A) 1925 B) 1928 C) 1926 D) 1927
A) Leonid Mandelstam B) Erwin Schrödinger C) George Gamow D) Friedrich Hund
A) An infinite potential well B) A single-well potential C) A double-well potential D) A semiconductor diode
A) Ralph Fowler B) Yakov Frenkel C) Lothar Nordheim D) Leonid Mandelstam
A) Walter Schottky B) Brian Josephson C) J. Robert Oppenheimer D) Ralph Fowler
A) Alpha decay half-lives B) Scanning tunnelling microscopy C) Thermionic emission and reflection of electrons from metals D) Superconducting energy gaps
A) 50% B) 0% C) 100% D) Variable
A) 1931 B) 1927 C) 1926 D) 1928
A) Superconductivity B) Field emission C) Alpha decay D) Thermionic emission
A) Friedrich Hund and Leonid Mandelstam B) George Gamow, Ronald Gurney, and Edward Condon C) Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever D) Lothar Nordheim and Ralph Fowler
A) Between magnetic field and superconductivity B) Between barrier width and current voltage C) Between temperature and electrical resistance D) Between the half-life of the particle and the energy of emission
A) Wellenmechanischer Tunneleffekt B) Tunneleffekt C) Quantenbarriere D) Tunnelierung
A) Yakov Frenkel B) Lothar Nordheim C) George Gamow D) Walter Schottky
A) Penetration of, or leaking through, a barrier B) Wave-particle duality C) Reflection of electrons from metals D) Atomic imaging
A) Leo Esaki B) Brian Josephson C) Gerd Binnig D) Ivar Giaever
A) A scanning tunnelling microscope B) A thermionic emitter C) A superconductor circuit D) A diode
A) Heinrich Rohrer B) Brian Josephson C) Leo Esaki D) Ivar Giaever
A) Atomic resolution images B) The superconducting energy gap C) Macroscopic quantum states D) The half-life of alpha particles
A) Brian Josephson B) John Clarke C) Leo Esaki D) Ivar Giaever
A) Gamow, Gurney, and Condon B) Clarke, Martinis, and Devoret C) Esaki, Giaever, and Josephson D) Binnig, Rohrer, and Esaki
A) Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer B) Friedrich Hund and Walter Schottky C) John Clarke and John M. Martinis D) Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever
A) Detecting alpha decay half-lives B) Imaging surfaces at the atomic level C) Observing macroscopic quantum circuits D) Measuring semiconductor diode resistance
A) 1973 B) 2025 C) 1986 D) 1981
A) Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer, and Brian Josephson B) Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever, and Lothar Nordheim C) John Clarke, John M. Martinis, and Michel H. Devoret D) George Gamow, Ronald Gurney, and Edward Condon
A) 1981 and 1986 B) 1957 and 1960 C) 1927 and 1928 D) 1984 and 1985
A) Two superconductors separated by a thin non-conducting layer of material B) A scanning tip and an atomic surface C) A double-well potential and an electron emitter D) Two semiconductor diodes separated by a nanometre barrier
A) Individually with a 100% reflection probability B) In unison, as if a single particle filling the entire circuit C) As separate Cooper pairs with independent tunnelling rates D) As classical electrons with random thermal motion
A) Charged particles B) Energy gaps C) Magnetic fields D) Electrical resistance
A) Edward Condon B) Ronald Gurney C) George Gamow D) Lothar Nordheim
A) J. Robert Oppenheimer B) Friedrich Hund C) Walter Schottky D) Erwin Schrödinger
A) Magnetic attraction B) Classical relativity C) Quantum indeterminacy D) Thermal radiation
A) Einstein's field equation B) Newton's second law C) Maxwell's equations D) Schrödinger equation
A) It decreases exponentially B) It increases linearly C) It fluctuates randomly D) It remains constant
A) Charged macroscopic objects B) High-density particles C) Neutral heavy elements D) Low-mass particles
A) Atoms B) Molecules of water C) Neutron stars D) Photons
A) Copper wiring B) Vacuum tubes C) Resistors D) Flash memory
A) Light phase-contrast microscope B) Scanning tunnelling microscope C) Electron transmission microscope D) Atomic force microscope
A) Tunnelling B) Thermal expansion C) Mechanical friction D) Optical diffraction
A) Exactly 5 micrometers B) Thinner than about 1 nm C) Thicker than 10 nm D) Around 1 millimeter
A) Early 21st century B) Early 20th century C) Late 19th century D) Mid-19th century
A) Late 20th century B) The 21st century C) Mid-century D) Early 20th century
A) Quantum mechanics B) Thermodynamics C) Classical mechanics D) Acoustics
A) A car driving through a tunnel B) A ball trying to roll over a hill C) A pendulum swinging in a vacuum D) A wave crashing on a shore
A) It tunnels through the hill B) It stops and floats C) It rolls back down D) It teleports to the other side
A) Tunnelling effect B) Particle annihilation C) Wave collapse D) Quantum entanglement
A) The potential barrier B) The Schrödinger equation C) The wave function D) The WKB approximation
A) Rectangular barriers B) Optical prisms C) Semiclassical barriers D) Most complex problems
A) Visual animations B) Critical angle calculations C) Numerical solutions D) Exact analytical formulas
A) Algebraic formulations B) Single photon counting C) Total internal reflection D) Semiclassical methods
A) Important macroscopic physical phenomena B) Macroscopic gravitational waves C) Only subatomic particle decay D) Macroscopic thermodynamic equilibrium
A) Increased signal speed B) Current leakage C) Enhanced magnetic shielding D) Perfect electrical insulation
A) How high their operating voltage can be B) How small they can be made C) How long their battery life lasts D) How fast their clock speed runs
A) Programming floating gates B) Increasing depletion layer thickness C) Enhancing thermionic emission D) Cooling semiconductor junctions
A) Standard alkaline batteries B) Magnetic compasses C) Some electron microscopes D) Incandescent light bulbs
A) The multijunction solar cell B) The standard relay switch C) The cathode ray tube D) The incandescent light bulb
A) When a magnetic field is applied B) When they are cooled to absolute zero C) When the barrier thickness exceeds 3 nm D) When they are heavily doped
A) When a large reverse bias is applied B) When a small forward bias is applied C) When the temperature is raised significantly D) When no voltage bias is present
A) Long-range radio transmitters B) Low frequency audio amplifiers C) High speed devices D) High power heating elements
A) Cold emission state B) Superconducting state C) Reverse bias D) Open wire state
A) Like a blocked insulator B) Like an exponential current leakage C) Like a thermionic emission D) Like an open wire
A) Drude-Binnig model B) Drude-Lorentz model C) Standard model D) Bohr model
A) Distance B) Time C) Mass D) Temperature
A) Thermal expansion wires B) Hydraulic micro-pistons C) Magnetic levitation springs D) Piezoelectric rods
A) Enzymatic catalysis B) Photosynthesis C) Radioactive decay D) Proton decay
A) Electron capture B) Proton decay C) Neutron scattering D) Nuclear fusion
A) Oxygen ions with free electrons B) Hydrogen ions with hydrogen molecules C) Formaldehyde with water ice D) Deuterium with helium nuclei
A) Carbon-14 B) Deuterium C) Helium-3 D) Tritium
A) Wave function amplitudes B) Zero-point vibrational energies C) Event horizon temperatures D) Coulomb barrier heights
A) Erwin Schrödinger B) Per-Olov Lowdin C) R. P. Bell D) Albert Einstein
A) Deuterium hydride B) Molecular hydrogen C) Formaldehyde D) Water ice
A) Enzymatic catalysis B) Spontaneous DNA mutation C) Cellular division D) Proton decay
A) Cellular respiration B) Enzymatic catalysis C) Spontaneous DNA mutation D) Photosynthesis
A) An ionic salt bridge B) A hydrogen bond C) A van der Waals interaction D) A covalent peptide bond
A) Tunnel into the deepest core of the nucleus B) Escape the DNA molecule completely C) Absorb a photon from interstellar clouds D) Tunnel into the shallower well
A) Electron capture B) An isotopic substitution C) Evanescent coupling D) A tautomeric transition
A) Per-Olov Lowdin B) R. P. Bell C) Erwin Schrödinger D) Max Planck
A) Black holes B) Interstellar clouds C) Stellar cores D) Subsurface oceans
A) Heavy hydrogen ions B) Deuterium molecules C) Electrons for capture D) Radiation
A) The Schrödinger wave function B) The reduced Planck constant C) The potential energy D) The particle mass
A) Rising and falling exponentials B) Evanescent waves C) Stationary bound states D) Travelling waves
A) Medium B B) An event horizon C) A potential barrier D) Medium A
A) Medium B B) Medium A C) A travelling wave medium D) A circumstellar habitable zone
A) They form the foundation of all modern quantum chemistry chapters B) They were proven entirely mathematically false C) They completely replaced the Schrödinger equation D) Their ideas have not been incorporated into physics textbooks
A) Purely imaginary constants B) Dimensionless scaling parameters C) Real-valued functions D) Complex-valued functions with zero real parts
A) ħ2 B) ħ-1 C) ħ1 D) ħ0
A) Classical motion B) Wave packet dispersion C) Quantum tunnelling D) Infinite potential well confinement
A) Near the classical turning points B) Where the particle energy is extremely high C) At the exact center of a rectangular barrier D) Far away from the potential hill
A) E > V(x) B) E = V(x) C) E < V(x) D) E = 0
A) Spherical harmonics B) Airy functions C) Gaussian functions D) Legendre polynomials
A) Ψ(x) B) T(E) C) R(E) D) Φ(x)
A) A. M. Steinberg B) Günter Nimtz C) Francis E. Low D) Herbert Winful
A) Herbert Winful B) A. M. Steinberg C) Günter Nimtz D) Francis E. Low
A) Non-locally B) Instantly C) Randomly D) Locally
A) Yes B) Only in integrable systems C) Only for photons D) No
A) Linear magnetic fields B) Nonlinear resonances C) Harmonic oscillators D) Electrostatic potential wells
A) The Schrödinger equation B) Maxwell's wave-equation C) The heat equation D) The Navier-Stokes equation
A) Dispersive quantum equation B) Non-dispersive wave-equation C) Non-linear diffusion equation D) Stochastic differential equation
A) Vacuum B) Water C) Quartz D) Glass
A) Glass B) Vacuum C) Free space D) Air
A) Gas B) Solid C) Vacuum D) Liquid |