- 1. Philosophical traditions and schools refer to the diverse theories, methods, and ideas that have emerged throughout history to explore deep questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. These traditions encompass a wide range of perspectives, such as metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, aesthetics, logic, and more. From ancient Greek philosophy to Eastern philosophical traditions like Confucianism and Buddhism, each school offers unique insights and approaches to understanding the nature of reality and human experience. Philosophical traditions continue to evolve and influence contemporary thought, shaping our understanding of the world and our place within it.
Who is considered the father of Western philosophy?
A) Socrates
B) Heraclitus
C) Plato
D) Aristotle
- 2. Which philosopher is known for the concept of the 'categorical imperative'?
A) Immanuel Kant
B) David Hume
C) John Locke
D) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- 3. 'Cogito, ergo sum' ('I think, therefore I am') is a famous quote by which philosopher?
A) Friedrich Nietzsche
B) Baruch Spinoza
C) Jean-Paul Sartre
D) René Descartes
- 4. Who wrote 'Utilitarianism' and advocated for the greatest happiness principle?
A) John Stuart Mill
B) Mary Wollstonecraft
C) Jeremy Bentham
D) Thomas Hobbes
- 5. Which ancient Greek philosopher founded the Academy in Athens?
A) Plato
B) Socrates
C) Aristotle
D) Diogenes
- 6. Hindu philosophical system which emphasizes moral conduct and selfless action is called:
A) Bhakti Yoga
B) Jnana Yoga
C) Raja Yoga
D) Karma Yoga
- 7. Who is known for the concept of 'Overman' or 'Superman' in philosophy?
A) Friedrich Nietzsche
B) Martin Heidegger
C) Jean-Paul Sartre
D) Søren Kierkegaard
- 8. Which ancient Chinese philosopher emphasized virtue and the 'Mandate of Heaven'?
A) Sun Tzu
B) Lao Tzu
C) Mencius
D) Confucius
- 9. Who is associated with the concept of 'tabula rasa' or blank slate in philosophy?
A) Francis Bacon
B) Bertrand Russell
C) Thomas Aquinas
D) John Locke
- 10. German philosopher who proposed the dialectical method and theory of historical materialism:
A) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
B) Karl Marx
C) Jean-Paul Sartre
D) Friedrich Engels
- 11. Who wrote 'Being and Time' and is known for existentialist philosophy?
A) Søren Kierkegaard
B) Jean-Paul Sartre
C) Friedrich Nietzsche
D) Martin Heidegger
- 12. Indian philosopher who founded the Vedanta school of Vedantic philosophy:
A) Dnyaneshwar
B) Ramanuja
C) Madhva
D) Adi Shankara
- 13. Who is known for the concept of 'anatta' (non-self) in Buddhist philosophy?
A) Gautama Buddha
B) Thich Nhat Hanh
C) Dalai Lama
D) Dogen Zenji
- 14. The Stoic school of philosophy was founded by:
A) Zeno of Citium
B) Epictetus
C) Seneca the Younger
D) Marcus Aurelius
- 15. The concept of 'the veil of ignorance' is associated with which philosopher?
A) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
B) Thomas Hobbes
C) Michel Foucault
D) John Rawls
- 16. Russian philosopher and novelist known for his magnum opus 'War and Peace':
A) Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
B) Vladimir Nabokov
C) Fyodor Dostoevsky
D) Leo Tolstoy
- 17. Who is the founder of the philosophy of pragmatism, which emphasizes the practical consequences of beliefs and the importance of experience?
A) Martin Heidegger
B) William James
C) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
D) Simone de Beauvoir
- 18. David Hume is associated with which philosophical theory concerning the nature of knowledge?
A) Existentialism
B) Rationalism
C) Pragmatism
D) Empiricism
- 19. British empiricist philosopher known for his work 'An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding':
A) Immanuel Kant
B) David Hume
C) John Locke
D) Bertrand Russell
- 20. Who developed the philosophy of 'Aesthetic Realism', which sees reality as a oneness of opposites?
A) Eli Siegel
B) Martin Heidegger
C) Arthur Schopenhauer
D) Jean-Paul Sartre
- 21. Which school of thought emphasizes the importance of living in accordance with nature and reason?
A) Stoicism
B) Cynicism
C) Epicureanism
D) Existentialism
- 22. Which ancient Chinese text is attributed to Laozi?
A) Zhuangzi
B) I Ching
C) Analects
D) Tao Te Ching
- 23. Who is known for his principle of utility, which states that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness and wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness?
A) Jean-Paul Sartre
B) Jeremy Bentham
C) Bertrand Russell
D) John Locke
- 24. Which school of thought argues that 'existence precedes essence'?
A) Rationalism
B) Absurdism
C) Existentialism
D) Empiricism
- 25. Which philosopher is known for his work 'The Second Sex'?
A) Judith Butler.
B) Simone de Beauvoir.
C) Hannah Arendt.
D) Mary Wollstonecraft.
- 26. Bertrand Russell co-authored 'Principia Mathematica' with which philosopher?
A) A.J. Ayer
B) Alfred North Whitehead
C) Ludwig Wittgenstein
D) Gottlob Frege
- 27. Who is the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst?
A) Michel Foucault
B) Carl Jung
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Albert Camus
- 28. Which ancient Greek philosopher is known for the idea that 'man is the measure of all things'?
A) Protagoras
B) Aristotle
C) Socrates
D) Plato
- 29. Which ethical theory emphasizes the importance of fulfilling one's duty and following moral rules?
A) Utilitarianism
B) Consequentialism
C) Deontology
D) Virtue ethics
- 30. Which philosophical tradition emphasizes the study of ethics and ethical behavior?
A) Nihilism
B) Virtue ethics
C) Existentialism
D) Logical positivism
- 31. Which school of thought focuses on the liberation of the mind through meditation and mindfulness?
A) Judaism
B) Taoism
C) Buddhism
D) Hinduism
- 32. Which philosophical tradition emphasizes the study of knowledge, justification, and the rationality of belief?
A) Epistemology
B) Aesthetics
C) Metaphysics
D) Ethics
- 33. Who is known for the concept of 'The Social Contract'?
A) Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
B) Thomas Hobbes.
C) Immanuel Kant.
D) John Locke.
- 34. The concept of 'the absurd' is associated with which existentialist philosopher?
A) Jean-Paul Sartre
B) Martin Heidegger
C) Søren Kierkegaard
D) Albert Camus
- 35. Which school of thought emphasizes the role of reason and rationality in understanding the world?
A) Pragmatism
B) Existentialism
C) Empiricism
D) Rationalism
- 36. French philosopher known for his theories on postmodernism and power relations:
A) Simone de Beauvoir
B) Jacques Derrida
C) Jean-François Lyotard
D) Michel Foucault
- 37. Who is known for the concept of 'the invisible hand' in economics?
A) John Maynard Keynes
B) Friedrich Hayek
C) Adam Smith
D) Karl Marx
- 38. Ancient Greek philosopher known for his teachings on logic and the syllogism:
A) Plato
B) Aristotle
C) Pythagoras
D) Socrates
- 39. Who is known for the philosophy of 'Vedanta' and is the founder of the Ramakrishna Mission?
A) Paramahansa Yogananda
B) Ramana Maharshi
C) Swami Vivekananda
D) Sri Aurobindo
- 40. French philosopher known for his work 'Society of the Spectacle' and theory of the spectacle society:
A) Jacques Derrida
B) Jean Baudrillard
C) Michel Foucault
D) Guy Debord
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