Acropolis of Athens

1. What does the word 'Acropolis' mean in ancient Greek?

A) Upper city
B) Golden temple
C) Fortified tower
D) Central plaza

2. On which hill is the Acropolis of Athens located?

A) Acropolis Hill
B) Hill of the Olive Trees
C) Pnyx Hill
D) Mars Hill

3. Who ordered the construction of the most important monuments on the Acropolis in the 5th century BC?

A) Herodotus
B) Socrates
C) Pericles
D) Cleisthenes

4. What is the main function of the Propylaea in the Acropolis of Athens?

A) Theater for dramatic performances
B) Temple dedicated to Athena
C) Monumental entrance to the Acropolis
D) Portico for merchants

5. What is the most famous temple on the Acropolis of Athens?

A) Temple of Zeus
B) Parthenon
C) Erechtheion
D) Temple of Athena Nike

6. What giant bronze sculpture was located in the Acropolis of Athens and was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World?

A) Frieze of the Panathenaic Games
B) Aphrodite of Cnidus
C) Colossus of Rhodes
D) Statue of Zeus in Olympia

7. What was the predominant material used in the construction of the buildings on the Acropolis?

A) Marble
B) Concrete
C) Brick
D) Granite

8. Which Greek goddess is the namesake of the city of Athens and protects the Acropolis?

A) Artemis
B) Hera
C) Athena
D) Aphrodite

9. What is the meaning of the word 'Acropolis'?

A) 'Highest point, city'
B) 'Sacred hill'
C) 'Temple complex'
D) 'Ancient fortress'

10. Which legendary figure was Cecropia named after?

A) Cecrops
B) Hercules
C) Pericles
D) Theseus

11. What event caused significant damage to the Parthenon and other buildings in 1687?

A) The Venetian bombardment during the Morean War
B) An earthquake
C) A fire started by Athenians
D) A flood

12. What was the primary material used for the Older Parthenon's construction before it was changed to marble?

A) Piraeus limestone
B) Sandstone
C) Granite
D) Marble

13. What was the Hekatompedon also known as?

A) Ur-Parthenon
B) Older Parthenon
C) Temple of Athena Nike
D) Erechtheion

14. What was the purpose of the well near the northeastern edge of the Acropolis?

A) Provided protected drinking water during sieges
B) Served as a sacrificial site
C) Used for religious ceremonies
D) Stored grain for the city

15. What was the name of the nine-gate wall built around the Acropolis during the Archaic era?

A) Propylaea
B) Enneapylon
C) Erechtheion
D) Cyclopean Wall

16. What happened to the Arkhaios Neōs during the Second Persian invasion?

A) It was destroyed
B) It was expanded
C) It was converted into a palace
D) It remained untouched

17. What was buried ceremoniously on the Acropolis after the Persian invasion?

A) Gold and silver treasures
B) Weapons and armor
C) Statuary, cult objects, religious offerings, and unsalvageable architectural members
D) Scrolls and manuscripts

18. What was the approximate height of the Acropolis hill above sea level?

A) 250 meters (820 feet)
B) 150 meters (490 feet)
C) 200 meters (656 feet)
D) 100 meters (328 feet)

19. What was the name of the gate built by Peisistratos?

A) Propylaea
B) Cyclopean Gate
C) Enneapylon
D) Erechtheion

20. What was the name of the largest water spring at the northwestern foot of the Acropolis?

A) Agora Spring
B) Pnyx Fountain
C) Erechtheion Well
D) Clepsydra

21. What was the primary material used in the construction of the Cyclopean circuit wall?

A) Wood and clay
B) Brick and lime
C) Marble and gold
D) Large stone blocks with earth mortar called emplekton

22. What was the approximate length of the Cyclopean circuit wall?

A) 500 meters (1,640 feet)
B) 900 meters (2,953 feet)
C) 760 meters (2,490 feet)
D) 1,000 meters (3,281 feet)

23. What was the name given to the temple built between 570 and 550 BC?

A) Erechtheion
B) Hekatompedon
C) Older Parthenon
D) Temple of Athena Nike

24. What was the name of the temple referred to as 'ancient temple' by the Pisistratids?

A) Arkhaios Neōs
B) Erechtheion
C) Temple of Athena Nike
D) Older Parthenon

25. What happened to the Arkhaios Neōs during 406/405 BC?

A) It was burnt down
B) It remained untouched
C) It was expanded
D) It was converted into a palace

26. What was the primary reason for revising the plan to use marble after the Battle of Marathon?

A) Victory allowed for more resources
B) Marble was found to be cheaper
C) A new architect was hired
D) Limestone became unavailable

27. What happened to the Older Parthenon during the Persian invasion in 480 BC?

A) It remained untouched
B) It was converted into a palace
C) It was burned and looted
D) It was expanded

28. What was the primary archaeological deposit excavated on the Acropolis by 1890?

A) Roman artifacts
B) Persian debris
C) Greek pottery
D) Mycenaean tools

29. Which sculptor was responsible for overseeing the reconstruction of major temples on the Acropolis?

A) Praxiteles
B) Polygnotus
C) Mys
D) Phidias

30. Who began building the Propylaea in 437 BC?

A) Callicrates
B) Phidias
C) Mnesicles
D) Ictinus

31. Which artist decorated the northern wing of the Propylaea with paintings?

A) Mys
B) Praxiteles
C) Phidias
D) Polygnotus

32. What type of columns lined the entrance to the Erechtheion?

A) Doric columns
B) Composite columns
C) Ionic columns
D) Corinthian columns

33. Which unusual architectural feature does the Erechtheion have on its southwest porch?

A) Paintings
B) Statues of gods
C) Caryatids
D) Doric columns

34. What did Athena hold in her left hand according to the statue of Athena Promachos?

A) An olive branch
B) A spear
C) A helmet
D) A giant shield

35. Who decorated Athena's shield on the statue of Athena Promachos?

A) Praxiteles
B) Mys
C) Polygnotus
D) Phidias

36. What was the goddess Artemis represented as in the Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia?

A) A bear
B) A lioness
C) An owl
D) A swan

37. Who erected monuments in front of the NW corner of the Parthenon during the Hellenistic period?

A) Augustus
B) Eumenes II
C) Attalos II
D) Herodes Atticus

38. Who built a grand amphitheater on the south slope of the Acropolis in 161 AD?

A) Augustus
B) Herodes Atticus
C) The Herulians
D) Eumenes II

39. What was the Parthenon converted into during the Ottoman period?

A) A church dedicated to the Virgin Mary
B) A gunpowder magazine
C) An administrative center
D) A mosque

40. What structure was built to protect the Klepsydra spring during the Greek War of Independence?

A) A bulwark named after Odysseas Androutsos
B) The Beulé Gate
C) A sanctuary for Apollo
D) The Frankopyrgos Tower

41. During the Latin Duchy of Athens, what was the Parthenon used as?

A) The cathedral
B) A gunpowder magazine
C) An amphitheater
D) A mosque

42. What was added to the Acropolis during the Latin Duchy of Athens and later demolished?

A) The Frankopyrgos Tower
B) A minaret inside the Parthenon
C) The Beulé Gate
D) An odeon

43. Who was responsible for constructing a stoa on the south slope similar to that of Attalos in the agora?

A) Eumenes II
B) Herodes Atticus
C) The Herulians
D) Augustus

44. What was the Erechtheum turned into during the Ottoman period?

A) An administrative center
B) The governor's private harem
C) A church dedicated to the Virgin Mary
D) A mosque with a minaret

45. What was constructed during the 3rd century to restrict entrance in front of the Propylaea?

A) A new tower named Frankopyrgos
B) The Beulé Gate
C) An amphitheater by Herodes Atticus
D) A sanctuary for Apollo

46. In what year was the Parthenon mosque demolished?

A) 1821
B) 1843
C) 1901
D) 1875

47. Who was responsible for the restoration of the Acropolis in the 19th century?

A) Phidias
B) Leo von Klenze
C) Iktinos and Kallikrates
D) Wolf Seidl

48. Where is the Acropolis Museum located in relation to the Parthenon?

A) On the southern slope, 280 metres away
B) Inside the Parthenon
C) To the north of the Parthenon
D) Directly beneath the Parthenon

49. Which structure is east of the entrance and north of the Parthenon?

A) Propylaea
B) Odeon of Herodes Atticus
C) Erechtheum
D) Temple of Athena Nike

50. What significant event did Greek Prime Minister Georgios Papandreou celebrate on the Acropolis in 1944?

A) Restoration of the Parthenon
B) Liberation from the Nazis
C) Independence of Greece
D) End of World War I

51. When did the Acropolis Restoration Project begin?

A) 2000
B) 1950
C) 1975
D) 1985

52. What is anastylosis in the context of the Acropolis restoration?

A) Restoring using reassembled original material
B) Using entirely new materials for reconstruction
C) Covering old structures with modern designs
D) Removing all existing structures

53. Which festival rivaled the Olympic Games in popularity?

A) Delphic Games
B) Great Panathenaea
C) Olympic Festival
D) Pythian Games

54. How many tons of architectural members were restored?

A) 5000 tons
B) 1500 tons
C) 2675 tons
D) 3000 tons

55. What lithostratigraphic unit is softer and reddish in color?

A) Athens schist
B) Lykabettos rock
C) Mount Pentelicus marble
D) Acropolis limestone

56. Approximately how many million years ago were the original sediments of Athens schist deposited?

A) 50 million years ago
B) 100 million years ago
C) 72 million years ago
D) 30 million years ago

57. Which period does the Acropolis limestone date from?

A) Late Cretaceous period
B) Triassic period
C) Late Jurassic period
D) Paleozoic era

58. How much older is the Acropolis limestone compared to the Athens schist?

A) About 10 million years
B) About 72 million years
C) About 50 million years
D) About 30 million years

59. What natural threat is posed by the instability of the Acropolis limestone?

A) Floods
B) Landslides
C) Rock slides
D) Earthquakes

60. Which measure has NOT been implemented to protect the Acropolis site?

A) Geothermal heating systems
B) Retaining walls
C) Rock bolts
D) Drainage systems

61. Name one of the hills in Athens formed by erosion similar to that of the Acropolis.

A) Parnitha Mountain
B) Lykabettos
C) Hymettus
D) Mount Olympus

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