 - 1. Who reigned as the leader of the Golden Horde immediately before Jani Beg?
A) Berdi Beg
B) Öz Beg
C) Qulpa
D) Tini Beg
- 2. In what year did Jani Beg sign a commercial treaty with Venice?
A) 1342
B) 1344
C) 1352
D) 1347
- 3. Where did the Black Death disease likely first appear in the region?
A) Sarai
B) Issyk-Kul
C) Caffa
D) Urgench
- 4. Which Polish king submitted to the Golden Horde and paid tribute in 1357?
A) Casimir III the Great
B) Dmitry Donskoy
C) Qulpa
D) Shaikh Uvais
- 5. What city did Jani Beg conquer in 1356 to end Chobanid rule?
A) Sighnaq
B) Azaq
C) Tabriz
D) Sarai
- 6. Who ordered the murder of Jani Beg?
A) Mamai
B) Qulpa
C) Berdi Beg
D) Tokhtamysh
- 7. Why was the populace of the Golden Horde outraged by Qulpa's sons?
A) They were from the Chagatai Khanate
B) They were Christians
C) They were Polish
D) They were too young
- 8. Which general backed Abdullah against the authority in Sarai?
A) Mamai
B) Arab-Shah
C) Timur Khwaja
D) Edigu
- 9. Which battle in 1363 resulted in the loss of Kiev and Podolia to Lithuania?
A) Battle of the Pyana River
B) Battle of the Vozha River
C) Battle of Blue Waters
D) Battle of Kulikovo
- 10. What does the name 'Urus' mean in the Turkish language?
A) Russian
B) Prince
C) Khan
D) Warrior
- 11. Who deserted Urus Khan and eventually conquered Sarai in 1378?
A) Tokhtamysh
B) Timur
C) Qulpa
D) Edigu
- 12. How long did Timur Khwaja reign before being slain?
A) Five years
B) Five weeks
C) One year
D) Five months
- 13. Which kingdom was incorporated into Poland in 1349, ending its vassalage to the Horde?
A) Lithuania
B) Azerbaijan
C) Bulgaria
D) Galicia–Volhynia
- 14. Who defeated the Mongol forces at the Battle of the Vozha River in 1378?
A) Shaikh Uvais
B) Tokhtamysh
C) Casimir III
D) Dmitry Donskoy
- 15. Where did Urus Khan establish his court by 1360?
A) Sarai
B) Sighnaq
C) Tabriz
D) Caffa
- 16. When did Öz Beg Khan assume the throne of the Golden Horde?
A) 1327
B) 1313
C) 1308
D) 1333
- 17. Which city in Crimea housed a large mosque built by Öz Beg in 1314?
A) Sarai
B) Sudak
C) Tanais
D) Solkhat
- 18. How many "nations" did Ibn Battuta observe having their own quarters in Sarai in 1333?
A) Four
B) Ten
C) Eight
D) Six
- 19. Which Egyptian Sultan married the Jochid princess Tulunbay?
A) Qutluq Timür
B) Abu Sa'id
C) Al-Nasir Muhammad
D) Berke
- 20. What currency did Öz Beg receive annually from the Yuan dynasty starting in 1339?
A) Silver bullion
B) Copper tokens
C) Gold coins
D) Yuan paper currency
- 21. What was the name of the Byzantine princess who married Öz Beg and later fled to Constantinople?
A) Konchak
B) Agatha
C) Bayalun
D) Tulunbay
- 22. Who led the revolt against the baskak Shevkal in Tver in 1327?
A) The Tverians
B) Alexander of Suzdal
C) Ivan I
D) Dmitry of Tver
- 23. Which city became the ecclesiastical capital of Russia after the Metropolitan moved there under Ivan I?
A) Rostov
B) Tver
C) Novgorod
D) Moscow
- 24. Which European order was allowed to proselytize by a decree renewed by Öz Beg in 1314?
A) Jesuits
B) Benedictines
C) Dominicans
D) Franciscans
- 25. What was the name of the Mongol general killed along with the wife of Yury of Moscow?
A) Kawgady
B) Qutluq Timür
C) Shevkal
D) Akhmyl
- 26. In what year did the Mongols sack the Genoese outpost of Sudak?
A) 1339
B) 1333
C) 1314
D) 1322
- 27. Which Wallachian leader declared an independent state from the Hungarian crown with Öz Beg's backing?
A) Basarab I
B) Mikhail Yaroslavich
C) Dmitry
D) Yuri II
- 28. Which Russian prince was executed in 1318 after being summoned to Sarai?
A) Mikhail Yaroslavich
B) Alexander of Suzdal
C) Yury of Moscow
D) Aleksandr Mikhailovich
- 29. Why did Batu Khan decline to attend the kurultai in 1242?
A) He was held captive by the Livonian Knights.
B) He refused to recognize the authority of the Mongol Empire.
C) He was preparing for a military invasion of Sweden.
D) He claimed to be suffering from old age and illness.
- 30. Who was Güyük and Büri's grandfather?
A) Batu Khan
B) Tolui
C) Chagatai Khan
D) Möngke Khan
- 31. What happened to Michael of Chernigov in 1246?
A) He was executed for killing a Mongol envoy.
B) He escaped to Sweden to join Andrey II.
C) He was appointed as a chief darughachi.
D) He was crowned as the Grand Prince of Vladimir.
- 32. Why was Yaroslav II likely poisoned in Mongolia?
A) He murdered a Mongol imperial envoy.
B) He attempted to lead an uprising against the Mongol census.
C) Töregene Khatun wanted to spite Batu and her son Güyük.
D) He failed to pay the Russian tribute to the Khan.
- 33. How did Daniel of Galicia change his army after visiting Batu?
A) He moved his base of operations to Sweden.
B) He dissolved his army to avoid conflict with the Mongols.
C) He replaced all his horsemen with Livonian Knights.
D) He equipped them with Mongol-style cuirasses and armor.
- 34. Where did Güyük die in 1248?
A) In what is now Xinjiang.
B) Near the Volga River.
C) In the city of Vladimir.
D) In Karakorum.
- 35. When was the first empire-wide census of the Mongol Empire conducted?
A) 1245–1248
B) 1260–1265
C) 1251–1259
D) 1240–1242
- 36. What were the Mongol counters known as in Russian sources?
A) Khatuns
B) Darughachi
C) Chislenitsi
D) Rurikids
- 37. Who mediated the uprising in Novgorod against the Mongol census?
A) Möngke Khan
B) Alexander Nevsky
C) Bishop Cyril
D) Sartaq Khan
- 38. What happened to Andrey II after he refused to submit to Batu?
A) He was executed in Vladimir.
B) He fled to Novgorod, Pskov, and finally Sweden.
C) He was imprisoned in Karakorum.
D) He led a successful defense against the Mongol expedition.
- 39. Who was the chief darughachi appointed for the Volga region in 1257?
A) Alexander Nevsky
B) Sartaq Khan
C) Batu Khan
D) Möngke
- 40. To which son did Genghis Khan give the lands around the Irtysh River?
A) Batu
B) Ögödei
C) Jochi
D) Orda
- 41. Which leader founded a separate power in the eastern wing?
A) Orda
B) Subutai
C) Jochi
D) Batu
- 42. In what year did the Mongols begin their invasion westward?
A) 1240
B) 1235
C) 1225
D) 1229
- 43. Which Russian principality was the first to fall to the Mongols in 1237?
A) Dnieper
B) Novgorod
C) Kiev
D) Ryazan
- 44. Which Hungarian king were the Mongols pursuing when they advanced into Austria?
A) Subutai
B) Béla IV
C) Ögödei
D) Güyük
- 45. Where was Batu's new residence located after he stopped returning to Mongolia?
A) The Dnieper
B) The Irtysh River
C) Karakorum
D) Lower Volga
- 46. According to Grigor'ev, into which language were the khan's decrees (yarliq) translated?
A) Persian
B) Arabic
C) Cuman
D) Russian
- 47. Which general assisted Batu in the invasion westward?
A) Güyük
B) Orda
C) Jochi
D) Subutai
- 48. What reason is cited for the potential lack of surviving Mongol texts in the Golden Horde?
A) Strict religious laws
B) General illiteracy
C) The burning of libraries
D) Lack of paper
- 49. What was the self-designation of the Golden Horde in Turkic?
A) Ulug Ulus
B) Zolotaya Orda
C) Altan Orda
D) Dasht-i-Qipchaq
- 50. When did the period known as the Great Troubles take place?
A) 1312–1341
B) 1359–1381
C) 1450–1480
D) 1290–1310
- 51. In what year did the Crimean Khanate finally fall?
A) 1783
B) 1847
C) 1502
D) 1480
- 52. What does the term 'Orda' mean in the Mongol language?
A) Sacred territory
B) Great state
C) Mobile camp
D) Golden tent
- 53. Which khanate claimed to be the heir to the Golden Horde after its 1502 disintegration?
A) Crimean Khanate
B) Timurid Empire
C) Kazakh Khanate
D) Ilkhanate
- 54. When did Russian chroniclers first explicitly use the term Zolotaya Orda?
A) 16th century
B) 13th century
C) 14th century
D) 18th century
- 55. According to the text, which figure led the invasion that caused the Golden Horde to break into smaller khanates?
A) Batu Khan
B) Timur
C) Tokhtamysh
D) Özbeg Khan
- 56. What color was used to denote imperial status in the Mongol tradition?
A) Red
B) Gold
C) White
D) Blue
- 57. Which historian identified the left wing of the khanate as the Blue Horde?
A) Batu Khan
B) Ötemish Hajji
C) Timur
D) Jochi
- 58. What religion did Berke convert to?
A) Islam
B) Buddhism
C) Orthodox Christianity
D) Nestorianism
- 59. In what year did Berke become the khan of the Golden Horde?
A) 1262
B) 1257 or 1258
C) 1260
D) 1256
- 60. Which group suffered heavy losses during Berke's assault on Prussia in 1259–1260?
A) The Ilkhanate
B) The Byzantine Empire
C) The Teutonic Order
D) The Mamluks
- 61. What did Berke approve the establishment of in Sarai in 1261?
A) A mosque
B) A church
C) A trade warehouse
D) A university
- 62. What special tax system for non-Muslims did Berke potentially apply?
A) Dhimmi system
B) Imperial tribute
C) Tithe system
D) Jizya flat rate
- 63. Which Mamluk Sultan received Golden Horde contingents fleeing the Ilkhanate?
A) Abaqa
B) Baybars
C) Saladin
D) Kaykaus II
- 64. Which city did Nogai and a Bulgarian force threaten in 1266?
A) Sarai
B) Tiflis
C) Bukhara
D) Constantinople
- 65. Which leader was captured in the Byzantine Empire and later given Crimea as an appanage?
A) Kaykaus II
B) Alghu
C) Michael VIII Palaiologos
D) Kayqubad II
- 66. Who was the successor of Hulagu Khan mentioned in the context of Berke's final campaign?
A) Alghu
B) Abaqa
C) Kublai Khan
D) Ariq Böke
- 67. Who nominated Mengu-Timur to succeed Berke?
A) Batu
B) Abagha
C) Kublai
D) Nogai
- 68. Which Ögedeid prince did Mengu-Timur secretly support?
A) Baraq
B) Kaidu
C) Abagha
D) Nomoghan
- 69. What territory was divided between Kaidu and Mengu-Timur in 1267?
A) Bulgaria
B) Caucasus
C) Transoxiana
D) Crimea
- 70. Where was Kublai's favorite son, Nomoghan, located when he was captured?
A) Novgorod
B) Azov
C) Crimea
D) Caffa
- 71. In what year did Mengu-Timur issue a jarliq to exempt Russian clergy from taxation?
A) 1267
B) 1274
C) 1270
D) 1280
- 72. Who was the Mongol prince that settled in Rostov and became known as Tsarevich Peter of the Horde?
A) Baraq
B) Yaroslav
C) Amraghan
D) Peter Ordynsky
- 73. Who did Michael VIII Palaiologos marry to Nogai?
A) Euphrosyne Palaiologina
B) Anna
C) Helena
D) Theodora
- 74. In 1269, who assisted the Novgorod Republic against the Danes and Livonian Knights?
A) Kaidu
B) Amraghan
C) Batu
D) Abagha
- 75. What stronghold of the Alans was taken in 1278?
A) Dadakov
B) Azov
C) Vladimir
D) Caffa
- 76. Who did Mengu-Timur and Metropolitan Kirill send as a joint envoy to the patriarch of Constantinople?
A) Tsarevich Peter
B) Bishop Theognost
C) Amraghan
D) Prince Yaroslav
- 77. Which group of merchants was granted free travel through Vladimir by Mengu-Timur's decree?
A) German merchants
B) Venetian merchants
C) Egyptian merchants
D) Genoese merchants
- 78. What was the religious affiliation of Töde Möngke?
A) Christian
B) Buddhist
C) Muslim
D) Shamanist
- 79. Whom did Nogai Khan execute in 1280?
A) Michael Asen II
B) Ivailo
C) George Terter I
D) Stefan Milutin
- 80. Who was installed by Nogai as the emperor of Bulgaria?
A) George Terter I
B) Michael Asen II
C) Ivailo
D) Smilets
- 81. Who was held as a hostage by Nogai in 1287?
A) Dmitry of Pereslavl
B) Stefan Dečanski
C) Andrey of Gorodets
D) Smilets
- 82. Who led the invasion of Hungary in 1285 alongside Nogai?
A) Talabuga
B) Andrey of Gorodets
C) Köchü
D) Dmitry of Pereslavl
- 83. Who assassinated Talabuga in 1291?
A) Dmitry of Pereslavl
B) Toqta
C) Andrey of Gorodets
D) Nogai
- 84. Who replaced Talabuga as Khan in 1291?
A) Töde Möngke
B) Toqta
C) Nogai
D) Mengu-Timur
- 85. Who led the punitive expedition to punish stubborn Russian subjects in 1293?
A) Nogai
B) Mikhail Yaroslavich
C) Toqta
D) Dyuden
- 86. Which city offered stiff resistance to the Mongol invaders in 1293?
A) Moscow
B) Tver
C) Sarai
D) Vladimir
- 87. Where did Toqta convene a congress of Russian princes in 1297?
A) Sarai
B) Moscow
C) Vladimir
D) Pereyaslavl
- 88. What traditional succession principle was reaffirmed in the 1297 congress?
A) Tanistry
B) Meritocracy
C) Lestvitsa
D) Primogeniture
- 89. In what year was Nogai killed by Toqta?
A) 1293
B) 1291
C) 1299
D) 1304
- 90. Where was the battle located where Toqta killed Nogai?
A) Soldaia
B) Saqchi
C) Caffa
D) Kagamlik
- 91. Who murdered Chaka of Bulgaria on the orders of Toqta?
A) Theodore Svetoslav
B) Kobeleg
C) Bayan
D) Duwa
- 92. Who did Kaidu sponsor against the White Horde khan Bayan?
A) Kobeleg
B) Dyuden
C) Chaka
D) Andrey
- 93. What country did Nogai force to acknowledge him as a vassal in 1293?
A) Serbia
B) Russia
C) Bulgaria
D) Alania
- 94. What natural disaster occurred in the areas surrounding the Black Sea between 1300 and 1302?
A) An earthquake
B) A severe drought
C) A major flood
D) A volcanic eruption
- 95. Toqta demanded that the Ilkhan Ghazan return which territory?
A) Georgia
B) Armenia
C) Crimea
D) Azerbaijan
- 96. In 1304, which ruler's supremacy did Toqta accept?
A) Andronikos II
B) Oljeitu
C) Temür Öljeytü
D) Ghazan
- 97. What script appeared on some of Toqta's coins alongside Mongolian and Persian?
A) 'Phags-pa script
B) Latin
C) Arabic
D) Cyrillic
- 98. Why did Toqta besiege Caffa in 1307?
A) To spread Buddhism
B) To control the salt trade
C) Displeasure at the Genoese slave trade
D) To conquer the Byzantine Empire
- 99. What city did Daniel of Moscow seize from Ryazan?
A) Vladimir
B) Kolomna
C) Mozhaysk
D) Pereyaslavl
- 100. Who succeeded Daniel of Moscow after his death in 1304?
A) Yury
B) Mikhail
C) Andrey
D) Toqta
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