Bystander effect - Exam
  • 1. What is the bystander effect?
A) A study that shows people are more likely to help when alone.
B) A phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help in an emergency situation when other people are present.
C) A behavior that encourages individuals to intervene in group settings.
D) An instinctual response to assist in any emergency situation.
  • 2. In which year was the term 'bystander effect' first introduced?
A) 1990.
B) 1982.
C) 1968.
D) 1975.
  • 3. Which factor contributes to the bystander effect?
A) Rapid decision-making skills.
B) Heightened sense of personal responsibility.
C) Diffusion of responsibility.
D) Strong individualistic values.
  • 4. What is the 'diffusion of responsibility' concept in the context of the bystander effect?
A) People respond more efficiently in groups rather than alone.
B) People feel less personal responsibility to respond when others are present.
C) People feel more personal responsibility to respond when others are present.
D) People selectively assign responsibility to others in emergency situations.
  • 5. What is the 'noticing' step in the bystander intervention process?
A) Assessing the risks involved.
B) Taking direct action to help.
C) Being aware of an emergency situation.
D) Deciding whether to intervene.
  • 6. How does the bystander effect influence emergency response time?
A) It delays emergency response time.
B) It has no effect on emergency response time.
C) It speeds up emergency response time.
D) It only affects individual response time.
  • 7. What can individuals do to overcome the bystander effect?
A) Rely on social norms to guide behavior.
B) Take personal responsibility and intervene.
C) Avoid getting involved in emergency situations.
D) Assume someone else will help and walk away.
  • 8. How can increasing awareness of the bystander effect help reduce its impact?
A) Encouraging people to solely rely on group decision-making.
B) Ignoring the presence of others in emergency situations.
C) Promoting an individualistic attitude in group settings.
D) Educating individuals about the phenomenon and its consequences.
  • 9. In the experiment by LatanĂ© and Rodin, what was the percentage of people who helped when alone?
A) Forty percent
B) Fifty percent
C) Seventy percent
D) Ninety percent
  • 10. According to a 2011 meta-analysis, in what type of emergencies is the bystander effect most likely to occur?
A) All types of emergencies
B) Dangerous emergencies
C) Non-emergency situations
D) Non-dangerous emergencies
  • 11. What percentage of bystanders intervened in conflicts according to Philpot et al. (2019)?
A) Over 90%
B) 50%
C) 70%
D) 30%
  • 12. What principle suggests that bystanders look to others to interpret an emergency?
A) Social facilitation
B) Social comparison
C) Social influence
D) Social identity
  • 13. What type of intervention involves directly assisting the victim?
A) Direct intervention
B) Passive intervention
C) Detour intervention
D) Indirect intervention
  • 14. In what type of situations was the bystander effect attenuated according to the 2011 meta-analysis?
A) Dangerous situations
B) Non-dangerous situations
C) Non-emergency situations
D) All situations
  • 15. What factor can delay a person's decision to assist another in need?
A) Environmental familiarity
B) Low consequence
C) Group cohesiveness
D) High ambiguity
  • 16. How does familiarity with the environment affect a bystander's likelihood to help?
A) Decreases likelihood
B) Causes confusion
C) Increases likelihood
D) Has no effect
  • 17. What effect does priming a social context have on helping behavior?
A) Increases urgency
B) Encourages helping behavior
C) May inhibit helping behavior
D) Has no effect
  • 18. Which group was most likely to respond to a hurt victim in Rutkowski et al.'s experiment?
A) Two member high cohesive group
B) Four member low cohesive group
C) Four member high cohesive group
D) Two member low cohesive group
  • 19. In the 2005 experiment, when were bystanders more likely to help an injured person?
A) If the person was wearing a plain shirt
B) If the person was wearing a neutral shirt
C) If the person was wearing a liked football jersey
D) If the person was wearing a disliked football jersey
  • 20. How does shared group-level psychological relationship affect helping behavior?
A) Always inhibits helping
B) Causes confusion
C) Can encourage helping
D) Has no effect
  • 21. What theory explains the effect of shared identity on empathy and helping behavior?
A) Cognitive dissonance theory
B) Social identity theory
C) Social comparison theory
D) Self-categorization theory
  • 22. What was found to predict helping behavior when social identification was controlled?
A) Group size predicted helping
B) Empathy predicted helping
C) Empathy no longer predicted helping
D) Social identification predicted helping
  • 23. What year was the study by the International Ombudsman Association published?
A) 2009
B) 2008
C) 2011
D) 2010
  • 24. What is the name of the ABC primetime show that tests the bystander effect?
A) Primetime: What Would You Do?
B) The Bystander Effect: Live
C) What Would You Do? The Series
D) Bystander Intervention: Reality Check
  • 25. How many online chat groups were observed in the experiment?
A) 300
B) 100
C) 400
D) 500
  • 26. What was the mean response time when a specific person was called out for help?
A) 51.53 seconds
B) 36.38 seconds
C) 45.00 seconds
D) 60.00 seconds
  • 27. What was the mean response time when no specific person was called out for help?
A) 45.00 seconds
B) 36.38 seconds
C) 60.00 seconds
D) 51.53 seconds
  • 28. What was the screen name of the male victim in the experiment?
A) Jake Smith
B) John Harmen
C) Jake Harmen
D) James Harmen
  • 29. What was the screen name of the female victim in the experiment?
A) Sally Harmen
B) Suzy Harmen
C) Suzanne Harmen
D) Susan Harmen
  • 30. What study year did Robert Thornberg conduct research on children as bystanders?
A) 2005
B) 2007
C) 2012
D) 2010
  • 31. Which stage involves children paying selective attention to their environment?
A) Acting
B) Feeling empathy
C) Interpreting a need for help
D) Noticing that something is wrong
  • 32. What term describes children thinking others are just playing rather than in distress?
A) Empathic anger
B) Pluralistic ignorance
C) Moral deliberation
D) Social status scanning
  • 33. What is the final stage in Thornberg's model of moral deliberation as a bystander?
A) Noticing
B) Interpreting
C) Feeling empathy
D) Acting
  • 34. Which stage involves children considering possible benefits and costs before acting?
A) Feeling empathy
B) Interpreting a need for help
C) Condensing motives for action
D) Noticing that something is wrong
  • 35. Which of the following is a contextual ingredient influencing children's behavior according to Thornberg?
A) Peer pressure
B) Fear of punishment
C) Gender stereotypes
D) Compliance with rules
  • 36. What concept was introduced in South African courts to make convictions more just?
A) Justifiable reasons
B) Reasonable doubt
C) Mitigating factors
D) Extenuating circumstances
  • 37. What cultural characteristic did Boet KotzĂ© testify about in the S. vs. Sibisi case?
A) Personal accountability
B) Individualism
C) Collective consciousness
D) Cultural isolation
  • 38. Which program is used by American universities to improve bystander attitudes in cases of rape?
A) The InterAct Sexual Assault Prevention program
B) The Red Flag program
C) The Blue Light program
D) The Green Dot program
  • 39. What psychological concept suggests that individuals in a group may lose their sense of individual accountability?
A) Group polarization
B) Deindividuation
C) Conformity
D) Social facilitation
  • 40. On what date did the murder of Kitty Genovese occur?
A) October 24, 2009
B) December 25, 1964
C) May 30, 2011
D) March 13, 1964
  • 41. What did an article published in American Psychologist in 2007 reveal about the Kitty Genovese case?
A) The attacker was immediately caught
B) The police were not called at all
C) There were more than 38 eyewitnesses
D) The story had been exaggerated by the media
  • 42. What was Raymond Zack doing when he entered the waters off Robert Crown Memorial Beach?
A) Fishing
B) Sailing
C) Standing neck deep in water
D) Swimming
  • 43. What ultimately caused Raymond Zack to collapse in the water?
A) Drowning
B) Heart attack
C) Dehydration
D) Hypothermia
  • 44. Who eventually entered the water to save Raymond Zack?
A) A Coast Guard member
B) A police officer
C) A firefighter
D) A good samaritan
  • 45. What was one of the physical consequences suffered by Jane Doe after the assault?
A) Scars from cigarette burns on her back
B) Amnesia
C) Broken bones
D) Loss of hearing
  • 46. How long did the sexual assault on the SEPTA train last?
A) 50 minutes
B) Nearly 40 minutes
C) 30 minutes
D) 20 minutes
  • 47. How long after the initial 911 call was the suspect arrested?
A) 15 minutes
B) 10 minutes
C) 3 minutes
D) 5 minutes
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