Computational complexity theory - Test
  • 1. Computational complexity theory is a branch of theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems based on their inherent difficulty and the amount of resources required, such as time and space. It deals with understanding the efficiency of algorithms, analyzing the feasibility of solving problems on different types of machines, and determining the limitations of computing power. By studying computational complexity theory, researchers seek to investigate the boundaries of computation and identify the capabilities and limitations of computers in solving various types of problems.

    What is computational complexity theory focused on?
A) Analyzing the resources required to solve computational problems
B) Hardware design for computers
C) Developing new programming languages
D) Psychological aspects of human-computer interaction
  • 2. Which notation is commonly used to denote the complexity of algorithms?
A) Big O notation
B) Binary code
C) Roman numerals
D) Greek letters
  • 3. Which complexity class contains decision problems that are efficiently verifiable?
A) EXP
B) BPP
C) NP
D) PSPACE
  • 4. What is the main objective of computational complexity theory?
A) To build supercomputers
B) To generate random numbers
C) To create faster computers
D) To classify computational problems based on their inherent difficulty
  • 5. What is the complexity class that represents the hardest problems in NP?
A) BPP
B) NP-complete
C) P
D) EXPTIME
  • 6. What does 'EXP' stand for in computational complexity theory?
A) Exponential time
B) Expanded
C) Expert
D) Exploratory
  • 7. What is the Cook-Levin theorem related to in computational complexity theory?
A) P vs NP problem
B) Parallel computing
C) NP-completeness
D) Quantum algorithms
  • 8. What complexity class is used to classify problems that can be solved by a quantum computer in polynomial time?
A) PSPACE
B) NP-complete
C) BQP
D) EXPSPACE
  • 9. What is a computational problem?
A) An unsolvable theoretical question
B) A mathematical equation that cannot be solved
C) A task solved by a computer using an algorithm
D) A hardware issue in computers
  • 10. What is the usual choice for the alphabet when representing problem instances?
A) The binary alphabet {0,1}
B) The set of all lowercase letters
C) The set of ASCII characters
D) The hexadecimal alphabet
  • 11. What is a common assumption in proofs of complexity-theoretic theorems?
A) Some concrete choice of input encoding
B) Encoding using natural language
C) Use of decimal notation only
D) No need for any encoding
  • 12. Give an example of a decision problem involving graphs.
A) Deciding whether a given graph is connected or not.
B) Finding the shortest path in a graph.
C) Determining the number of nodes in a graph.
D) Calculating the maximum flow in a network.
  • 13. What is an example of a function problem?
A) Checking if a graph is bipartite.
B) Deciding if a number is prime.
C) The traveling salesman problem.
D) Determining if two graphs are isomorphic.
  • 14. What is typically used to measure the input size in computational complexity theory?
A) Words
B) Characters
C) Bytes
D) Bits
  • 15. What is the primary purpose of a Turing machine?
A) An early form of computer hardware.
B) A theoretical model for general computation.
C) A device to manipulate physical objects.
D) A practical computing technology.
  • 16. Which thesis is associated with the statement that any problem solvable by an algorithm can be solved by a Turing machine?
A) P vs NP theorem.
B) The Church–Turing thesis.
C) Gödel's incompleteness theorems.
D) Cook-Levin theorem.
  • 17. Which type of Turing machine uses random bits to make decisions?
A) Probabilistic Turing machine.
B) Quantum Turing machine.
C) Non-deterministic Turing machine.
D) Deterministic Turing machine.
  • 18. What is a common feature of all machine models discussed in complexity theory?
A) They require physical realizability.
B) They use random bits for computation.
C) They are limited to polynomial time.
D) They operate deterministically.
  • 19. Which axiom set is used to define complexity measures very generally?
A) Blum complexity axioms
B) Turing completeness axioms
C) P vs NP axioms
D) Cook-Levin theorem
  • 20. Which of the following is NOT a commonly used complexity measure in complexity theory?
A) Quantum entanglement complexity
B) Decision tree complexity
C) Communication complexity
D) Circuit complexity
  • 21. Which complexity measure involves the amount of information exchanged between parties?
A) Circuit complexity
B) Time complexity
C) Space complexity
D) Communication complexity
  • 22. What did Raymond Smullyan study in 1961?
A) Real-time computations
B) Linear bounded automata
C) Rudimentary sets
D) Complexity measures
  • 23. Which theorem states that PSPACE = NPSPACE?
A) Cook-Levin theorem
B) Savitch's theorem
C) P vs NP problem
D) Time hierarchy theorem
  • 24. Which complexity class is defined using probabilistic Turing machines?
A) AC
B) BPP
C) NC
D) QMA
  • 25. Which theorem implies that L is strictly contained in PSPACE?
A) Time hierarchy theorem
B) Space hierarchy theorem
C) Savitch's theorem
D) Cook-Levin theorem
  • 26. In which year did Boris Trakhtenbrot begin his study of computational complexity?
A) 1960
B) 1955
C) 1956
D) 1971
  • 27. Which complexity class is known to be contained within PSPACE?
A) BQP
B) MA
C) PH
D) PP
  • 28. Who authored 'Computational Complexity: A Conceptual Perspective'?
A) Christos Papadimitriou
B) Oded Goldreich
C) Michael R. Garey; David S. Johnson
D) Sanjeev Arora; Boaz Barak
  • 29. In what year did Richard Karp publish his paper on NP-complete problems?
A) 1967
B) 1972
C) 1971
D) 1965
  • 30. What term did Boris Trakhtenbrot coin in 1955 that is now known as 'complexity measure'?
A) "Signalizing function"
B) "Computational complexity"
C) "Turing machine"
D) "Polynomial time"
  • 31. Which type of reduction is most commonly used in complexity theory?
A) Linear-time reduction.
B) Logarithmic-time reduction.
C) Polynomial-time reduction.
D) Exponential-time reduction.
  • 32. In what year did Alan Turing define Turing machines?
A) 1965
B) 1936
C) 1945
D) 1950
  • 33. Who edited the book 'Unravelling Complexity: The Life and Work of Gregory Chaitin'?
A) Garey, Michael R.; Johnson, David S.
B) Arora, Sanjeev; Barak, Boaz
C) Wuppuluri, Shyam; Doria, Francisco A.
D) Downey, Rod; Fellows, Michael
  • 34. If P equals NP, what can be inferred about co-P and co-NP?
A) co-P would equal co-NP
B) NP would not equal co-NP
C) co-P would not equal co-NP
D) P would not equal NP
  • 35. Which complexity class is defined using Boolean circuits?
A) AC
B) QMA
C) BPP
D) RP
  • 36. Who conducted the running time analysis of the Euclidean algorithm in 1844?
A) Gabriel Lamé
B) Alan Turing
C) Richard E. Stearns
D) Juris Hartmanis
  • 37. Who studied real-time computations in 1962?
A) John Myhill
B) Hisao Yamada
C) Boris Trakhtenbrot
D) Raymond Smullyan
  • 38. Which complexity class contains problems solvable in logarithmic space?
A) L
B) NC
C) NL
D) PP
  • 39. What is the corresponding set of function problems for P?
A) EXPTIME
B) NP
C) PSPACE
D) FP
  • 40. Who defined linear bounded automata in 1960?
A) Raymond Smullyan
B) Hisao Yamada
C) Boris Trakhtenbrot
D) John Myhill
  • 41. In the context of continuous complexity theory, what is approximated by discretizations?
A) Continuous functions.
B) Discrete graphs.
C) Boolean expressions.
D) Quantum states.
  • 42. Which complexity class includes all decision problems?
A) NP
B) ALL
C) EXPTIME
D) P
  • 43. Who are the authors of 'Parameterized complexity'?
A) Papadimitriou, Christos; Sipser, Michael
B) Downey, Rod; Fellows, Michael
C) Cook, Stephen; Fortnow, Lance
D) Wuppuluri, Shyam; Doria, Francisco A.
  • 44. How many combinatorial and graph theoretical problems did Richard Karp show to be NP-complete?
A) 30
B) 21
C) 15
D) 10
  • 45. Which analysis considers both costly and less costly operations together over the whole series of operations?
A) Average-case complexity
B) Worst-case complexity
C) Amortized analysis
D) Best-case complexity
  • 46. Which complexity class is believed to contain the complement problems of NP?
A) BQP
B) NP
C) co-NP
D) PP
  • 47. What does analog computation involve according to continuous complexity theory?
A) Probabilistic algorithms.
B) Continuous dynamical systems and differential equations.
C) Digital signal processing.
D) Finite state machines.
  • 48. Who wrote 'A Short History of Computational Complexity'?
A) Fortnow, Lance; Homer, Steven
B) Khalil, Hatem; Ulery, Dana
C) Cook, Stephen
D) Mertens, Stephan
  • 49. Which complexity class is defined using interactive proof systems?
A) IP
B) BPP
C) NC
D) QMA
  • 50. Who are the authors of 'Computational Complexity' published in 1994?
A) Sanjeev Arora; Boaz Barak
B) Oded Goldreich
C) Christos Papadimitriou
D) Michael R. Garey; David S. Johnson
  • 51. Who suggested that a 'good' algorithm should have running time bounded by a polynomial of the input size?
A) Leonid Levin
B) Edmonds
C) Juris Hartmanis
D) Gabriel Lamé
  • 52. Who authored 'Introduction to the Theory of Computation'?
A) Boaz Barak
B) Sanjeev Arora
C) Christos Papadimitriou
D) Michael Sipser
  • 53. Which complexity class includes counting problems?
A) NC
B) RP
C) #P
D) BPP
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