Bystander effect - Exam
  • 1. What is the bystander effect?
A) A behavior that encourages individuals to intervene in group settings.
B) An instinctual response to assist in any emergency situation.
C) A phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help in an emergency situation when other people are present.
D) A study that shows people are more likely to help when alone.
  • 2. In which year was the term 'bystander effect' first introduced?
A) 1982.
B) 1990.
C) 1975.
D) 1968.
  • 3. Which factor contributes to the bystander effect?
A) Heightened sense of personal responsibility.
B) Diffusion of responsibility.
C) Rapid decision-making skills.
D) Strong individualistic values.
  • 4. What is the 'diffusion of responsibility' concept in the context of the bystander effect?
A) People feel more personal responsibility to respond when others are present.
B) People respond more efficiently in groups rather than alone.
C) People selectively assign responsibility to others in emergency situations.
D) People feel less personal responsibility to respond when others are present.
  • 5. What is the 'noticing' step in the bystander intervention process?
A) Assessing the risks involved.
B) Deciding whether to intervene.
C) Being aware of an emergency situation.
D) Taking direct action to help.
  • 6. How does the bystander effect influence emergency response time?
A) It only affects individual response time.
B) It speeds up emergency response time.
C) It delays emergency response time.
D) It has no effect on emergency response time.
  • 7. What can individuals do to overcome the bystander effect?
A) Take personal responsibility and intervene.
B) Avoid getting involved in emergency situations.
C) Assume someone else will help and walk away.
D) Rely on social norms to guide behavior.
  • 8. How can increasing awareness of the bystander effect help reduce its impact?
A) Encouraging people to solely rely on group decision-making.
B) Promoting an individualistic attitude in group settings.
C) Educating individuals about the phenomenon and its consequences.
D) Ignoring the presence of others in emergency situations.
  • 9. In the experiment by LatanĂ© and Rodin, what was the percentage of people who helped when alone?
A) Seventy percent
B) Fifty percent
C) Ninety percent
D) Forty percent
  • 10. According to a 2011 meta-analysis, in what type of emergencies is the bystander effect most likely to occur?
A) Non-dangerous emergencies
B) Dangerous emergencies
C) Non-emergency situations
D) All types of emergencies
  • 11. What percentage of bystanders intervened in conflicts according to Philpot et al. (2019)?
A) Over 90%
B) 30%
C) 70%
D) 50%
  • 12. What principle suggests that bystanders look to others to interpret an emergency?
A) Social influence
B) Social comparison
C) Social identity
D) Social facilitation
  • 13. What type of intervention involves directly assisting the victim?
A) Detour intervention
B) Direct intervention
C) Passive intervention
D) Indirect intervention
  • 14. In what type of situations was the bystander effect attenuated according to the 2011 meta-analysis?
A) All situations
B) Non-emergency situations
C) Non-dangerous situations
D) Dangerous situations
  • 15. What factor can delay a person's decision to assist another in need?
A) Group cohesiveness
B) Low consequence
C) Environmental familiarity
D) High ambiguity
  • 16. How does familiarity with the environment affect a bystander's likelihood to help?
A) Decreases likelihood
B) Causes confusion
C) Increases likelihood
D) Has no effect
  • 17. What effect does priming a social context have on helping behavior?
A) Encourages helping behavior
B) Increases urgency
C) Has no effect
D) May inhibit helping behavior
  • 18. Which group was most likely to respond to a hurt victim in Rutkowski et al.'s experiment?
A) Four member low cohesive group
B) Two member high cohesive group
C) Four member high cohesive group
D) Two member low cohesive group
  • 19. In the 2005 experiment, when were bystanders more likely to help an injured person?
A) If the person was wearing a plain shirt
B) If the person was wearing a disliked football jersey
C) If the person was wearing a neutral shirt
D) If the person was wearing a liked football jersey
  • 20. How does shared group-level psychological relationship affect helping behavior?
A) Can encourage helping
B) Always inhibits helping
C) Has no effect
D) Causes confusion
  • 21. What theory explains the effect of shared identity on empathy and helping behavior?
A) Self-categorization theory
B) Social identity theory
C) Social comparison theory
D) Cognitive dissonance theory
  • 22. What was found to predict helping behavior when social identification was controlled?
A) Empathy no longer predicted helping
B) Empathy predicted helping
C) Social identification predicted helping
D) Group size predicted helping
  • 23. What year was the study by the International Ombudsman Association published?
A) 2009
B) 2011
C) 2010
D) 2008
  • 24. What is the name of the ABC primetime show that tests the bystander effect?
A) Bystander Intervention: Reality Check
B) The Bystander Effect: Live
C) Primetime: What Would You Do?
D) What Would You Do? The Series
  • 25. How many online chat groups were observed in the experiment?
A) 400
B) 500
C) 100
D) 300
  • 26. What was the mean response time when a specific person was called out for help?
A) 51.53 seconds
B) 45.00 seconds
C) 36.38 seconds
D) 60.00 seconds
  • 27. What was the mean response time when no specific person was called out for help?
A) 45.00 seconds
B) 60.00 seconds
C) 51.53 seconds
D) 36.38 seconds
  • 28. What was the screen name of the male victim in the experiment?
A) Jake Smith
B) Jake Harmen
C) James Harmen
D) John Harmen
  • 29. What was the screen name of the female victim in the experiment?
A) Suzanne Harmen
B) Susan Harmen
C) Sally Harmen
D) Suzy Harmen
  • 30. What study year did Robert Thornberg conduct research on children as bystanders?
A) 2012
B) 2010
C) 2005
D) 2007
  • 31. Which stage involves children paying selective attention to their environment?
A) Interpreting a need for help
B) Feeling empathy
C) Acting
D) Noticing that something is wrong
  • 32. What term describes children thinking others are just playing rather than in distress?
A) Moral deliberation
B) Pluralistic ignorance
C) Social status scanning
D) Empathic anger
  • 33. What is the final stage in Thornberg's model of moral deliberation as a bystander?
A) Noticing
B) Feeling empathy
C) Acting
D) Interpreting
  • 34. Which stage involves children considering possible benefits and costs before acting?
A) Interpreting a need for help
B) Noticing that something is wrong
C) Feeling empathy
D) Condensing motives for action
  • 35. Which of the following is a contextual ingredient influencing children's behavior according to Thornberg?
A) Fear of punishment
B) Compliance with rules
C) Peer pressure
D) Gender stereotypes
  • 36. What concept was introduced in South African courts to make convictions more just?
A) Justifiable reasons
B) Reasonable doubt
C) Extenuating circumstances
D) Mitigating factors
  • 37. What cultural characteristic did Boet KotzĂ© testify about in the S. vs. Sibisi case?
A) Personal accountability
B) Collective consciousness
C) Individualism
D) Cultural isolation
  • 38. Which program is used by American universities to improve bystander attitudes in cases of rape?
A) The Blue Light program
B) The Red Flag program
C) The Green Dot program
D) The InterAct Sexual Assault Prevention program
  • 39. What psychological concept suggests that individuals in a group may lose their sense of individual accountability?
A) Social facilitation
B) Deindividuation
C) Group polarization
D) Conformity
  • 40. On what date did the murder of Kitty Genovese occur?
A) October 24, 2009
B) May 30, 2011
C) December 25, 1964
D) March 13, 1964
  • 41. What did an article published in American Psychologist in 2007 reveal about the Kitty Genovese case?
A) The story had been exaggerated by the media
B) The attacker was immediately caught
C) There were more than 38 eyewitnesses
D) The police were not called at all
  • 42. What was Raymond Zack doing when he entered the waters off Robert Crown Memorial Beach?
A) Sailing
B) Swimming
C) Standing neck deep in water
D) Fishing
  • 43. What ultimately caused Raymond Zack to collapse in the water?
A) Drowning
B) Hypothermia
C) Heart attack
D) Dehydration
  • 44. Who eventually entered the water to save Raymond Zack?
A) A police officer
B) A Coast Guard member
C) A good samaritan
D) A firefighter
  • 45. What was one of the physical consequences suffered by Jane Doe after the assault?
A) Scars from cigarette burns on her back
B) Broken bones
C) Loss of hearing
D) Amnesia
  • 46. How long did the sexual assault on the SEPTA train last?
A) Nearly 40 minutes
B) 20 minutes
C) 50 minutes
D) 30 minutes
  • 47. How long after the initial 911 call was the suspect arrested?
A) 5 minutes
B) 15 minutes
C) 10 minutes
D) 3 minutes
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