- 1. Philosophical traditions and schools refer to the diverse theories, methods, and ideas that have emerged throughout history to explore deep questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. These traditions encompass a wide range of perspectives, such as metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, aesthetics, logic, and more. From ancient Greek philosophy to Eastern philosophical traditions like Confucianism and Buddhism, each school offers unique insights and approaches to understanding the nature of reality and human experience. Philosophical traditions continue to evolve and influence contemporary thought, shaping our understanding of the world and our place within it.
Who is considered the father of Western philosophy?
A) Aristotle
B) Socrates
C) Plato
D) Heraclitus
- 2. Which philosopher is known for the concept of the 'categorical imperative'?
A) Immanuel Kant
B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C) John Locke
D) David Hume
- 3. 'Cogito, ergo sum' ('I think, therefore I am') is a famous quote by which philosopher?
A) Friedrich Nietzsche
B) Jean-Paul Sartre
C) Baruch Spinoza
D) René Descartes
- 4. Who wrote 'Utilitarianism' and advocated for the greatest happiness principle?
A) Jeremy Bentham
B) Mary Wollstonecraft
C) Thomas Hobbes
D) John Stuart Mill
- 5. Which ancient Greek philosopher founded the Academy in Athens?
A) Aristotle
B) Diogenes
C) Plato
D) Socrates
- 6. Hindu philosophical system which emphasizes moral conduct and selfless action is called:
A) Jnana Yoga
B) Raja Yoga
C) Karma Yoga
D) Bhakti Yoga
- 7. Who is known for the concept of 'Overman' or 'Superman' in philosophy?
A) Friedrich Nietzsche
B) Søren Kierkegaard
C) Martin Heidegger
D) Jean-Paul Sartre
- 8. Which ancient Chinese philosopher emphasized virtue and the 'Mandate of Heaven'?
A) Confucius
B) Sun Tzu
C) Lao Tzu
D) Mencius
- 9. Who is associated with the concept of 'tabula rasa' or blank slate in philosophy?
A) Francis Bacon
B) Bertrand Russell
C) Thomas Aquinas
D) John Locke
- 10. German philosopher who proposed the dialectical method and theory of historical materialism:
A) Jean-Paul Sartre
B) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
C) Friedrich Engels
D) Karl Marx
- 11. Who wrote 'Being and Time' and is known for existentialist philosophy?
A) Friedrich Nietzsche
B) Søren Kierkegaard
C) Martin Heidegger
D) Jean-Paul Sartre
- 12. Indian philosopher who founded the Vedanta school of Vedantic philosophy:
A) Dnyaneshwar
B) Madhva
C) Adi Shankara
D) Ramanuja
- 13. Who is known for the concept of 'anatta' (non-self) in Buddhist philosophy?
A) Gautama Buddha
B) Thich Nhat Hanh
C) Dalai Lama
D) Dogen Zenji
- 14. The Stoic school of philosophy was founded by:
A) Epictetus
B) Marcus Aurelius
C) Zeno of Citium
D) Seneca the Younger
- 15. The concept of 'the veil of ignorance' is associated with which philosopher?
A) Michel Foucault
B) John Rawls
C) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
D) Thomas Hobbes
- 16. Russian philosopher and novelist known for his magnum opus 'War and Peace':
A) Vladimir Nabokov
B) Fyodor Dostoevsky
C) Leo Tolstoy
D) Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
- 17. Who is the founder of the philosophy of pragmatism, which emphasizes the practical consequences of beliefs and the importance of experience?
A) Simone de Beauvoir
B) William James
C) Martin Heidegger
D) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
- 18. David Hume is associated with which philosophical theory concerning the nature of knowledge?
A) Pragmatism
B) Empiricism
C) Rationalism
D) Existentialism
- 19. British empiricist philosopher known for his work 'An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding':
A) Bertrand Russell
B) Immanuel Kant
C) John Locke
D) David Hume
- 20. Who developed the philosophy of 'Aesthetic Realism', which sees reality as a oneness of opposites?
A) Arthur Schopenhauer
B) Martin Heidegger
C) Eli Siegel
D) Jean-Paul Sartre
- 21. Which school of thought emphasizes the importance of living in accordance with nature and reason?
A) Cynicism
B) Existentialism
C) Stoicism
D) Epicureanism
- 22. Which ancient Chinese text is attributed to Laozi?
A) Analects
B) Tao Te Ching
C) I Ching
D) Zhuangzi
- 23. Who is known for his principle of utility, which states that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness and wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness?
A) Jeremy Bentham
B) John Locke
C) Bertrand Russell
D) Jean-Paul Sartre
- 24. Which school of thought argues that 'existence precedes essence'?
A) Existentialism
B) Absurdism
C) Empiricism
D) Rationalism
- 25. Which philosopher is known for his work 'The Second Sex'?
A) Judith Butler.
B) Hannah Arendt.
C) Simone de Beauvoir.
D) Mary Wollstonecraft.
- 26. Bertrand Russell co-authored 'Principia Mathematica' with which philosopher?
A) Alfred North Whitehead
B) A.J. Ayer
C) Ludwig Wittgenstein
D) Gottlob Frege
- 27. Who is the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Michel Foucault
C) Carl Jung
D) Albert Camus
- 28. Which ancient Greek philosopher is known for the idea that 'man is the measure of all things'?
A) Plato
B) Socrates
C) Aristotle
D) Protagoras
- 29. Which ethical theory emphasizes the importance of fulfilling one's duty and following moral rules?
A) Deontology
B) Consequentialism
C) Utilitarianism
D) Virtue ethics
- 30. Which philosophical tradition emphasizes the study of ethics and ethical behavior?
A) Existentialism
B) Virtue ethics
C) Logical positivism
D) Nihilism
- 31. Which school of thought focuses on the liberation of the mind through meditation and mindfulness?
A) Hinduism
B) Buddhism
C) Judaism
D) Taoism
- 32. Which philosophical tradition emphasizes the study of knowledge, justification, and the rationality of belief?
A) Epistemology
B) Metaphysics
C) Aesthetics
D) Ethics
- 33. Who is known for the concept of 'The Social Contract'?
A) John Locke.
B) Thomas Hobbes.
C) Immanuel Kant.
D) Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
- 34. The concept of 'the absurd' is associated with which existentialist philosopher?
A) Albert Camus
B) Martin Heidegger
C) Søren Kierkegaard
D) Jean-Paul Sartre
- 35. Which school of thought emphasizes the role of reason and rationality in understanding the world?
A) Pragmatism
B) Rationalism
C) Existentialism
D) Empiricism
- 36. French philosopher known for his theories on postmodernism and power relations:
A) Michel Foucault
B) Simone de Beauvoir
C) Jean-François Lyotard
D) Jacques Derrida
- 37. Who is known for the concept of 'the invisible hand' in economics?
A) Adam Smith
B) Karl Marx
C) Friedrich Hayek
D) John Maynard Keynes
- 38. Ancient Greek philosopher known for his teachings on logic and the syllogism:
A) Socrates
B) Aristotle
C) Plato
D) Pythagoras
- 39. Who is known for the philosophy of 'Vedanta' and is the founder of the Ramakrishna Mission?
A) Swami Vivekananda
B) Paramahansa Yogananda
C) Sri Aurobindo
D) Ramana Maharshi
- 40. French philosopher known for his work 'Society of the Spectacle' and theory of the spectacle society:
A) Michel Foucault
B) Jean Baudrillard
C) Guy Debord
D) Jacques Derrida
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