Yellowstone Caldera - Quiz
Yellowstone Caldera
  • 1. When did the first volcanic cycle take place?
A) 2.15 to 1.95 million years ago
B) 1.45 to 1.30 million years ago
C) 2.08 to 1.80 million years ago
D) 2.50 to 2.20 million years ago
  • 2. What is the name of the only known precaldera rhyolitic unit from the first cycle?
A) Rhyolite of Snake River Butte
B) Island Park Rhyolite
C) Mesa Falls Tuff
D) Huckleberry Ridge Tuff
  • 3. What is the approximate age of the Junction Butte Basalt?
A) 2.16 million years
B) 2.08 million years
C) 1.95 million years
D) 1.30 million years
  • 4. What was the caldera-forming event of the first cycle?
A) Eruption of the Mesa Falls Tuff
B) Eruption of the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff
C) Eruption of the Island Park Rhyolite
D) Eruption of the Blue Creek flow
  • 5. How thick does the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff reach in the Red Mountains area?
A) Exceeds 1 km
B) About 430 m
C) Roughly 2.5 m
D) Approximately 150 m
  • 6. How many melt-dominant compositional clusters were identified in the fall deposits before widespread ignimbrite deposition?
A) Four
B) Two
C) Nine
D) Twelve
  • 7. What is the estimated ash-flow volume of the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff?
A) About 280 km3
B) More than 2,450 km3
C) Less than 50 km3
D) Approximately 1,000 km3
  • 8. What was the former name for the Huckleberry Ridge ash bed?
A) Mesa Falls tephra
B) Island Park ash
C) Pearlette type B
D) Pearlette type S
  • 9. What is the approximate age of the Blue Creek flow?
A) 1.30 million years
B) 1.9476 million years
C) 2.07 million years
D) 1.9811 million years
  • 10. How long was the period of apparent volcanic quiescence after the first cycle?
A) 500 kyr
B) 100 kyr
C) 70 kyr
D) 200 kyr
  • 11. Which magmatic system produced the Tuff of Lyle Spring?
A) Huckleberry Ridge system
B) Mesa Falls magmatic system
C) Sheridan Reservoir system
D) Lyle Spring magmatic system
  • 12. What is the estimated volume of the Green Canyon Flow?
A) 5 km3
B) 1–2 km3
C) 10–20 km3
D) 23 km3
  • 13. What was the second-cycle caldera-forming eruption?
A) Bishop Mountain Flow
B) Island Park Rhyolite
C) Huckleberry Ridge Tuff
D) Mesa Falls Tuff
  • 14. What was the former name for the Mesa Falls ash bed?
A) Bishop Mountain tephra
B) Pearlette type B
C) Henry's Fork ash
D) Pearlette type S
  • 15. At what depth was the Mesa Falls magma stored?
A) 20 km
B) 10–12 km
C) 1–2 km
D) 5–8 km
  • 16. Which of the following is an Island Park Rhyolite dome?
A) Mount Everts
B) Big Bend Bridge
C) Red Mountains
D) Silver Lake
  • 17. How many domes constitute the Island Park Rhyolite?
A) Four
B) Five
C) Nine
D) Two
  • 18. What temperature range characterized the Mesa Falls magma storage?
A) 600–700 °C
B) 1100–1200 °C
C) 750–800 °C
D) 900–1000 °C
  • 19. What feature does the Green Canyon Flow predate?
A) Big Bend Ridge
B) Red Mountains
C) Henry's Fork Caldera
D) Huckleberry Ridge Caldera
  • 20. The Huckleberry Ridge Tuff is associated with which geomagnetic excursion?
A) Yellowstone excursion
B) Mesa Falls excursion
C) Huckleberry Ridge geomagnetic excursion
D) Big Bend excursion
  • 21. Which states does the Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field span?
A) Idaho, Nevada, and Utah
B) Montana, Washington, and Oregon
C) Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana
D) Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado
  • 22. What is the approximate original area covered by the volcanic field?
A) 29,000 km2
B) 17,000 km2
C) 5,000 km2
D) 10,000 km2
  • 23. Which organization monitors the Yellowstone region?
A) National Park Geological Service
B) Volcanic Research Institute
C) Plateau Seismic Center
D) Yellowstone Volcano Observatory
  • 24. What does the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory currently say about an eruption?
A) It is currently occurring
B) It is expected within a decade
C) It is predicted to happen next century
D) It is not considered imminent
  • 25. Mount Washburn and Eagle Peak are remnants of which earlier volcanic group?
A) Yellowstone Plateau
B) Lava Creek Group
C) Absaroka Volcanic Supergroup
D) Teton Volcanic Complex
  • 26. What evidence suggests a deep-mantle origin for the Yellowstone hotspot?
A) Seismic tomography showing a broad thermal anomaly
B) Ground deformation patterns
C) Presence of basaltic flows
D) History of the Laramide orogeny
  • 27. Which method was used to identify more than 1,000 extensional fault scarps?
A) Hydrothermal flow analysis
B) Deep crustal drilling
C) Lidar mapping
D) Satellite heat sensing
  • 28. Which of the following is considered a segment of the first-cycle caldera complex?
A) Elephant Back
B) Red Mountains
C) Mallard Lake
D) West Thumb
  • 29. What is the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff in the Red Mountains interpreted as?
A) A thin layer of ash
B) Thick intracaldera fill
C) A glacial deposit
D) A resurgent dome
  • 30. Who reconstructed the Yellowstone Caldera as a compound structure with two overlapping collapse areas?
A) The Huckleberry Ridge team
B) Robert L. Christiansen
C) The Island Park commission
D) Myers et al.
  • 31. What was the Sour Creek high initially interpreted as?
A) A fault scarp
B) A resurgent dome
C) A glacial deposit
D) A lava flow
  • 32. What feature sits nested within the larger Yellowstone Caldera?
A) Big Bend basin
B) Snake River basin
C) Island Park basin
D) West Thumb basin
  • 33. What feature cuts through the Mallard Lake dome?
A) A north-south trending strike-slip fault
B) A volcanic crater
C) A circular caldera rim
D) A northwest-trending axial graben
  • 34. Which of these is a plateau formed by the Central Plateau Member of the Plateau Rhyolite?
A) Madison Plateau
B) Grand Canyon Plateau
C) Yellowstone Rim Plateau
D) Mallard Plateau
  • 35. What kind of rock forms the structure of Sheepeater Cliff?
A) Obsidian-rich rhyolite
B) Limestone
C) Columnar-jointed basalt
D) Volcanic tuff
  • 36. What caused the characteristic yellow, orange, and red colors in the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone?
A) Volcanic ash fall accumulation
B) Sediment deposition from glaciers
C) Hydrothermal alteration
D) Iron oxidation from river water
  • 37. Into how many major volcanic cycles is the rhyolitic volcanism divided?
A) Two
B) Four
C) Five
D) Three
  • 38. Which rhyolite unit was previously mapped as part of the Lava Creek Tuff before remapping at the Gibbon River?
A) Flat Mountain Rhyolite
B) Mount Jackson Rhyolite
C) Lewis Canyon Rhyolite
D) A black, glassy vitrophyre
  • 39. What unit separates Member A from Member B of the Lava Creek Tuff?
A) A 20–30 cm loose crystal ash unit
B) A 3-meter thick rhyolite flow
C) A thick basaltic lava flow
D) A layer of glacial till
  • 40. Where was the Lava Creek ash bed NOT identified?
A) Ventura, California
B) Gulf of Mexico
C) Regina, Saskatchewan
D) The Arctic Circle
  • 41. Which of these is an extracaldera member of the Plateau Rhyolite?
A) Mallard Lake Member
B) Upper Basin Member
C) Roaring Mountain Member
D) Central Plateau Member
  • 42. What is the name of the earliest extracaldera rhyolite?
A) Dunraven Road Flow
B) Riverside Flow
C) South Biscuit Basin Flow
D) North Biscuit Basin Flow
  • 43. What is the approximate thickness of the Tuff of Sulphur Creek?
A) 13 km
B) 35 m
C) 5 km
D) 230 m
  • 44. Which member does the Willow Park dome belong to?
A) Obsidian Creek Member
B) Upper Basin Member
C) Central Plateau Member
D) Mallard Lake Member
  • 45. What created the 5 km diameter crater at Mary Bay?
A) The collapse of the caldera
B) A supereruption
C) A steam explosion
D) A massive lava flow
  • 46. What is the most likely cause of earthquake swarms at Yellowstone according to the USGS?
A) Magma movement
B) Slips on pre-existing faults
C) Hydrothermal fluid pressure
D) Tidal forces
  • 47. Which institution conducted the 2017 study regarding the prevention of a volcanic eruption?
A) Yellowstone Volcano Observatory
B) Geological Society of America
C) University of Utah
D) NASA
  • 48. How quickly can the Yellowstone magma reservoir reach eruptive capacity according to Arizona State University?
A) Within a few centuries
B) Instantly without warning
C) Within just decades
D) Within several millennia
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