Acropolis of Athens

1. What does the word 'Acropolis' mean in ancient Greek?

A) Fortified tower
B) Central plaza
C) Upper city
D) Golden temple

2. On which hill is the Acropolis of Athens located?

A) Acropolis Hill
B) Mars Hill
C) Pnyx Hill
D) Hill of the Olive Trees

3. Who ordered the construction of the most important monuments on the Acropolis in the 5th century BC?

A) Socrates
B) Pericles
C) Cleisthenes
D) Herodotus

4. What is the main function of the Propylaea in the Acropolis of Athens?

A) Monumental entrance to the Acropolis
B) Temple dedicated to Athena
C) Portico for merchants
D) Theater for dramatic performances

5. What is the most famous temple on the Acropolis of Athens?

A) Parthenon
B) Temple of Athena Nike
C) Temple of Zeus
D) Erechtheion

6. What giant bronze sculpture was located in the Acropolis of Athens and was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World?

A) Frieze of the Panathenaic Games
B) Aphrodite of Cnidus
C) Statue of Zeus in Olympia
D) Colossus of Rhodes

7. What was the predominant material used in the construction of the buildings on the Acropolis?

A) Granite
B) Concrete
C) Marble
D) Brick

8. Which Greek goddess is the namesake of the city of Athens and protects the Acropolis?

A) Artemis
B) Aphrodite
C) Hera
D) Athena

9. What is the meaning of the word 'Acropolis'?

A) 'Temple complex'
B) 'Sacred hill'
C) 'Highest point, city'
D) 'Ancient fortress'

10. Which legendary figure was Cecropia named after?

A) Pericles
B) Theseus
C) Hercules
D) Cecrops

11. What event caused significant damage to the Parthenon and other buildings in 1687?

A) An earthquake
B) A fire started by Athenians
C) The Venetian bombardment during the Morean War
D) A flood

12. What was the primary material used for the Older Parthenon's construction before it was changed to marble?

A) Marble
B) Granite
C) Sandstone
D) Piraeus limestone

13. What was the Hekatompedon also known as?

A) Older Parthenon
B) Erechtheion
C) Ur-Parthenon
D) Temple of Athena Nike

14. What was the purpose of the well near the northeastern edge of the Acropolis?

A) Served as a sacrificial site
B) Provided protected drinking water during sieges
C) Used for religious ceremonies
D) Stored grain for the city

15. What was the name of the nine-gate wall built around the Acropolis during the Archaic era?

A) Erechtheion
B) Propylaea
C) Cyclopean Wall
D) Enneapylon

16. What happened to the Arkhaios Neōs during the Second Persian invasion?

A) It was converted into a palace
B) It was expanded
C) It was destroyed
D) It remained untouched

17. What was buried ceremoniously on the Acropolis after the Persian invasion?

A) Statuary, cult objects, religious offerings, and unsalvageable architectural members
B) Gold and silver treasures
C) Scrolls and manuscripts
D) Weapons and armor

18. What was the approximate height of the Acropolis hill above sea level?

A) 150 meters (490 feet)
B) 100 meters (328 feet)
C) 200 meters (656 feet)
D) 250 meters (820 feet)

19. What was the name of the gate built by Peisistratos?

A) Erechtheion
B) Enneapylon
C) Propylaea
D) Cyclopean Gate

20. What was the name of the largest water spring at the northwestern foot of the Acropolis?

A) Agora Spring
B) Erechtheion Well
C) Pnyx Fountain
D) Clepsydra

21. What was the primary material used in the construction of the Cyclopean circuit wall?

A) Brick and lime
B) Large stone blocks with earth mortar called emplekton
C) Marble and gold
D) Wood and clay

22. What was the approximate length of the Cyclopean circuit wall?

A) 900 meters (2,953 feet)
B) 500 meters (1,640 feet)
C) 1,000 meters (3,281 feet)
D) 760 meters (2,490 feet)

23. What was the name given to the temple built between 570 and 550 BC?

A) Temple of Athena Nike
B) Older Parthenon
C) Erechtheion
D) Hekatompedon

24. What was the name of the temple referred to as 'ancient temple' by the Pisistratids?

A) Temple of Athena Nike
B) Older Parthenon
C) Arkhaios Neōs
D) Erechtheion

25. What happened to the Arkhaios Neōs during 406/405 BC?

A) It was burnt down
B) It was expanded
C) It remained untouched
D) It was converted into a palace

26. What was the primary reason for revising the plan to use marble after the Battle of Marathon?

A) Limestone became unavailable
B) A new architect was hired
C) Victory allowed for more resources
D) Marble was found to be cheaper

27. What happened to the Older Parthenon during the Persian invasion in 480 BC?

A) It was expanded
B) It was converted into a palace
C) It was burned and looted
D) It remained untouched

28. What was the primary archaeological deposit excavated on the Acropolis by 1890?

A) Roman artifacts
B) Greek pottery
C) Mycenaean tools
D) Persian debris

29. Which sculptor was responsible for overseeing the reconstruction of major temples on the Acropolis?

A) Mys
B) Phidias
C) Praxiteles
D) Polygnotus

30. Who began building the Propylaea in 437 BC?

A) Mnesicles
B) Phidias
C) Callicrates
D) Ictinus

31. Which artist decorated the northern wing of the Propylaea with paintings?

A) Mys
B) Polygnotus
C) Phidias
D) Praxiteles

32. What type of columns lined the entrance to the Erechtheion?

A) Composite columns
B) Doric columns
C) Corinthian columns
D) Ionic columns

33. Which unusual architectural feature does the Erechtheion have on its southwest porch?

A) Paintings
B) Caryatids
C) Statues of gods
D) Doric columns

34. What did Athena hold in her left hand according to the statue of Athena Promachos?

A) A helmet
B) A giant shield
C) An olive branch
D) A spear

35. Who decorated Athena's shield on the statue of Athena Promachos?

A) Praxiteles
B) Phidias
C) Mys
D) Polygnotus

36. What was the goddess Artemis represented as in the Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia?

A) An owl
B) A bear
C) A swan
D) A lioness

37. Who erected monuments in front of the NW corner of the Parthenon during the Hellenistic period?

A) Augustus
B) Eumenes II
C) Herodes Atticus
D) Attalos II

38. Who built a grand amphitheater on the south slope of the Acropolis in 161 AD?

A) Augustus
B) The Herulians
C) Eumenes II
D) Herodes Atticus

39. What was the Parthenon converted into during the Ottoman period?

A) A mosque
B) An administrative center
C) A church dedicated to the Virgin Mary
D) A gunpowder magazine

40. What structure was built to protect the Klepsydra spring during the Greek War of Independence?

A) The Beulé Gate
B) A sanctuary for Apollo
C) The Frankopyrgos Tower
D) A bulwark named after Odysseas Androutsos

41. During the Latin Duchy of Athens, what was the Parthenon used as?

A) A mosque
B) The cathedral
C) A gunpowder magazine
D) An amphitheater

42. What was added to the Acropolis during the Latin Duchy of Athens and later demolished?

A) The Beulé Gate
B) A minaret inside the Parthenon
C) An odeon
D) The Frankopyrgos Tower

43. Who was responsible for constructing a stoa on the south slope similar to that of Attalos in the agora?

A) The Herulians
B) Eumenes II
C) Augustus
D) Herodes Atticus

44. What was the Erechtheum turned into during the Ottoman period?

A) An administrative center
B) A church dedicated to the Virgin Mary
C) A mosque with a minaret
D) The governor's private harem

45. What was constructed during the 3rd century to restrict entrance in front of the Propylaea?

A) The Beulé Gate
B) An amphitheater by Herodes Atticus
C) A sanctuary for Apollo
D) A new tower named Frankopyrgos

46. In what year was the Parthenon mosque demolished?

A) 1901
B) 1875
C) 1821
D) 1843

47. Who was responsible for the restoration of the Acropolis in the 19th century?

A) Wolf Seidl
B) Phidias
C) Iktinos and Kallikrates
D) Leo von Klenze

48. Where is the Acropolis Museum located in relation to the Parthenon?

A) Inside the Parthenon
B) Directly beneath the Parthenon
C) On the southern slope, 280 metres away
D) To the north of the Parthenon

49. Which structure is east of the entrance and north of the Parthenon?

A) Temple of Athena Nike
B) Erechtheum
C) Odeon of Herodes Atticus
D) Propylaea

50. What significant event did Greek Prime Minister Georgios Papandreou celebrate on the Acropolis in 1944?

A) Restoration of the Parthenon
B) Liberation from the Nazis
C) End of World War I
D) Independence of Greece

51. When did the Acropolis Restoration Project begin?

A) 1985
B) 1975
C) 2000
D) 1950

52. What is anastylosis in the context of the Acropolis restoration?

A) Covering old structures with modern designs
B) Removing all existing structures
C) Using entirely new materials for reconstruction
D) Restoring using reassembled original material

53. Which festival rivaled the Olympic Games in popularity?

A) Delphic Games
B) Olympic Festival
C) Pythian Games
D) Great Panathenaea

54. How many tons of architectural members were restored?

A) 5000 tons
B) 1500 tons
C) 2675 tons
D) 3000 tons

55. What lithostratigraphic unit is softer and reddish in color?

A) Mount Pentelicus marble
B) Athens schist
C) Acropolis limestone
D) Lykabettos rock

56. Approximately how many million years ago were the original sediments of Athens schist deposited?

A) 50 million years ago
B) 30 million years ago
C) 72 million years ago
D) 100 million years ago

57. Which period does the Acropolis limestone date from?

A) Late Jurassic period
B) Late Cretaceous period
C) Paleozoic era
D) Triassic period

58. How much older is the Acropolis limestone compared to the Athens schist?

A) About 50 million years
B) About 30 million years
C) About 10 million years
D) About 72 million years

59. What natural threat is posed by the instability of the Acropolis limestone?

A) Floods
B) Earthquakes
C) Landslides
D) Rock slides

60. Which measure has NOT been implemented to protect the Acropolis site?

A) Geothermal heating systems
B) Drainage systems
C) Rock bolts
D) Retaining walls

61. Name one of the hills in Athens formed by erosion similar to that of the Acropolis.

A) Parnitha Mountain
B) Mount Olympus
C) Hymettus
D) Lykabettos

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