A) Molecular weight B) Emission spectra C) Atomic number D) Chemical composition
A) NBD B) Water C) Glucose D) Oxygen
A) Electron-donating and withdrawing groups on opposite ends of an aromatic ring B) Heavy metal ions in the center C) Absence of aromatic rings D) Symmetric electron groups on the same side
A) Dipole stabilization B) Molecular decay C) Photon absorption D) Solvent relaxation
A) 0.5–3 ms B) 1–10 seconds C) 1–10 ns D) 10–100 ps
A) Lipper-Mataga equation B) Stokes-Shift theorem C) Einstein-Planck equation D) Beer-Lambert law
A) Hydrophobic and hydrophilic B) Environment-sensitive and solvatochromic C) Fluorescent and phosphorescent D) Excitation and emission
A) 1–10 ns B) 100–500 ns C) 10–100 ps D) 0.5–3 ms
A) It becomes multiexponential B) It disappears completely C) It becomes shorter D) It becomes linear
A) Dansyl B) Pyrene C) Dapoxyl D) Cascade Yellow
A) 10 to 100 ps B) 0.5 to 3 ms C) 1 to 10 ns D) 10 to 50 μs
A) Emitting two photons simultaneously B) Simultaneous absorption of two low-energy photons C) Absorption of a single high-energy photon D) Conversion of heat into light
A) Faster solvent relaxation B) Constant fluorescence intensity C) Larger Stokes shift changes in different solvents D) Smaller excitation energy
A) No, these properties are independent B) Yes, hydrophobic dyes are always solvatochromic C) Yes, solvatochromic dyes are always hydrophobic D) Yes, they are synonymous
A) 10 ns to 10 μs B) 1 to 10 ns C) 100 to 500 ms D) 0.5 to 3 ms
A) 200 nm B) 400 nm C) 1600 nm D) 800 nm
A) Stokes shift B) Dipole moment C) Photodestruction lifetime D) Emission spectra
A) Polarity B) pH C) Temperature D) Pressure
A) Recurrent neural network B) Generative adversarial network C) Support vector machine D) Deep-convolutional neural network
A) A few milliseconds B) A few nanoseconds C) A few microseconds D) A few seconds
A) Emitted light has equal energy B) Energy remains unchanged during emission C) Emitted light has lower energy D) Emitted light has higher energy
A) Forbidden transitions from a triplet state B) Enzymatic reaction on a substrate C) Rapid transitions from a singlet state D) Lack of excitation light
A) Inorganic phosphorescence B) Biological chemiluminescence C) Radioactive emission D) Fluorescence in living cells
A) Simple inorganic salts B) Radioactive isotopes C) Transition metal-ligand complexes D) Pure organic fluorophores
A) It is always non-toxic B) Does not require radiological controls C) It does not change molecular properties D) It is naturally occurring in all cells
A) High cost of reagents B) Lack of high-intensity lasers C) Inability to detect low concentrations D) Fluorescence quenching
A) Inability to detect them in live cells B) Excessive radiation emission C) Requiring constant dark conditions D) Interference with normal biological processes
A) Fast radiative energy transfer B) Förster resonance energy transfer C) Fluorescence resonance electronic transition D) Fluorescence radiative emission technology
A) Radioactive decay of the protein B) The mass of the protein C) Contact between labeled proteins D) The exact sequence of amino acids
A) Converting bright-field images into fluorescent images B) Using radioactive tracers C) Applying chemical stains to all cells D) Directly measuring radiation from the cells
A) Phosphorescence B) Fluorescence C) Radioactivity D) Chemiluminescence
A) Extrinsic emission B) Autofluorescence C) Resonance activation D) Quantum fluorescence
A) NADH B) Adenosine triphosphate C) Glucose D) Water
A) Directly proportional B) Logarithmically related C) Exponentially related D) Inversely proportional
A) Absorbed photons minus emitted photons B) Stokes shift plus lifetime C) Excitation wavelength divided by emission wavelength D) Quantum yield multiplied by extinction coefficient
A) Carboxyl B) Hydroxyl C) Thiol D) Amino
A) Ionic lattice structures B) Metallic bonds C) Delocalized electrons D) Proton transfer
A) Gold, Silver, or Copper B) Zinc, Magnesium, or Calcium C) Iron, Cobalt, or Nickel D) Ruthenium, Rhenium, or Osmium
A) Hydrophobicity B) Succinimide coupling C) Click chemistry D) Maleimide conjugation
A) 2p orbits B) 5s orbits C) 4f orbits D) 3d orbits
A) DNA B) NADH C) Phycoerythrin D) Green fluorescent protein
A) Semiconductor nanoparticles B) Organic proteins C) Jellyfish enzymes D) Lipid membranes
A) Phytofluors B) Aequorea victoria C) Anthozoa D) Allophycocyanin
A) By absorbing glucose B) By binding to a metallic cofactor C) Through external heat application D) Upon folding via specific residues
A) Mammalian skin B) Bacteria C) Corals (Anthozoa) D) Fungi
A) Mixing quantum dots with GFP B) Monitoring multiple nucleic acid sequences simultaneously C) Using only one fluorophore for many samples D) Running qPCR without a fluorophore
A) Calculating the volume of an organelle B) Measuring cell division rates C) Studying protein-ligand binding D) Visualizing DNA replication sites
A) An enzyme B) A fluorophore C) A radioactive isotope D) A heavy metal ion
A) Rhodamine B) DAPI C) SYBR Green D) Fluorescein
A) Zinc protoporphyrin B) Ethidium bromide C) Bilirubin D) Hemoglobin
A) A specialized laser filter B) A monochromatic lens C) A pinhole D) A high-speed shutter
A) A real-time moving video B) A quantitative, 3D view C) A spectroscopic analysis D) A 2D surface projection |