Genetics
  • 1. Genetics is a branch of biology that studies how traits, such as physical characteristics or diseases, are passed from one generation to the next. It involves the study of genes, which are segments of DNA that carry instructions for making proteins and ultimately determine an organism's characteristics. Genetics plays a crucial role in understanding inherited traits, genetic disorders, evolution, and even personalized medicine. Through the study of genetics, scientists are able to unlock the secrets of inheritance and explore the complexities of life at its most fundamental level.

    Which part of a cell contains the genetic material?
A) Mitochondria
B) Cell membrane
C) Nucleus
D) Endoplasmic reticulum
  • 2. What is a Punnett square used for?
A) To determine the protein sequence of a gene.
B) To predict the genotypes of offspring from a genetic cross between two parents.
C) To analyze the frequency of genetic mutations.
D) To study the molecular structure of DNA.
  • 3. Which scientist is known for discovering the structure of DNA?
A) James Watson and Francis Crick
B) Rosalind Franklin
C) Gregor Mendel
D) Thomas Hunt Morgan
  • 4. What is a recessive gene?
A) Genes that skip a generation.
B) Genes that are located on the X chromosome.
C) Genes that are always dominant in an individual.
D) Genes that are only expressed when two copies are inherited.
  • 5. Which term describes the presence of two different alleles for a gene in an individual?
A) Heterozygous
B) Homologous
C) Monohybrid
D) Homozygous dominant
  • 6. What is a pedigree used for in genetics?
A) To trace the inheritance of traits in a family over several generations.
B) To determine the sequence of a specific gene.
C) To identify the total number of genes in an individual.
D) To create genetically modified organisms.
  • 7. What is the purpose of meiosis in genetics?
A) To repair damaged DNA in cells.
B) To produce gametes (sex cells) with half the number of chromosomes.
C) To generate genetic mutations.
D) To synthesize proteins for gene expression.
  • 8. Which genetic disorder is characterized by the absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes?
A) Huntington's disease
B) Cystic fibrosis
C) Albinism
D) Sickle cell anemia
  • 9. What is epigenetics?
A) The practice of gene therapy.
B) The study of changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the DNA sequence.
C) The analysis of genetic mutations.
D) The process of genetic recombination.
  • 10. Which term refers to the proportion of individuals with a particular genotype that show the expected phenotype?
A) Chromatid
B) Penetrance
C) Plasmid
D) Genetic drift
  • 11. In classical genetics, what is a dihybrid cross?
A) A cross between two homozygous individuals.
B) A genetic cross between two individuals that are both heterozygous for two traits.
C) A cross involving only one trait.
D) A cross between individuals from different species.
  • 12. What is a somatic mutation?
A) A mutation that involves the X chromosome.
B) A mutation that occurs in a body (somatic) cell and is not passed on to offspring.
C) A mutation that leads to cancer.
D) A mutation that affects reproductive cells.
  • 13. Which term refers to the observable properties of an organism that result from genetic and environmental influences?
A) Haploid
B) Phenotype
C) Aneuploidy
D) Genotype
  • 14. What is the study of genes and heredity called?
A) Chemistry
B) Physics
C) Genetics
D) Biology
  • 15. How many chromosomes do humans typically have?
A) 23
B) 32
C) 64
D) 46
  • 16. Who is known as the 'Father of Genetics'?
A) Gregor Mendel
B) Charles Darwin
C) Louis Pasteur
D) Thomas Edison
  • 17. Which genetic disorder is characterized by an extra chromosome 21?
A) Sickle cell anemia
B) Down syndrome
C) Cystic fibrosis
D) Huntington's disease
  • 18. How many nitrogenous bases are there in DNA?
A) 5
B) 3
C) 4
D) 2
  • 19. Which genetic disorder is caused by a mutation in the CFTR gene?
A) Fragile X syndrome
B) Cystic fibrosis
C) Hemophilia
D) Turner syndrome
  • 20. Which technique is used to amplify a specific DNA sequence in genetics?
A) PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
B) Gene editing
C) Western blot
D) Gel electrophoresis
  • 21. What is the term for alternate forms of a gene that can exist at a single locus?
A) Exons
B) Alleles
C) Mutations
D) Genomes
  • 22. Which term refers to a trait that is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors?
A) X-linked
B) Multifactorial
C) Dominant
D) Recessive
  • 23. Selective breeding is also known as:
A) Hybridization
B) Genetic engineering
C) Natural selection
D) Artificial selection
  • 24. What is a trait that is controlled by multiple genes known as?
A) Dominant
B) Recessive
C) Monogenic
D) Polygenic
  • 25. What is the process by which genetic material is passed from parent to offspring?
A) Genetic recombination
B) Mutation
C) Cloning
D) Heredity
  • 26. What type of inheritance pattern results in a blending of traits?
A) Codominance
B) Polygenic inheritance
C) Homozygous inheritance
D) Incomplete dominance
  • 27. A person with AB blood type has which of the following genotypes?
A) IAIA
B) ii
C) IAIB
D) IBIB
  • 28. What is the name of the process by which mRNA is made from a DNA template?
A) Translation
B) Replication
C) Transcription
D) Mutation
  • 29. What is the term for the likelihood that a specific event will occur?
A) Probability
B) Frequency
C) Mutation rate
D) Variability
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