- 1. Philosophical traditions and schools refer to the diverse theories, methods, and ideas that have emerged throughout history to explore deep questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. These traditions encompass a wide range of perspectives, such as metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, aesthetics, logic, and more. From ancient Greek philosophy to Eastern philosophical traditions like Confucianism and Buddhism, each school offers unique insights and approaches to understanding the nature of reality and human experience. Philosophical traditions continue to evolve and influence contemporary thought, shaping our understanding of the world and our place within it.
Who is considered the father of Western philosophy?
A) Heraclitus
B) Plato
C) Aristotle
D) Socrates
- 2. Which philosopher is known for the concept of the 'categorical imperative'?
A) Immanuel Kant
B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C) David Hume
D) John Locke
- 3. 'Cogito, ergo sum' ('I think, therefore I am') is a famous quote by which philosopher?
A) Jean-Paul Sartre
B) Friedrich Nietzsche
C) René Descartes
D) Baruch Spinoza
- 4. Who wrote 'Utilitarianism' and advocated for the greatest happiness principle?
A) Mary Wollstonecraft
B) Jeremy Bentham
C) Thomas Hobbes
D) John Stuart Mill
- 5. Which ancient Greek philosopher founded the Academy in Athens?
A) Diogenes
B) Plato
C) Socrates
D) Aristotle
- 6. Hindu philosophical system which emphasizes moral conduct and selfless action is called:
A) Jnana Yoga
B) Bhakti Yoga
C) Raja Yoga
D) Karma Yoga
- 7. Who is known for the concept of 'Overman' or 'Superman' in philosophy?
A) Søren Kierkegaard
B) Friedrich Nietzsche
C) Jean-Paul Sartre
D) Martin Heidegger
- 8. Which ancient Chinese philosopher emphasized virtue and the 'Mandate of Heaven'?
A) Sun Tzu
B) Mencius
C) Lao Tzu
D) Confucius
- 9. Who is associated with the concept of 'tabula rasa' or blank slate in philosophy?
A) John Locke
B) Thomas Aquinas
C) Francis Bacon
D) Bertrand Russell
- 10. German philosopher who proposed the dialectical method and theory of historical materialism:
A) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
B) Friedrich Engels
C) Karl Marx
D) Jean-Paul Sartre
- 11. Who wrote 'Being and Time' and is known for existentialist philosophy?
A) Søren Kierkegaard
B) Friedrich Nietzsche
C) Martin Heidegger
D) Jean-Paul Sartre
- 12. Indian philosopher who founded the Vedanta school of Vedantic philosophy:
A) Madhva
B) Dnyaneshwar
C) Ramanuja
D) Adi Shankara
- 13. Who is known for the concept of 'anatta' (non-self) in Buddhist philosophy?
A) Gautama Buddha
B) Thich Nhat Hanh
C) Dogen Zenji
D) Dalai Lama
- 14. The Stoic school of philosophy was founded by:
A) Epictetus
B) Marcus Aurelius
C) Seneca the Younger
D) Zeno of Citium
- 15. The concept of 'the veil of ignorance' is associated with which philosopher?
A) Michel Foucault
B) John Rawls
C) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
D) Thomas Hobbes
- 16. Russian philosopher and novelist known for his magnum opus 'War and Peace':
A) Fyodor Dostoevsky
B) Leo Tolstoy
C) Vladimir Nabokov
D) Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
- 17. Who is the founder of the philosophy of pragmatism, which emphasizes the practical consequences of beliefs and the importance of experience?
A) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
B) William James
C) Martin Heidegger
D) Simone de Beauvoir
- 18. David Hume is associated with which philosophical theory concerning the nature of knowledge?
A) Empiricism
B) Pragmatism
C) Existentialism
D) Rationalism
- 19. British empiricist philosopher known for his work 'An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding':
A) John Locke
B) Immanuel Kant
C) David Hume
D) Bertrand Russell
- 20. Who developed the philosophy of 'Aesthetic Realism', which sees reality as a oneness of opposites?
A) Eli Siegel
B) Arthur Schopenhauer
C) Martin Heidegger
D) Jean-Paul Sartre
- 21. Which school of thought emphasizes the importance of living in accordance with nature and reason?
A) Cynicism
B) Existentialism
C) Epicureanism
D) Stoicism
- 22. Which ancient Chinese text is attributed to Laozi?
A) Tao Te Ching
B) Analects
C) I Ching
D) Zhuangzi
- 23. Who is known for his principle of utility, which states that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness and wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness?
A) Bertrand Russell
B) Jean-Paul Sartre
C) John Locke
D) Jeremy Bentham
- 24. Which school of thought argues that 'existence precedes essence'?
A) Absurdism
B) Empiricism
C) Existentialism
D) Rationalism
- 25. Which philosopher is known for his work 'The Second Sex'?
A) Judith Butler.
B) Mary Wollstonecraft.
C) Hannah Arendt.
D) Simone de Beauvoir.
- 26. Bertrand Russell co-authored 'Principia Mathematica' with which philosopher?
A) Alfred North Whitehead
B) Ludwig Wittgenstein
C) Gottlob Frege
D) A.J. Ayer
- 27. Who is the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst?
A) Carl Jung
B) Michel Foucault
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Albert Camus
- 28. Which ancient Greek philosopher is known for the idea that 'man is the measure of all things'?
A) Plato
B) Protagoras
C) Socrates
D) Aristotle
- 29. Which ethical theory emphasizes the importance of fulfilling one's duty and following moral rules?
A) Deontology
B) Consequentialism
C) Utilitarianism
D) Virtue ethics
- 30. Which philosophical tradition emphasizes the study of ethics and ethical behavior?
A) Logical positivism
B) Virtue ethics
C) Existentialism
D) Nihilism
- 31. Which school of thought focuses on the liberation of the mind through meditation and mindfulness?
A) Hinduism
B) Buddhism
C) Taoism
D) Judaism
- 32. Which philosophical tradition emphasizes the study of knowledge, justification, and the rationality of belief?
A) Metaphysics
B) Epistemology
C) Aesthetics
D) Ethics
- 33. Who is known for the concept of 'The Social Contract'?
A) Thomas Hobbes.
B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
C) Immanuel Kant.
D) John Locke.
- 34. The concept of 'the absurd' is associated with which existentialist philosopher?
A) Albert Camus
B) Jean-Paul Sartre
C) Søren Kierkegaard
D) Martin Heidegger
- 35. Which school of thought emphasizes the role of reason and rationality in understanding the world?
A) Empiricism
B) Rationalism
C) Pragmatism
D) Existentialism
- 36. French philosopher known for his theories on postmodernism and power relations:
A) Jean-François Lyotard
B) Simone de Beauvoir
C) Michel Foucault
D) Jacques Derrida
- 37. Who is known for the concept of 'the invisible hand' in economics?
A) Karl Marx
B) John Maynard Keynes
C) Friedrich Hayek
D) Adam Smith
- 38. Ancient Greek philosopher known for his teachings on logic and the syllogism:
A) Plato
B) Aristotle
C) Socrates
D) Pythagoras
- 39. Who is known for the philosophy of 'Vedanta' and is the founder of the Ramakrishna Mission?
A) Paramahansa Yogananda
B) Ramana Maharshi
C) Sri Aurobindo
D) Swami Vivekananda
- 40. French philosopher known for his work 'Society of the Spectacle' and theory of the spectacle society:
A) Guy Debord
B) Jean Baudrillard
C) Jacques Derrida
D) Michel Foucault
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