Genetics
  • 1. Genetics is a branch of biology that studies how traits, such as physical characteristics or diseases, are passed from one generation to the next. It involves the study of genes, which are segments of DNA that carry instructions for making proteins and ultimately determine an organism's characteristics. Genetics plays a crucial role in understanding inherited traits, genetic disorders, evolution, and even personalized medicine. Through the study of genetics, scientists are able to unlock the secrets of inheritance and explore the complexities of life at its most fundamental level.

    Which part of a cell contains the genetic material?
A) Cell membrane
B) Mitochondria
C) Nucleus
D) Endoplasmic reticulum
  • 2. What is a Punnett square used for?
A) To analyze the frequency of genetic mutations.
B) To determine the protein sequence of a gene.
C) To study the molecular structure of DNA.
D) To predict the genotypes of offspring from a genetic cross between two parents.
  • 3. Which scientist is known for discovering the structure of DNA?
A) Thomas Hunt Morgan
B) Gregor Mendel
C) Rosalind Franklin
D) James Watson and Francis Crick
  • 4. What is a recessive gene?
A) Genes that are only expressed when two copies are inherited.
B) Genes that skip a generation.
C) Genes that are always dominant in an individual.
D) Genes that are located on the X chromosome.
  • 5. Which term describes the presence of two different alleles for a gene in an individual?
A) Homozygous dominant
B) Homologous
C) Monohybrid
D) Heterozygous
  • 6. What is a pedigree used for in genetics?
A) To identify the total number of genes in an individual.
B) To determine the sequence of a specific gene.
C) To create genetically modified organisms.
D) To trace the inheritance of traits in a family over several generations.
  • 7. What is the purpose of meiosis in genetics?
A) To repair damaged DNA in cells.
B) To synthesize proteins for gene expression.
C) To produce gametes (sex cells) with half the number of chromosomes.
D) To generate genetic mutations.
  • 8. Which genetic disorder is characterized by the absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes?
A) Albinism
B) Cystic fibrosis
C) Huntington's disease
D) Sickle cell anemia
  • 9. What is epigenetics?
A) The analysis of genetic mutations.
B) The practice of gene therapy.
C) The study of changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the DNA sequence.
D) The process of genetic recombination.
  • 10. Which term refers to the proportion of individuals with a particular genotype that show the expected phenotype?
A) Genetic drift
B) Chromatid
C) Plasmid
D) Penetrance
  • 11. In classical genetics, what is a dihybrid cross?
A) A cross between two homozygous individuals.
B) A genetic cross between two individuals that are both heterozygous for two traits.
C) A cross between individuals from different species.
D) A cross involving only one trait.
  • 12. What is a somatic mutation?
A) A mutation that involves the X chromosome.
B) A mutation that affects reproductive cells.
C) A mutation that occurs in a body (somatic) cell and is not passed on to offspring.
D) A mutation that leads to cancer.
  • 13. Which term refers to the observable properties of an organism that result from genetic and environmental influences?
A) Phenotype
B) Haploid
C) Aneuploidy
D) Genotype
  • 14. What is the study of genes and heredity called?
A) Genetics
B) Biology
C) Chemistry
D) Physics
  • 15. How many chromosomes do humans typically have?
A) 46
B) 23
C) 64
D) 32
  • 16. Who is known as the 'Father of Genetics'?
A) Charles Darwin
B) Thomas Edison
C) Louis Pasteur
D) Gregor Mendel
  • 17. Which genetic disorder is characterized by an extra chromosome 21?
A) Cystic fibrosis
B) Down syndrome
C) Sickle cell anemia
D) Huntington's disease
  • 18. How many nitrogenous bases are there in DNA?
A) 2
B) 5
C) 4
D) 3
  • 19. Which genetic disorder is caused by a mutation in the CFTR gene?
A) Hemophilia
B) Fragile X syndrome
C) Cystic fibrosis
D) Turner syndrome
  • 20. Which technique is used to amplify a specific DNA sequence in genetics?
A) Gene editing
B) PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
C) Gel electrophoresis
D) Western blot
  • 21. What is the term for alternate forms of a gene that can exist at a single locus?
A) Exons
B) Mutations
C) Genomes
D) Alleles
  • 22. Which term refers to a trait that is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors?
A) Multifactorial
B) Dominant
C) Recessive
D) X-linked
  • 23. Selective breeding is also known as:
A) Genetic engineering
B) Artificial selection
C) Hybridization
D) Natural selection
  • 24. What is a trait that is controlled by multiple genes known as?
A) Monogenic
B) Polygenic
C) Recessive
D) Dominant
  • 25. What is the process by which genetic material is passed from parent to offspring?
A) Genetic recombination
B) Heredity
C) Mutation
D) Cloning
  • 26. What type of inheritance pattern results in a blending of traits?
A) Homozygous inheritance
B) Incomplete dominance
C) Codominance
D) Polygenic inheritance
  • 27. A person with AB blood type has which of the following genotypes?
A) ii
B) IAIB
C) IBIB
D) IAIA
  • 28. What is the name of the process by which mRNA is made from a DNA template?
A) Translation
B) Mutation
C) Replication
D) Transcription
  • 29. What is the term for the likelihood that a specific event will occur?
A) Mutation rate
B) Frequency
C) Variability
D) Probability
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