidean distance
B) Mahalanobis distance
C) Jensen-Shannon divergence
D) Kullback-Leibler divergence
  • 89. With which statistical test is mutual information closely related in the context of contingency tables?
A) Student's t-test
B) Shapiro-Wilk test
C) Mann-Whitney U test
D) Log-likelihood ratio test
  • 90. What type of mathematical function is the KL divergence classified as?
A) Inner product
B) Semi-quasimetric
C) Linear transformation
D) Euclidean metric
  • 91. In the alternative interpretation involving Alice and Bob, who knows the true probability distribution p(x)?
A) Neither
B) Both
C) Alice
D) Bob
  • 92. According to the surprise interpretation, who will be more surprised on average upon seeing the value of X?
A) Alice
B) Bob
C) Both will be equally surprised
D) It is impossible to determine
  • 93. What type of set is X assumed to be when drawing a random number in the surprise interpretation?
A) A discrete set
B) An infinite continuous set
C) A finite geometric set
D) An empty set
  • 94. Does directed information apply to statistical physics?
A) Only in quantum states
B) Yes
C) Only in macroscopic mechanics
D) No
  • 95. What does the random process Xn consist of?
A) {X1, Y1, ..., X_n, Y_n}
B) {X1, X2, ..., X_n}
C) {Y1, Y2, ..., Y_n}
D) {X0, X1, ..., X_{n-1}}
  • 96. What do the two expressions for the rate give for stationary sources?
A) The same result
B) A result of zero
C) Completely different results
D) An undefined value
  • 97. How is the noise nature of the channel considered in the text?
A) A negligible factor in modern systems
B) A completely controllable variable
C) An unpredictable random variable that changes constantly
D) An inherent fixed property
  • 98. What is the crossover probability of a binary symmetric channel denoted as?
A) e
B) i
C) Hb
D) p
  • 99. What does a binary symmetric channel do to the input bit with probability p?
A) Delays the input bit
B) Duplicates the input bit
C) Erases the input bit
D) Flips the input bit
  • 100. What feature do many channels have in practice?
A) Ternary input
B) Memory
C) Zero capacity
D) Gaussian noise
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