Bystander effect - Exam
  • 1. What is the bystander effect?
A) A behavior that encourages individuals to intervene in group settings.
B) An instinctual response to assist in any emergency situation.
C) A phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help in an emergency situation when other people are present.
D) A study that shows people are more likely to help when alone.
  • 2. In which year was the term 'bystander effect' first introduced?
A) 1975.
B) 1990.
C) 1968.
D) 1982.
  • 3. Which factor contributes to the bystander effect?
A) Rapid decision-making skills.
B) Diffusion of responsibility.
C) Heightened sense of personal responsibility.
D) Strong individualistic values.
  • 4. What is the 'diffusion of responsibility' concept in the context of the bystander effect?
A) People respond more efficiently in groups rather than alone.
B) People feel more personal responsibility to respond when others are present.
C) People selectively assign responsibility to others in emergency situations.
D) People feel less personal responsibility to respond when others are present.
  • 5. What is the 'noticing' step in the bystander intervention process?
A) Being aware of an emergency situation.
B) Assessing the risks involved.
C) Deciding whether to intervene.
D) Taking direct action to help.
  • 6. How does the bystander effect influence emergency response time?
A) It only affects individual response time.
B) It has no effect on emergency response time.
C) It delays emergency response time.
D) It speeds up emergency response time.
  • 7. What can individuals do to overcome the bystander effect?
A) Rely on social norms to guide behavior.
B) Assume someone else will help and walk away.
C) Take personal responsibility and intervene.
D) Avoid getting involved in emergency situations.
  • 8. How can increasing awareness of the bystander effect help reduce its impact?
A) Educating individuals about the phenomenon and its consequences.
B) Encouraging people to solely rely on group decision-making.
C) Promoting an individualistic attitude in group settings.
D) Ignoring the presence of others in emergency situations.
  • 9. In the experiment by LatanĂ© and Rodin, what was the percentage of people who helped when alone?
A) Ninety percent
B) Seventy percent
C) Fifty percent
D) Forty percent
  • 10. According to a 2011 meta-analysis, in what type of emergencies is the bystander effect most likely to occur?
A) Non-emergency situations
B) Dangerous emergencies
C) Non-dangerous emergencies
D) All types of emergencies
  • 11. What percentage of bystanders intervened in conflicts according to Philpot et al. (2019)?
A) 70%
B) Over 90%
C) 50%
D) 30%
  • 12. What principle suggests that bystanders look to others to interpret an emergency?
A) Social comparison
B) Social influence
C) Social identity
D) Social facilitation
  • 13. What type of intervention involves directly assisting the victim?
A) Passive intervention
B) Detour intervention
C) Direct intervention
D) Indirect intervention
  • 14. In what type of situations was the bystander effect attenuated according to the 2011 meta-analysis?
A) All situations
B) Non-dangerous situations
C) Dangerous situations
D) Non-emergency situations
  • 15. What factor can delay a person's decision to assist another in need?
A) Low consequence
B) High ambiguity
C) Group cohesiveness
D) Environmental familiarity
  • 16. How does familiarity with the environment affect a bystander's likelihood to help?
A) Causes confusion
B) Decreases likelihood
C) Has no effect
D) Increases likelihood
  • 17. What effect does priming a social context have on helping behavior?
A) May inhibit helping behavior
B) Increases urgency
C) Encourages helping behavior
D) Has no effect
  • 18. Which group was most likely to respond to a hurt victim in Rutkowski et al.'s experiment?
A) Two member high cohesive group
B) Four member high cohesive group
C) Two member low cohesive group
D) Four member low cohesive group
  • 19. Which stage involves children considering possible benefits and costs before acting?
A) Condensing motives for action
B) Interpreting a need for help
C) Feeling empathy
D) Noticing that something is wrong
  • 20. Who eventually entered the water to save Raymond Zack?
A) A Coast Guard member
B) A good samaritan
C) A firefighter
D) A police officer
  • 21. On what date did the murder of Kitty Genovese occur?
A) May 30, 2011
B) October 24, 2009
C) March 13, 1964
D) December 25, 1964
  • 22. What psychological concept suggests that individuals in a group may lose their sense of individual accountability?
A) Conformity
B) Deindividuation
C) Social facilitation
D) Group polarization
  • 23. What was the screen name of the female victim in the experiment?
A) Suzanne Harmen
B) Sally Harmen
C) Susan Harmen
D) Suzy Harmen
  • 24. What was the mean response time when no specific person was called out for help?
A) 45.00 seconds
B) 36.38 seconds
C) 51.53 seconds
D) 60.00 seconds
  • 25. In the 2005 experiment, when were bystanders more likely to help an injured person?
A) If the person was wearing a plain shirt
B) If the person was wearing a liked football jersey
C) If the person was wearing a disliked football jersey
D) If the person was wearing a neutral shirt
  • 26. What year was the study by the International Ombudsman Association published?
A) 2009
B) 2010
C) 2008
D) 2011
  • 27. How does shared group-level psychological relationship affect helping behavior?
A) Has no effect
B) Causes confusion
C) Always inhibits helping
D) Can encourage helping
  • 28. Which program is used by American universities to improve bystander attitudes in cases of rape?
A) The Blue Light program
B) The Red Flag program
C) The Green Dot program
D) The InterAct Sexual Assault Prevention program
  • 29. What was the screen name of the male victim in the experiment?
A) James Harmen
B) Jake Smith
C) Jake Harmen
D) John Harmen
  • 30. What was found to predict helping behavior when social identification was controlled?
A) Group size predicted helping
B) Empathy no longer predicted helping
C) Social identification predicted helping
D) Empathy predicted helping
  • 31. What was one of the physical consequences suffered by Jane Doe after the assault?
A) Amnesia
B) Loss of hearing
C) Scars from cigarette burns on her back
D) Broken bones
  • 32. What term describes children thinking others are just playing rather than in distress?
A) Empathic anger
B) Pluralistic ignorance
C) Moral deliberation
D) Social status scanning
  • 33. What was Raymond Zack doing when he entered the waters off Robert Crown Memorial Beach?
A) Swimming
B) Standing neck deep in water
C) Fishing
D) Sailing
  • 34. Which of the following is a contextual ingredient influencing children's behavior according to Thornberg?
A) Compliance with rules
B) Gender stereotypes
C) Fear of punishment
D) Peer pressure
  • 35. What cultural characteristic did Boet KotzĂ© testify about in the S. vs. Sibisi case?
A) Cultural isolation
B) Collective consciousness
C) Individualism
D) Personal accountability
  • 36. What did an article published in American Psychologist in 2007 reveal about the Kitty Genovese case?
A) The story had been exaggerated by the media
B) The police were not called at all
C) The attacker was immediately caught
D) There were more than 38 eyewitnesses
  • 37. What study year did Robert Thornberg conduct research on children as bystanders?
A) 2005
B) 2012
C) 2007
D) 2010
  • 38. What was the mean response time when a specific person was called out for help?
A) 60.00 seconds
B) 51.53 seconds
C) 36.38 seconds
D) 45.00 seconds
  • 39. How long after the initial 911 call was the suspect arrested?
A) 5 minutes
B) 3 minutes
C) 10 minutes
D) 15 minutes
  • 40. What theory explains the effect of shared identity on empathy and helping behavior?
A) Social comparison theory
B) Social identity theory
C) Self-categorization theory
D) Cognitive dissonance theory
  • 41. How long did the sexual assault on the SEPTA train last?
A) 30 minutes
B) Nearly 40 minutes
C) 50 minutes
D) 20 minutes
  • 42. What is the final stage in Thornberg's model of moral deliberation as a bystander?
A) Interpreting
B) Noticing
C) Feeling empathy
D) Acting
  • 43. What concept was introduced in South African courts to make convictions more just?
A) Mitigating factors
B) Reasonable doubt
C) Justifiable reasons
D) Extenuating circumstances
  • 44. Which stage involves children paying selective attention to their environment?
A) Feeling empathy
B) Noticing that something is wrong
C) Acting
D) Interpreting a need for help
  • 45. How many online chat groups were observed in the experiment?
A) 100
B) 500
C) 400
D) 300
  • 46. What is the name of the ABC primetime show that tests the bystander effect?
A) Primetime: What Would You Do?
B) Bystander Intervention: Reality Check
C) What Would You Do? The Series
D) The Bystander Effect: Live
  • 47. What ultimately caused Raymond Zack to collapse in the water?
A) Dehydration
B) Hypothermia
C) Drowning
D) Heart attack
Created with That Quiz — a math test site for students of all grade levels.