Acropolis of Athens

1. What does the word 'Acropolis' mean in ancient Greek?

A) Fortified tower
B) Upper city
C) Central plaza
D) Golden temple

2. On which hill is the Acropolis of Athens located?

A) Acropolis Hill
B) Pnyx Hill
C) Hill of the Olive Trees
D) Mars Hill

3. Who ordered the construction of the most important monuments on the Acropolis in the 5th century BC?

A) Cleisthenes
B) Herodotus
C) Socrates
D) Pericles

4. What is the main function of the Propylaea in the Acropolis of Athens?

A) Theater for dramatic performances
B) Temple dedicated to Athena
C) Monumental entrance to the Acropolis
D) Portico for merchants

5. What is the most famous temple on the Acropolis of Athens?

A) Parthenon
B) Temple of Athena Nike
C) Temple of Zeus
D) Erechtheion

6. What giant bronze sculpture was located in the Acropolis of Athens and was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World?

A) Colossus of Rhodes
B) Frieze of the Panathenaic Games
C) Aphrodite of Cnidus
D) Statue of Zeus in Olympia

7. What was the predominant material used in the construction of the buildings on the Acropolis?

A) Concrete
B) Brick
C) Marble
D) Granite

8. Which Greek goddess is the namesake of the city of Athens and protects the Acropolis?

A) Artemis
B) Athena
C) Hera
D) Aphrodite

9. What is the meaning of the word 'Acropolis'?

A) 'Temple complex'
B) 'Ancient fortress'
C) 'Sacred hill'
D) 'Highest point, city'

10. Which legendary figure was Cecropia named after?

A) Cecrops
B) Pericles
C) Hercules
D) Theseus

11. What event caused significant damage to the Parthenon and other buildings in 1687?

A) A flood
B) The Venetian bombardment during the Morean War
C) A fire started by Athenians
D) An earthquake

12. What was the primary material used for the Older Parthenon's construction before it was changed to marble?

A) Marble
B) Granite
C) Sandstone
D) Piraeus limestone

13. What was the Hekatompedon also known as?

A) Temple of Athena Nike
B) Ur-Parthenon
C) Erechtheion
D) Older Parthenon

14. What was the purpose of the well near the northeastern edge of the Acropolis?

A) Used for religious ceremonies
B) Provided protected drinking water during sieges
C) Served as a sacrificial site
D) Stored grain for the city

15. What was the name of the nine-gate wall built around the Acropolis during the Archaic era?

A) Cyclopean Wall
B) Propylaea
C) Erechtheion
D) Enneapylon

16. What happened to the Arkhaios Neōs during the Second Persian invasion?

A) It was converted into a palace
B) It was expanded
C) It was destroyed
D) It remained untouched

17. What was buried ceremoniously on the Acropolis after the Persian invasion?

A) Statuary, cult objects, religious offerings, and unsalvageable architectural members
B) Scrolls and manuscripts
C) Weapons and armor
D) Gold and silver treasures

18. What was the approximate height of the Acropolis hill above sea level?

A) 100 meters (328 feet)
B) 200 meters (656 feet)
C) 250 meters (820 feet)
D) 150 meters (490 feet)

19. What was the name of the gate built by Peisistratos?

A) Enneapylon
B) Erechtheion
C) Cyclopean Gate
D) Propylaea

20. What was the name of the largest water spring at the northwestern foot of the Acropolis?

A) Pnyx Fountain
B) Agora Spring
C) Clepsydra
D) Erechtheion Well

21. What was the primary material used in the construction of the Cyclopean circuit wall?

A) Marble and gold
B) Brick and lime
C) Large stone blocks with earth mortar called emplekton
D) Wood and clay

22. What was the approximate length of the Cyclopean circuit wall?

A) 900 meters (2,953 feet)
B) 500 meters (1,640 feet)
C) 1,000 meters (3,281 feet)
D) 760 meters (2,490 feet)

23. What was the name given to the temple built between 570 and 550 BC?

A) Hekatompedon
B) Erechtheion
C) Older Parthenon
D) Temple of Athena Nike

24. What was the name of the temple referred to as 'ancient temple' by the Pisistratids?

A) Erechtheion
B) Temple of Athena Nike
C) Arkhaios Neōs
D) Older Parthenon

25. What happened to the Arkhaios Neōs during 406/405 BC?

A) It was expanded
B) It was converted into a palace
C) It remained untouched
D) It was burnt down

26. What was the primary reason for revising the plan to use marble after the Battle of Marathon?

A) Victory allowed for more resources
B) Limestone became unavailable
C) Marble was found to be cheaper
D) A new architect was hired

27. What happened to the Older Parthenon during the Persian invasion in 480 BC?

A) It was expanded
B) It was converted into a palace
C) It remained untouched
D) It was burned and looted

28. What was the primary archaeological deposit excavated on the Acropolis by 1890?

A) Persian debris
B) Mycenaean tools
C) Greek pottery
D) Roman artifacts

29. Which sculptor was responsible for overseeing the reconstruction of major temples on the Acropolis?

A) Mys
B) Phidias
C) Polygnotus
D) Praxiteles

30. Who began building the Propylaea in 437 BC?

A) Ictinus
B) Phidias
C) Mnesicles
D) Callicrates

31. Which artist decorated the northern wing of the Propylaea with paintings?

A) Mys
B) Praxiteles
C) Phidias
D) Polygnotus

32. What type of columns lined the entrance to the Erechtheion?

A) Doric columns
B) Composite columns
C) Corinthian columns
D) Ionic columns

33. Which unusual architectural feature does the Erechtheion have on its southwest porch?

A) Paintings
B) Caryatids
C) Doric columns
D) Statues of gods

34. What did Athena hold in her left hand according to the statue of Athena Promachos?

A) A helmet
B) A giant shield
C) An olive branch
D) A spear

35. Who decorated Athena's shield on the statue of Athena Promachos?

A) Phidias
B) Mys
C) Polygnotus
D) Praxiteles

36. What was the goddess Artemis represented as in the Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia?

A) A swan
B) A bear
C) A lioness
D) An owl

37. Who erected monuments in front of the NW corner of the Parthenon during the Hellenistic period?

A) Herodes Atticus
B) Attalos II
C) Augustus
D) Eumenes II

38. Who built a grand amphitheater on the south slope of the Acropolis in 161 AD?

A) The Herulians
B) Eumenes II
C) Augustus
D) Herodes Atticus

39. What was the Parthenon converted into during the Ottoman period?

A) A church dedicated to the Virgin Mary
B) An administrative center
C) A mosque
D) A gunpowder magazine

40. What structure was built to protect the Klepsydra spring during the Greek War of Independence?

A) The Beulé Gate
B) A sanctuary for Apollo
C) A bulwark named after Odysseas Androutsos
D) The Frankopyrgos Tower

41. During the Latin Duchy of Athens, what was the Parthenon used as?

A) The cathedral
B) An amphitheater
C) A mosque
D) A gunpowder magazine

42. What was added to the Acropolis during the Latin Duchy of Athens and later demolished?

A) The Frankopyrgos Tower
B) The Beulé Gate
C) A minaret inside the Parthenon
D) An odeon

43. Who was responsible for constructing a stoa on the south slope similar to that of Attalos in the agora?

A) Eumenes II
B) Augustus
C) The Herulians
D) Herodes Atticus

44. What was the Erechtheum turned into during the Ottoman period?

A) A church dedicated to the Virgin Mary
B) A mosque with a minaret
C) The governor's private harem
D) An administrative center

45. What was constructed during the 3rd century to restrict entrance in front of the Propylaea?

A) A new tower named Frankopyrgos
B) A sanctuary for Apollo
C) An amphitheater by Herodes Atticus
D) The Beulé Gate

46. In what year was the Parthenon mosque demolished?

A) 1843
B) 1901
C) 1875
D) 1821

47. Who was responsible for the restoration of the Acropolis in the 19th century?

A) Phidias
B) Leo von Klenze
C) Wolf Seidl
D) Iktinos and Kallikrates

48. Where is the Acropolis Museum located in relation to the Parthenon?

A) To the north of the Parthenon
B) Directly beneath the Parthenon
C) Inside the Parthenon
D) On the southern slope, 280 metres away

49. Which structure is east of the entrance and north of the Parthenon?

A) Erechtheum
B) Temple of Athena Nike
C) Propylaea
D) Odeon of Herodes Atticus

50. What significant event did Greek Prime Minister Georgios Papandreou celebrate on the Acropolis in 1944?

A) Liberation from the Nazis
B) Independence of Greece
C) Restoration of the Parthenon
D) End of World War I

51. When did the Acropolis Restoration Project begin?

A) 2000
B) 1975
C) 1985
D) 1950

52. What is anastylosis in the context of the Acropolis restoration?

A) Restoring using reassembled original material
B) Removing all existing structures
C) Covering old structures with modern designs
D) Using entirely new materials for reconstruction

53. Which festival rivaled the Olympic Games in popularity?

A) Pythian Games
B) Olympic Festival
C) Great Panathenaea
D) Delphic Games

54. How many tons of architectural members were restored?

A) 1500 tons
B) 5000 tons
C) 2675 tons
D) 3000 tons

55. What lithostratigraphic unit is softer and reddish in color?

A) Mount Pentelicus marble
B) Athens schist
C) Acropolis limestone
D) Lykabettos rock

56. Approximately how many million years ago were the original sediments of Athens schist deposited?

A) 72 million years ago
B) 100 million years ago
C) 30 million years ago
D) 50 million years ago

57. Which period does the Acropolis limestone date from?

A) Paleozoic era
B) Late Cretaceous period
C) Triassic period
D) Late Jurassic period

58. How much older is the Acropolis limestone compared to the Athens schist?

A) About 30 million years
B) About 72 million years
C) About 10 million years
D) About 50 million years

59. What natural threat is posed by the instability of the Acropolis limestone?

A) Rock slides
B) Landslides
C) Floods
D) Earthquakes

60. Which measure has NOT been implemented to protect the Acropolis site?

A) Drainage systems
B) Rock bolts
C) Geothermal heating systems
D) Retaining walls

61. Name one of the hills in Athens formed by erosion similar to that of the Acropolis.

A) Lykabettos
B) Parnitha Mountain
C) Mount Olympus
D) Hymettus

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