Bystander effect - Exam
  • 1. What is the bystander effect?
A) A study that shows people are more likely to help when alone.
B) A phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help in an emergency situation when other people are present.
C) An instinctual response to assist in any emergency situation.
D) A behavior that encourages individuals to intervene in group settings.
  • 2. In which year was the term 'bystander effect' first introduced?
A) 1975.
B) 1968.
C) 1982.
D) 1990.
  • 3. Which factor contributes to the bystander effect?
A) Rapid decision-making skills.
B) Heightened sense of personal responsibility.
C) Diffusion of responsibility.
D) Strong individualistic values.
  • 4. What is the 'diffusion of responsibility' concept in the context of the bystander effect?
A) People feel less personal responsibility to respond when others are present.
B) People selectively assign responsibility to others in emergency situations.
C) People feel more personal responsibility to respond when others are present.
D) People respond more efficiently in groups rather than alone.
  • 5. What is the 'noticing' step in the bystander intervention process?
A) Being aware of an emergency situation.
B) Taking direct action to help.
C) Deciding whether to intervene.
D) Assessing the risks involved.
  • 6. How does the bystander effect influence emergency response time?
A) It has no effect on emergency response time.
B) It delays emergency response time.
C) It only affects individual response time.
D) It speeds up emergency response time.
  • 7. What can individuals do to overcome the bystander effect?
A) Assume someone else will help and walk away.
B) Rely on social norms to guide behavior.
C) Take personal responsibility and intervene.
D) Avoid getting involved in emergency situations.
  • 8. How can increasing awareness of the bystander effect help reduce its impact?
A) Educating individuals about the phenomenon and its consequences.
B) Promoting an individualistic attitude in group settings.
C) Encouraging people to solely rely on group decision-making.
D) Ignoring the presence of others in emergency situations.
  • 9. In the experiment by LatanĂ© and Rodin, what was the percentage of people who helped when alone?
A) Forty percent
B) Ninety percent
C) Fifty percent
D) Seventy percent
  • 10. According to a 2011 meta-analysis, in what type of emergencies is the bystander effect most likely to occur?
A) Non-emergency situations
B) Non-dangerous emergencies
C) Dangerous emergencies
D) All types of emergencies
  • 11. What percentage of bystanders intervened in conflicts according to Philpot et al. (2019)?
A) 50%
B) Over 90%
C) 30%
D) 70%
  • 12. What principle suggests that bystanders look to others to interpret an emergency?
A) Social facilitation
B) Social influence
C) Social comparison
D) Social identity
  • 13. What type of intervention involves directly assisting the victim?
A) Indirect intervention
B) Detour intervention
C) Direct intervention
D) Passive intervention
  • 14. In what type of situations was the bystander effect attenuated according to the 2011 meta-analysis?
A) Dangerous situations
B) Non-dangerous situations
C) All situations
D) Non-emergency situations
  • 15. What factor can delay a person's decision to assist another in need?
A) Group cohesiveness
B) Environmental familiarity
C) High ambiguity
D) Low consequence
  • 16. How does familiarity with the environment affect a bystander's likelihood to help?
A) Causes confusion
B) Decreases likelihood
C) Has no effect
D) Increases likelihood
  • 17. What effect does priming a social context have on helping behavior?
A) Increases urgency
B) Encourages helping behavior
C) Has no effect
D) May inhibit helping behavior
  • 18. Which group was most likely to respond to a hurt victim in Rutkowski et al.'s experiment?
A) Four member high cohesive group
B) Two member high cohesive group
C) Two member low cohesive group
D) Four member low cohesive group
  • 19. In the 2005 experiment, when were bystanders more likely to help an injured person?
A) If the person was wearing a liked football jersey
B) If the person was wearing a disliked football jersey
C) If the person was wearing a neutral shirt
D) If the person was wearing a plain shirt
  • 20. How does shared group-level psychological relationship affect helping behavior?
A) Always inhibits helping
B) Causes confusion
C) Has no effect
D) Can encourage helping
  • 21. What theory explains the effect of shared identity on empathy and helping behavior?
A) Cognitive dissonance theory
B) Social comparison theory
C) Self-categorization theory
D) Social identity theory
  • 22. What was found to predict helping behavior when social identification was controlled?
A) Group size predicted helping
B) Empathy no longer predicted helping
C) Social identification predicted helping
D) Empathy predicted helping
  • 23. What year was the study by the International Ombudsman Association published?
A) 2008
B) 2009
C) 2011
D) 2010
  • 24. What is the name of the ABC primetime show that tests the bystander effect?
A) What Would You Do? The Series
B) Bystander Intervention: Reality Check
C) Primetime: What Would You Do?
D) The Bystander Effect: Live
  • 25. How many online chat groups were observed in the experiment?
A) 100
B) 400
C) 300
D) 500
  • 26. What was the mean response time when a specific person was called out for help?
A) 45.00 seconds
B) 36.38 seconds
C) 51.53 seconds
D) 60.00 seconds
  • 27. What was the mean response time when no specific person was called out for help?
A) 36.38 seconds
B) 60.00 seconds
C) 45.00 seconds
D) 51.53 seconds
  • 28. What was the screen name of the male victim in the experiment?
A) Jake Smith
B) Jake Harmen
C) John Harmen
D) James Harmen
  • 29. What was the screen name of the female victim in the experiment?
A) Sally Harmen
B) Suzy Harmen
C) Suzanne Harmen
D) Susan Harmen
  • 30. What study year did Robert Thornberg conduct research on children as bystanders?
A) 2012
B) 2007
C) 2005
D) 2010
  • 31. Which stage involves children paying selective attention to their environment?
A) Interpreting a need for help
B) Noticing that something is wrong
C) Acting
D) Feeling empathy
  • 32. What term describes children thinking others are just playing rather than in distress?
A) Moral deliberation
B) Empathic anger
C) Pluralistic ignorance
D) Social status scanning
  • 33. What is the final stage in Thornberg's model of moral deliberation as a bystander?
A) Noticing
B) Feeling empathy
C) Interpreting
D) Acting
  • 34. Which stage involves children considering possible benefits and costs before acting?
A) Condensing motives for action
B) Feeling empathy
C) Noticing that something is wrong
D) Interpreting a need for help
  • 35. Which of the following is a contextual ingredient influencing children's behavior according to Thornberg?
A) Fear of punishment
B) Gender stereotypes
C) Compliance with rules
D) Peer pressure
  • 36. What concept was introduced in South African courts to make convictions more just?
A) Mitigating factors
B) Extenuating circumstances
C) Reasonable doubt
D) Justifiable reasons
  • 37. What cultural characteristic did Boet KotzĂ© testify about in the S. vs. Sibisi case?
A) Cultural isolation
B) Personal accountability
C) Individualism
D) Collective consciousness
  • 38. Which program is used by American universities to improve bystander attitudes in cases of rape?
A) The Blue Light program
B) The Red Flag program
C) The InterAct Sexual Assault Prevention program
D) The Green Dot program
  • 39. What psychological concept suggests that individuals in a group may lose their sense of individual accountability?
A) Deindividuation
B) Conformity
C) Social facilitation
D) Group polarization
  • 40. On what date did the murder of Kitty Genovese occur?
A) March 13, 1964
B) December 25, 1964
C) May 30, 2011
D) October 24, 2009
  • 41. What did an article published in American Psychologist in 2007 reveal about the Kitty Genovese case?
A) The story had been exaggerated by the media
B) The attacker was immediately caught
C) The police were not called at all
D) There were more than 38 eyewitnesses
  • 42. What was Raymond Zack doing when he entered the waters off Robert Crown Memorial Beach?
A) Sailing
B) Swimming
C) Fishing
D) Standing neck deep in water
  • 43. What ultimately caused Raymond Zack to collapse in the water?
A) Heart attack
B) Hypothermia
C) Drowning
D) Dehydration
  • 44. Who eventually entered the water to save Raymond Zack?
A) A police officer
B) A good samaritan
C) A firefighter
D) A Coast Guard member
  • 45. What was one of the physical consequences suffered by Jane Doe after the assault?
A) Loss of hearing
B) Amnesia
C) Scars from cigarette burns on her back
D) Broken bones
  • 46. How long did the sexual assault on the SEPTA train last?
A) 30 minutes
B) Nearly 40 minutes
C) 50 minutes
D) 20 minutes
  • 47. How long after the initial 911 call was the suspect arrested?
A) 15 minutes
B) 5 minutes
C) 3 minutes
D) 10 minutes
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