- 1. Philosophical traditions and schools refer to the diverse theories, methods, and ideas that have emerged throughout history to explore deep questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. These traditions encompass a wide range of perspectives, such as metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, aesthetics, logic, and more. From ancient Greek philosophy to Eastern philosophical traditions like Confucianism and Buddhism, each school offers unique insights and approaches to understanding the nature of reality and human experience. Philosophical traditions continue to evolve and influence contemporary thought, shaping our understanding of the world and our place within it.
Who is considered the father of Western philosophy?
A) Plato
B) Heraclitus
C) Socrates
D) Aristotle
- 2. Which philosopher is known for the concept of the 'categorical imperative'?
A) David Hume
B) John Locke
C) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
D) Immanuel Kant
- 3. 'Cogito, ergo sum' ('I think, therefore I am') is a famous quote by which philosopher?
A) René Descartes
B) Friedrich Nietzsche
C) Baruch Spinoza
D) Jean-Paul Sartre
- 4. Who wrote 'Utilitarianism' and advocated for the greatest happiness principle?
A) John Stuart Mill
B) Jeremy Bentham
C) Mary Wollstonecraft
D) Thomas Hobbes
- 5. Which ancient Greek philosopher founded the Academy in Athens?
A) Plato
B) Aristotle
C) Socrates
D) Diogenes
- 6. Hindu philosophical system which emphasizes moral conduct and selfless action is called:
A) Karma Yoga
B) Bhakti Yoga
C) Raja Yoga
D) Jnana Yoga
- 7. Who is known for the concept of 'Overman' or 'Superman' in philosophy?
A) Jean-Paul Sartre
B) Friedrich Nietzsche
C) Søren Kierkegaard
D) Martin Heidegger
- 8. Which ancient Chinese philosopher emphasized virtue and the 'Mandate of Heaven'?
A) Mencius
B) Confucius
C) Sun Tzu
D) Lao Tzu
- 9. Who is associated with the concept of 'tabula rasa' or blank slate in philosophy?
A) Francis Bacon
B) Thomas Aquinas
C) Bertrand Russell
D) John Locke
- 10. German philosopher who proposed the dialectical method and theory of historical materialism:
A) Jean-Paul Sartre
B) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
C) Friedrich Engels
D) Karl Marx
- 11. Who wrote 'Being and Time' and is known for existentialist philosophy?
A) Søren Kierkegaard
B) Martin Heidegger
C) Jean-Paul Sartre
D) Friedrich Nietzsche
- 12. Indian philosopher who founded the Vedanta school of Vedantic philosophy:
A) Dnyaneshwar
B) Ramanuja
C) Madhva
D) Adi Shankara
- 13. Who is known for the concept of 'anatta' (non-self) in Buddhist philosophy?
A) Thich Nhat Hanh
B) Gautama Buddha
C) Dogen Zenji
D) Dalai Lama
- 14. The Stoic school of philosophy was founded by:
A) Seneca the Younger
B) Marcus Aurelius
C) Zeno of Citium
D) Epictetus
- 15. The concept of 'the veil of ignorance' is associated with which philosopher?
A) Michel Foucault
B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C) John Rawls
D) Thomas Hobbes
- 16. Russian philosopher and novelist known for his magnum opus 'War and Peace':
A) Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
B) Fyodor Dostoevsky
C) Vladimir Nabokov
D) Leo Tolstoy
- 17. Who is the founder of the philosophy of pragmatism, which emphasizes the practical consequences of beliefs and the importance of experience?
A) William James
B) Martin Heidegger
C) Simone de Beauvoir
D) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
- 18. David Hume is associated with which philosophical theory concerning the nature of knowledge?
A) Pragmatism
B) Empiricism
C) Rationalism
D) Existentialism
- 19. British empiricist philosopher known for his work 'An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding':
A) David Hume
B) Bertrand Russell
C) Immanuel Kant
D) John Locke
- 20. Who developed the philosophy of 'Aesthetic Realism', which sees reality as a oneness of opposites?
A) Arthur Schopenhauer
B) Jean-Paul Sartre
C) Martin Heidegger
D) Eli Siegel
- 21. Which school of thought emphasizes the importance of living in accordance with nature and reason?
A) Stoicism
B) Existentialism
C) Epicureanism
D) Cynicism
- 22. Which ancient Chinese text is attributed to Laozi?
A) I Ching
B) Tao Te Ching
C) Analects
D) Zhuangzi
- 23. Who is known for his principle of utility, which states that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness and wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness?
A) Jean-Paul Sartre
B) Jeremy Bentham
C) John Locke
D) Bertrand Russell
- 24. Which school of thought argues that 'existence precedes essence'?
A) Rationalism
B) Empiricism
C) Absurdism
D) Existentialism
- 25. Which philosopher is known for his work 'The Second Sex'?
A) Simone de Beauvoir.
B) Judith Butler.
C) Mary Wollstonecraft.
D) Hannah Arendt.
- 26. Bertrand Russell co-authored 'Principia Mathematica' with which philosopher?
A) Gottlob Frege
B) Alfred North Whitehead
C) A.J. Ayer
D) Ludwig Wittgenstein
- 27. Who is the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst?
A) Michel Foucault
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Albert Camus
D) Carl Jung
- 28. Which ancient Greek philosopher is known for the idea that 'man is the measure of all things'?
A) Protagoras
B) Aristotle
C) Plato
D) Socrates
- 29. Which ethical theory emphasizes the importance of fulfilling one's duty and following moral rules?
A) Deontology
B) Virtue ethics
C) Utilitarianism
D) Consequentialism
- 30. Which philosophical tradition emphasizes the study of ethics and ethical behavior?
A) Logical positivism
B) Nihilism
C) Virtue ethics
D) Existentialism
- 31. Which school of thought focuses on the liberation of the mind through meditation and mindfulness?
A) Judaism
B) Buddhism
C) Hinduism
D) Taoism
- 32. Which philosophical tradition emphasizes the study of knowledge, justification, and the rationality of belief?
A) Aesthetics
B) Metaphysics
C) Ethics
D) Epistemology
- 33. Who is known for the concept of 'The Social Contract'?
A) John Locke.
B) Immanuel Kant.
C) Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
D) Thomas Hobbes.
- 34. The concept of 'the absurd' is associated with which existentialist philosopher?
A) Albert Camus
B) Søren Kierkegaard
C) Martin Heidegger
D) Jean-Paul Sartre
- 35. Which school of thought emphasizes the role of reason and rationality in understanding the world?
A) Pragmatism
B) Rationalism
C) Existentialism
D) Empiricism
- 36. French philosopher known for his theories on postmodernism and power relations:
A) Jean-François Lyotard
B) Michel Foucault
C) Simone de Beauvoir
D) Jacques Derrida
- 37. Who is known for the concept of 'the invisible hand' in economics?
A) Adam Smith
B) Friedrich Hayek
C) Karl Marx
D) John Maynard Keynes
- 38. Ancient Greek philosopher known for his teachings on logic and the syllogism:
A) Aristotle
B) Plato
C) Socrates
D) Pythagoras
- 39. Who is known for the philosophy of 'Vedanta' and is the founder of the Ramakrishna Mission?
A) Swami Vivekananda
B) Sri Aurobindo
C) Paramahansa Yogananda
D) Ramana Maharshi
- 40. French philosopher known for his work 'Society of the Spectacle' and theory of the spectacle society:
A) Michel Foucault
B) Jean Baudrillard
C) Jacques Derrida
D) Guy Debord
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