Bystander effect - Exam
  • 1. What is the bystander effect?
A) A study that shows people are more likely to help when alone.
B) A behavior that encourages individuals to intervene in group settings.
C) A phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help in an emergency situation when other people are present.
D) An instinctual response to assist in any emergency situation.
  • 2. In which year was the term 'bystander effect' first introduced?
A) 1990.
B) 1975.
C) 1968.
D) 1982.
  • 3. Which factor contributes to the bystander effect?
A) Strong individualistic values.
B) Heightened sense of personal responsibility.
C) Diffusion of responsibility.
D) Rapid decision-making skills.
  • 4. What is the 'diffusion of responsibility' concept in the context of the bystander effect?
A) People feel more personal responsibility to respond when others are present.
B) People respond more efficiently in groups rather than alone.
C) People selectively assign responsibility to others in emergency situations.
D) People feel less personal responsibility to respond when others are present.
  • 5. What is the 'noticing' step in the bystander intervention process?
A) Being aware of an emergency situation.
B) Deciding whether to intervene.
C) Assessing the risks involved.
D) Taking direct action to help.
  • 6. How does the bystander effect influence emergency response time?
A) It speeds up emergency response time.
B) It delays emergency response time.
C) It has no effect on emergency response time.
D) It only affects individual response time.
  • 7. What can individuals do to overcome the bystander effect?
A) Avoid getting involved in emergency situations.
B) Take personal responsibility and intervene.
C) Rely on social norms to guide behavior.
D) Assume someone else will help and walk away.
  • 8. How can increasing awareness of the bystander effect help reduce its impact?
A) Ignoring the presence of others in emergency situations.
B) Educating individuals about the phenomenon and its consequences.
C) Promoting an individualistic attitude in group settings.
D) Encouraging people to solely rely on group decision-making.
  • 9. In the experiment by LatanĂ© and Rodin, what was the percentage of people who helped when alone?
A) Fifty percent
B) Forty percent
C) Ninety percent
D) Seventy percent
  • 10. According to a 2011 meta-analysis, in what type of emergencies is the bystander effect most likely to occur?
A) Non-dangerous emergencies
B) Dangerous emergencies
C) All types of emergencies
D) Non-emergency situations
  • 11. What percentage of bystanders intervened in conflicts according to Philpot et al. (2019)?
A) 50%
B) 70%
C) Over 90%
D) 30%
  • 12. What principle suggests that bystanders look to others to interpret an emergency?
A) Social influence
B) Social facilitation
C) Social comparison
D) Social identity
  • 13. What type of intervention involves directly assisting the victim?
A) Direct intervention
B) Detour intervention
C) Passive intervention
D) Indirect intervention
  • 14. In what type of situations was the bystander effect attenuated according to the 2011 meta-analysis?
A) Non-emergency situations
B) Non-dangerous situations
C) Dangerous situations
D) All situations
  • 15. What factor can delay a person's decision to assist another in need?
A) Environmental familiarity
B) High ambiguity
C) Group cohesiveness
D) Low consequence
  • 16. How does familiarity with the environment affect a bystander's likelihood to help?
A) Decreases likelihood
B) Increases likelihood
C) Has no effect
D) Causes confusion
  • 17. What effect does priming a social context have on helping behavior?
A) Increases urgency
B) May inhibit helping behavior
C) Encourages helping behavior
D) Has no effect
  • 18. Which group was most likely to respond to a hurt victim in Rutkowski et al.'s experiment?
A) Two member low cohesive group
B) Four member low cohesive group
C) Two member high cohesive group
D) Four member high cohesive group
  • 19. Which stage involves children considering possible benefits and costs before acting?
A) Noticing that something is wrong
B) Feeling empathy
C) Condensing motives for action
D) Interpreting a need for help
  • 20. Who eventually entered the water to save Raymond Zack?
A) A good samaritan
B) A police officer
C) A Coast Guard member
D) A firefighter
  • 21. On what date did the murder of Kitty Genovese occur?
A) May 30, 2011
B) December 25, 1964
C) March 13, 1964
D) October 24, 2009
  • 22. What psychological concept suggests that individuals in a group may lose their sense of individual accountability?
A) Group polarization
B) Deindividuation
C) Conformity
D) Social facilitation
  • 23. What was the screen name of the female victim in the experiment?
A) Susan Harmen
B) Suzy Harmen
C) Sally Harmen
D) Suzanne Harmen
  • 24. What was the mean response time when no specific person was called out for help?
A) 45.00 seconds
B) 51.53 seconds
C) 36.38 seconds
D) 60.00 seconds
  • 25. In the 2005 experiment, when were bystanders more likely to help an injured person?
A) If the person was wearing a plain shirt
B) If the person was wearing a disliked football jersey
C) If the person was wearing a liked football jersey
D) If the person was wearing a neutral shirt
  • 26. What year was the study by the International Ombudsman Association published?
A) 2011
B) 2010
C) 2008
D) 2009
  • 27. How does shared group-level psychological relationship affect helping behavior?
A) Can encourage helping
B) Has no effect
C) Causes confusion
D) Always inhibits helping
  • 28. Which program is used by American universities to improve bystander attitudes in cases of rape?
A) The Blue Light program
B) The InterAct Sexual Assault Prevention program
C) The Red Flag program
D) The Green Dot program
  • 29. What was the screen name of the male victim in the experiment?
A) John Harmen
B) Jake Harmen
C) Jake Smith
D) James Harmen
  • 30. What was found to predict helping behavior when social identification was controlled?
A) Group size predicted helping
B) Empathy predicted helping
C) Empathy no longer predicted helping
D) Social identification predicted helping
  • 31. What was one of the physical consequences suffered by Jane Doe after the assault?
A) Scars from cigarette burns on her back
B) Broken bones
C) Amnesia
D) Loss of hearing
  • 32. What term describes children thinking others are just playing rather than in distress?
A) Pluralistic ignorance
B) Moral deliberation
C) Empathic anger
D) Social status scanning
  • 33. What was Raymond Zack doing when he entered the waters off Robert Crown Memorial Beach?
A) Sailing
B) Swimming
C) Fishing
D) Standing neck deep in water
  • 34. Which of the following is a contextual ingredient influencing children's behavior according to Thornberg?
A) Peer pressure
B) Fear of punishment
C) Compliance with rules
D) Gender stereotypes
  • 35. What cultural characteristic did Boet KotzĂ© testify about in the S. vs. Sibisi case?
A) Individualism
B) Collective consciousness
C) Cultural isolation
D) Personal accountability
  • 36. What did an article published in American Psychologist in 2007 reveal about the Kitty Genovese case?
A) The attacker was immediately caught
B) The story had been exaggerated by the media
C) There were more than 38 eyewitnesses
D) The police were not called at all
  • 37. What study year did Robert Thornberg conduct research on children as bystanders?
A) 2005
B) 2010
C) 2007
D) 2012
  • 38. What was the mean response time when a specific person was called out for help?
A) 51.53 seconds
B) 60.00 seconds
C) 45.00 seconds
D) 36.38 seconds
  • 39. How long after the initial 911 call was the suspect arrested?
A) 3 minutes
B) 5 minutes
C) 10 minutes
D) 15 minutes
  • 40. What theory explains the effect of shared identity on empathy and helping behavior?
A) Social identity theory
B) Self-categorization theory
C) Cognitive dissonance theory
D) Social comparison theory
  • 41. How long did the sexual assault on the SEPTA train last?
A) 50 minutes
B) Nearly 40 minutes
C) 30 minutes
D) 20 minutes
  • 42. What is the final stage in Thornberg's model of moral deliberation as a bystander?
A) Feeling empathy
B) Interpreting
C) Noticing
D) Acting
  • 43. What concept was introduced in South African courts to make convictions more just?
A) Mitigating factors
B) Reasonable doubt
C) Justifiable reasons
D) Extenuating circumstances
  • 44. Which stage involves children paying selective attention to their environment?
A) Acting
B) Interpreting a need for help
C) Noticing that something is wrong
D) Feeling empathy
  • 45. How many online chat groups were observed in the experiment?
A) 100
B) 400
C) 300
D) 500
  • 46. What is the name of the ABC primetime show that tests the bystander effect?
A) What Would You Do? The Series
B) Bystander Intervention: Reality Check
C) The Bystander Effect: Live
D) Primetime: What Would You Do?
  • 47. What ultimately caused Raymond Zack to collapse in the water?
A) Dehydration
B) Drowning
C) Hypothermia
D) Heart attack
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