 - 1. Where was Tondo located geographically?
A) In present-day Rizal province B) Near the temple complex of Medang C) In the center of Mindanao D) On the northern part of the Pasig River delta
- 2. What is the oldest known historical document in the Philippines?
A) The Ming Dynasty Chronicles B) Laguna Copperplate Inscription C) The Records of Lakan D) The Pasig River Treaty
- 3. What was the title of the paramount ruler of Tondo?
A) Datu B) Sultan C) Lakan D) Rajah
- 4. Who was appointed by the Yongle Emperor to oversee trade in Tondo?
A) Jayadewa B) Bukah C) Namwaran D) Ko Ch'a-lao
- 5. To which caste did the Lakan of Tondo belong?
A) Alipin B) Maginoo C) Maharlika D) Timawa
- 6. What primary occupations supported the people of Tondo?
A) Mining and metallurgy B) Farming and aquaculture C) Shipbuilding and weaving D) Hunting and gathering
- 7. In what province was the fortified polity of Cainta located?
A) Manila B) Rizal C) Cavite D) Laguna
- 8. What were the native cannons used by the people of Cainta called?
A) Culverins B) Lantakas C) Muskets D) Balisongs
- 9. What feature protected the city of Cainta besides its stone bulwarks?
A) Bamboo thickets B) A vast desert C) Iron gates D) Deep mountain ravines
- 10. What did the Lord of Pailah, Jayadewa, present in the year 900 CE?
A) A marriage contract B) A trade monopoly agreement C) A declaration of war D) A document of debt forgiveness
- 11. Which polity arose as a confederation of local barangays?
A) Maynila B) Pailah C) Namayan D) Tondo
- 12. Which site produced the oldest evidence of continuous habitation among Pasig-river polities?
A) Santa Ana B) Mt. Diwata C) Cainta D) Tondo
- 13. During which centuries did Namayan reach its peak according to local tradition?
A) 8th–10th centuries B) 11th–14th centuries C) 17th–18th centuries D) 15th–16th centuries
- 14. Tondo shared a trade monopoly with which other kingdom?
A) Kingdom of Namayan B) Kingdom of Maynila C) Kingdom of Cainta D) Kingdom of Medang
- 15. Which foreign dynasty's products were central to the trade monopoly of Tondo?
A) Yuan dynasty B) Qing dynasty C) Ming dynasty D) Tang dynasty
- 16. What is the date inscribed on the Laguna Copperplate Inscription?
A) 900 CE B) 800 CE C) 1000 CE D) 1100 CE
- 17. What script is used in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription?
A) Kawi script B) Sanskrit script C) Baybayin script D) Roman script
- 18. In the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, who was cleared of a debt?
A) The ruler of Pila B) The ruler of Tondo C) Lady Angkatan D) Namwaran
- 19. Which science is shown to be used in precolonial society via the Laguna Copperplate?
A) Chemistry B) Physics C) Mathematics D) Biology
- 20. What does the Laguna Copperplate suggest about precolonial Philippine astronomy?
A) Tracking of comet cycles B) Creation of solar eclipses C) Familiarity with moon phases D) Mapping of distant stars
- 21. What is the name of the book written in the late 16th century at the start of the Spanish period?
A) Laguna Copperplate B) Doctrina Christiana C) Calatagan Pot D) Ivory Seal
- 22. Where was the Ivory seal found?
A) Manila B) Tondo C) Cebu D) Butuan
- 23. What does the text say about a unifying political state before 1000 CE?
A) It was divided into two kingdoms B) It was ruled by a central emperor C) It was governed by a single sultan D) There was none
- 24. What were the semi-autonomous settlements in precolonial Philippines called?
A) Barangays B) Provinces C) Colonies D) Territories
- 25. According to the text, who mentioned the Kingdom of Taytay in Palawan?
A) The ruler of Tondo B) The Sultan of Brunei C) Nilo S. Ocampo D) Antonio Pigafetta
- 26. Who reported on the fierce warriors of the Chieftaincy of Coron Island?
A) Chinese explorers B) Malay settlers C) Spanish missionaries D) Indian merchants
- 27. Which empire is mentioned as having influence over some Philippine regions?
A) French B) British C) Majapahit D) Ottoman
- 28. Which indigenous groups initially established the Maritime Jade Road?
A) Animist indigenous peoples B) Spanish colonizers C) Chinese merchants D) Indian traders
- 29. Besides the Philippines and Taiwan, what other country was part of the Maritime Jade Road expansion?
A) Australia B) Korea C) Vietnam D) Japan
- 30. When did archeologists begin discovering jade artifacts in the Philippines?
A) Since the 1950s B) Since the 1890s C) Since the 1930s D) Since the 1900s
- 31. Which of the following is considered a jade tool found in the Philippines?
A) Adze B) Sword C) Shield D) Helmet
- 32. Which of the following is considered a jade ornament found in the Philippines?
A) Copper ring B) Lingling-o earring C) Iron crown D) Gold coin
- 33. Where were tens of thousands of jade artifacts discovered?
A) Batangas B) Cebu C) Manila D) Davao
- 34. Where did the jade used in the Maritime Jade Road originate?
A) China B) Vietnam C) Thailand D) Taiwan
- 35. For how many years did the Maritime Jade Road exist?
A) 500 years B) 2,000 years C) 3,000 years D) 1,000 years
- 36. How long did the era of near absolute peace last during the pre-colonial period?
A) 1,500 years B) 2,000 years C) 1,000 years D) 500 years
- 37. When did burials with evidence of violent death first appear in the Philippines?
A) 13th century B) 15th century C) 16th century D) 14th century
- 38. What did the Spanish observe when they arrived in the 16th century?
A) Some warlike groups B) No signs of human habitation C) Only peaceful tribes D) A unified empire
- 39. To which species do the remains found in Callao Cave belong?
A) Homo luzonensis B) Homo sapiens C) Homo erectus D) Homo habilis
- 40. Which group were the first inhabitants to settle in the prehistoric Philippines?
A) Negritos B) Austronesians C) Papuans D) Austroasiatics
- 41. Which religion arrived in the Philippines from Arabia?
A) Hinduism B) Islam C) Christianity D) Buddhism
- 42. Where did Ferdinand Magellan first land in the Philippines in 1521?
A) Mactan B) Homonhon Island C) Palawan D) Cebu
- 43. Who led the army that killed Ferdinand Magellan in 1521?
A) King Philip II B) Lapulapu C) Emilio Aguinaldo D) Miguel López de Legazpi
- 44. Who established the first permanent Spanish settlement in Cebu?
A) King Philip II B) Emilio Aguinaldo C) Ferdinand Magellan D) Miguel López de Legazpi
- 45. After which Spanish monarch was the Philippines named?
A) King Philip V B) King Philip II C) King Charles V D) King Ferdinand VII
- 46. Which law promised independence to the Philippines during the American period?
A) Philippine Commonwealth Act B) Jones Act C) Treaty of Manila D) Insular Government Act
- 47. In what year was the Philippine Commonwealth established?
A) 1898 B) 1942 C) 1946 D) 1935
- 48. Which country occupied the Philippines starting in 1942?
A) Spain B) Japan C) United States D) China
- 49. What type of tools were discovered near rhinoceros bones in Kalinga?
A) Metal tools B) Iron weapons C) Bronze artifacts D) Stone tools
- 50. What was the primary nutrient-rich part of the animal consumed by early humans in Kalinga?
A) Heart B) Liver C) Marrow D) Muscle
- 51. What is the name of the petroglyphs found in Rizal?
A) Kalinga Petroglyphs B) Angono Petroglyphs C) Callao Petroglyphs D) Tabon Petroglyphs
- 52. Which linguistic family do the Malayo-Polynesian languages belong to?
A) Sino-Tibetan B) Austroasiatic C) Indo-European D) Austronesian
- 53. The 'Out-of-Taiwan' model suggests that Austronesians expanded during which era?
A) Iron Age B) Bronze Age C) Paleolithic D) Neolithic
- 54. Which domesticated animal was NOT shared by Austronesian cultures?
A) Chickens B) Pigs C) Dogs D) Horses
- 55. Which of these is a cultural marker shared by Austronesian peoples?
A) Writing alphabets B) Tattooing C) Camel riding D) Ice sculpture
- 56. Which Philippine group is known for its tribal dependence on hunter-gathering?
A) Kalinga B) Ifugao C) Ilongots D) Isneg
- 57. Which of the following spices is specifically mentioned as coming from Southeast Asia in the text?
A) Cinnamon B) Turmeric C) Saffron D) Black pepper
- 58. Which cave in the Philippines is identified as a site for Sa Huỳnh-Kalanay pottery?
A) Gansang Cave B) Callao Cave C) Tabon Caves D) Kalanay Cave
- 59. According to the text, what did people from the kingdom of Langkasuka wear as early as 516–520 CE?
A) Silk robes from China B) Woolen tunics C) Cotton clothes made in Luzon D) Leather armor
- 60. What did medieval Indian scholars call the Philippines?
A) Panyupayana B) Luzones C) Maharlika D) Srivijaya
- 61. The historical period from 900 to 1565 AD is characterized by what political structure?
A) Colonial rule B) A unified empire C) Independent polities D) A nomadic tribal system
- 62. Which empire is cited as having considerable evidence of trade with early Philippine polities?
A) Srivijaya B) Majapahit C) Ottoman D) Roman
- 63. What was the social structure of early Philippine polities?
A) Classless B) Three-tier C) Two-tier D) Four-tier
- 64. What was a leader of an autonomous social group called?
A) Consul B) Governor C) Emperor D) Datu
- 65. What term was used for a senior or respected leader among Datus?
A) Shogun B) Mandarin C) Paramount datu D) Caliph
- 66. What was the nature of politics during the 1300s in the Philippines?
A) Personality-driven B) Technocratic C) Theocratic D) Bureaucratic
- 67. Who is the legendary figure associated with the founding of Kumintang?
A) Gat Pulintan B) Srivijaya C) Chao Ju-kua D) Kamayin
- 68. In what year did Kumintang become a Spanish town?
A) 1581 B) 1225 C) 1406 D) 1576
- 69. What was Kumintang unofficially renamed to after it became a Spanish town?
A) Batangan B) Pangasinan C) Lingayen D) Feng-chia-hsi-lan
- 70. In which historical text was Lingayen first mentioned in 1225?
A) The Japanese Chronicles B) Chu Fan Chih C) The Majapahit Logs D) The Spanish Records
- 71. Who wrote the 'Chu Fan Chih'?
A) Chao Ju-kua B) A Spanish missionary C) Kamayin D) Gat Pulintan
- 72. What was the Chinese name for Pangasinan in ancient records?
A) Srivijaya B) Li-ying-tung C) Mai D) Feng-chia-hsi-lan
- 73. Who was the first tributary King of Pangasinan to send an envoy to China?
A) The Emperor of Japan B) Chao Ju-kua C) Gat Pulintan D) Kamayin
- 74. What industry was Pangasinan notably famous for?
A) Salt-making B) Silk production C) Gunpowder manufacturing D) Porcelain painting
- 75. What physical appearance trait did the people of Pangasinan find disgusting in foreigners?
A) Dark skin B) Short hair C) Lack of silk clothing D) White teeth
- 76. What did the people of Pangasinan do to their teeth?
A) Filed them B) Blackened them C) Removed them D) Painted them gold
- 77. Which weapons were encountered by the Spanish in naval battles in Pangasinan?
A) Traditional wooden spears B) Steel swords C) Japanese-style gunpowder weapons D) Long-range cannons
- 78. Which Arab chronicler recorded the military competition between Muja and Ma-i in the 800s?
A) Chao Jukua B) Marco Polo C) William Henry Scott D) Al Ya'akubi
- 79. What was the religion of the polity of Muja in the 800s according to the text?
A) Islamic B) Buddhist C) Christian D) Pagan/Hindu
- 80. How often did Song dynasty traders visit Ma-i?
A) Rarely B) Annually C) Every decade D) Monthly
- 81. What was the religion of the polity of Ma-i?
A) Animist B) Islamic C) Buddhist D) Hindu
- 82. The polity of Ma-i traded with Japan and which other region?
A) Vietnam B) Ryukyu C) Korea D) Thailand
- 83. What was the professional role of Chao Jukua?
A) Imperial historian B) Naval commander C) Customs inspector D) Merchant prince
- 84. According to William Henry Scott, why was Ma-i different from other Philippine polities?
A) It had the strongest military B) It controlled the most trade routes C) It did not need Chinese imperial backing for commerce D) It was the largest island
- 85. Which of these was an export product of Ma-i?
A) Gold bars B) Silk C) Porcelain D) Yellow bees-wax
- 86. Which medicinal product was exported by Ma-i?
A) Ginger B) Ginseng C) Turmeric D) Betel nuts
- 87. In which province of China was Chao Jukua an inspector?
A) Zhejiang B) Fukien C) Yunnan D) Guangdong
- 88. Which Chinese text from 1225 records the existence of the nation of Sandao?
A) Srivijaya Records B) Maragtas C) Zhufan zhi D) Chinese Annals
- 89. What is another name for the nation of Sandao?
A) Pulihuan B) Sanyu C) Ibabao D) Ma-i
- 90. Where was the nation of Ma-i centered?
A) Palawan B) Mindoro C) Panay D) Samar
- 91. According to the Chinese annals, which modern-day location corresponds to Balaoyou?
A) Polillo B) Manila C) Calamian D) Palawan
- 92. Where was the polity of Pulilu centered?
A) Samar B) Polillo, Quezon C) Panay D) Mindoro
- 93. What is the chief export of the polity of Pulilu?
A) Rare corals B) Silk C) Gold D) Spices
- 94. Who identified the Pi-sho-ye raiders as people from Ibabao?
A) Antonio Pigafetta B) Efren B. Isorena C) Chao Ju-Kua D) Pedro Monetclaro
- 95. The Pi-sho-ye raids on southern China occurred between which years?
A) 1082–1100 B) 1220–1230 C) 1400–1410 D) 1174–1190
- 96. From whom did the ten datus purchase the island of Panay?
A) Marikudo B) Sultan Muhammad Shah C) Datu Puti D) Rajah Makatunaw
- 97. What was the name of the confederation established by the ten datus?
A) Srivijaya B) Odtojan C) Vijayapura D) Madja-as
- 98. Who identified Rajah Makatunao as Rajah Tugau of the Melano nation?
A) Pedro Monetclaro B) Efren B. Isorena C) Robert Nicholl D) Chao Ju-Kua
- 99. Where was the city of Odtojan located?
A) Borneo B) Panay C) Mindoro D) Samar
- 100. What is the precolonial name for the eastern coast of Samar?
A) Madja-as B) Pulihuan C) Balaoyou D) Ibabao
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