Cross-dressing, gender identity, and sexuality of Joan of Arc - Quiz
Cross dressing gender identity and sexuality of Joan of Arc
  • 1. According to Kelly DeVries, who has been the subject of more study than any other person of the Middle Ages?
A) Jules Quicherat
B) Vita Sackville-West
C) Charles VII
D) Joan of Arc
  • 2. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways Kelly DeVries states Joan of Arc has been portrayed?
A) Demented teenager
B) Capitalist exploiter
C) Saint
D) Marxist liberator
  • 3. Who was one of the first modern writers to raise issues of Joan of Arc's sexuality?
A) Vita Sackville-West
B) Régine Pernoud
C) Kelly DeVries
D) Marina Warner
  • 4. In what year was Vita Sackville-West's book 'Saint Joan of Arc' published?
A) 1429
B) 2005
C) 1936
D) 1990
  • 5. What reason did Vita Sackville-West indirectly suggest for Joan of Arc potentially being a lesbian?
A) Dressing in male clothing
B) Sharing a bed with girls and women
C) Leading an army into battle
D) Refusing to marry Charles VII
  • 6. What common medieval practice is cited as the prominent rebuttal to Vita Sackville-West's bed-sharing theory?
A) Women sharing beds with one another
B) Hermits sleeping outdoors
C) Guards sleeping in prisoners' cells
D) Knights sharing tents during campaigns
  • 7. Who called Vita Sackville-West's book 'dead wrong but fun'?
A) Leslie Feinberg
B) Susan Crane
C) Bonnie Wheeler
D) Régine Pernoud
  • 8. Bonnie Wheeler is associated with which organization?
A) Inquisition of the Catholic church
B) Académie française
C) International Joan of Arc Society
D) Centre Jeanne d'Arc
  • 9. To what does Régine Pernoud credit Joan's clothing?
A) Her romantic feelings for female companions
B) Necessity and her belief that it was ordained by God
C) An attempt to hide her true noble identity
D) A desire to usurp a man's function entirely
  • 10. According to Guillaume Manchon's testimony at the Rehabilitation trial, why did Joan complain about not being able to do without male clothing?
A) To make it easier to ride horses into battle
B) Because it was required by Marie Robine's prophecy
C) Fearing that the guards would violate her in the night
D) Because women's clothing was illegal in France
  • 11. Which officials did Joan complain to regarding a guard attempting to rape her?
A) Charles VII, Gérard Machet, and Jacques Gelu
B) The Bishop of Beauvais, the Vice-Inquisitor, and Master Nicholas Loiseleur
C) Jules Quicherat, Bouzy, and Gerson
D) Vita Sackville-West, Bonnie Wheeler, and Régine Pernoud
  • 12. What link does Marina Warner argue existed in pre-industrial Europe?
A) Between bed-sharing and lesbianism
B) Between warfare and peasant status
C) Between transvestism and priestly functions
D) Between heresy and standard Catholic dogma
  • 13. According to Marina Warner, what third order did Joan occupy through her transvestism?
A) A traditional female religious martyr category
B) A Marxist liberator class
C) Neither male nor female, an androgyne
D) A strictly male divine warrior class
  • 14. Which center has been working on a re-edition of Jules Quicherat's Procès de Jeanne d'Arc under the direction of the Académie française?
A) The Inquisition
B) Centre Jeanne d'Arc in Orleans
C) The University of Paris
D) International Joan of Arc Society
  • 15. According to Bouzy, what characterizes Jules Quicherat's work which forms the basis of most modern scholarship on Joan?
A) Errors, selective editing, and manipulated versions of earlier documents
B) An exclusive focus on Leslie Feinberg's theories
C) Flawless transcription of all original trial records
D) A complete rejection of all theological treatises
  • 16. Which theological treatise ordered by Charles VII for Joan's rehabilitation is discussed in relation to her crossdressing?
A) Secrecy, Specularity, and Speculation
B) Jacques Gelu's treatise
C) Gerson's tract
D) Marie Robine's prophecy
  • 17. How did Jules Quicherat criticize Jacques Gelu's treatise?
A) As an "uninstructive hodgepodge"
B) As a brilliant foundational text for modern scholarship
C) As a dangerously heretical document
D) As an accurate transcription of the trial
  • 18. According to Bouzy, what does Jacques Gelu's text show about prelates who supported Charles VII in 1429?
A) They were reluctant to accept a young girl dressed as a man
B) They insisted she share a bed with female companions
C) They immediately recognized her as a transgender warrior
D) They believed she was an androgyne occupying a third order
  • 19. Who was the hermit from Avignon whose prophecy convinced Gérard Machet that Joan was the expected girl?
A) Vita Sackville-West
B) Joan Roughgarden
C) Marie Robine
D) Anne Llewellyn Barstow
  • 20. Who was Charles VII's confessor whose conviction about Marie Robine's prophecy helped influence the King?
A) Gérard Machet
B) Guillaume Manchon
C) Jules Quicherat
D) Jacques Gelu
  • 21. Steven Weiskopf's text begins with a recording of Joan's death by whom?
A) Master Nicholas Loiseleur
B) The Bishop of Beauvais
C) The Bourgeois of Paris
D) The Vice-Inquisitor
  • 22. According to the Bourgeois of Paris's recording, why were Joan's clothes removed after she was burned to death?
A) To follow standard Inquisition execution protocols
B) To punish her for refusing to wear women's garments
C) To preserve her male clothing as a holy relic
D) To show the audience that she was indeed female and remove doubts
  • 23. Who offers the most literal explanation linking the Bourgeois's description to the crowd's fascination with Joan's sexual identity?
A) Anne Llewellyn Barstow
B) Susan Crane
C) Leslie Feinberg
D) Bynum
  • 24. What phrase does the Bourgeois write quizzically regarding Joan's identity?
A) "It pleases God that I wear it."
B) "What it was, God only knows."
C) "A male-identified trans person."
D) "Dead wrong but fun."
  • 25. In the Journal of Modern and Medieval Studies, what does Susan Crane argue that isolating transvestism from sexual identity risks?
A) Confirming Marie Robine's prophecy
B) Validating Jules Quicherat's editorial methods
C) Proving conclusively that Joan was a lesbian
D) Assuming heterosexuality is the only position and that self-presentation has nothing to do with sexuality
  • 26. What is Joan's repeated justification for her attire, as noted by Susan Crane?
A) "What it was, God only knows."
B) "For nothing in the world will I renounce my identity"
C) "Fearing that the guards would violate her"
D) "It pleases God that I wear it"
  • 27. How does Susan Crane distinguish Joan from traditional holy transvestites?
A) Joan lays claim to her virginity and womanhood instead of burying it, identifying as a fighter
B) Joan renounces her female identity entirely to become an androgyne
C) Joan adopts male pronouns permanently
D) Joan refuses to engage in secular affairs
  • 28. According to Bynum, how does Joan's continued engagement in secular affairs and secular cross-dressing affect her virginity?
A) It destroys her claim to being a holy maiden
B) It aligns her perfectly with traditional monastic cross-dressers
C) It proves she was a biological male
D) It moves her virginity beyond its canonical meanings, suggesting a revision of heterosexual identity
  • 29. Which transgender author popularized the notion of Joan of Arc being transgender in the book 'Transgender Warriors'?
A) Steven Weiskopf
B) Leslie Feinberg
C) Joan Roughgarden
D) Bonnie Wheeler
  • 30. What is the title of the book by Leslie Feinberg that traces history from Joan of Arc to Dennis Rodman?
A) Secrecy, Specularity, and Speculation
B) Saint Joan of Arc
C) Transgender Warriors: Making History From Joan of Arc to Dennis Rodman
D) Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality
  • 31. Under what heading in 'Transgender Warriors' does Leslie Feinberg cite Evans and Murray regarding Joan's male costume?
A) Saint Joan of Arc
B) Procès de Jeanne d'Arc
C) They Called Her 'Hommasse'
D) Evolution's Rainbow
  • 32. How does transgender biologist Joan Roughgarden describe Joan of Arc in 'Evolution's Rainbow'?
A) As a "male-identified trans person"
B) As a traditional medieval bed-sharer
C) As a proto-feminist aristocratic aspirant
D) As an androgyne occupying a third order
  • 33. According to Leslie Feinberg in 'Transgender Liberation', why was Joan of Arc burned at the stake?
A) Because she supported Marie Robine's prophecy
B) Because she refused to stop dressing as a man
C) Because she was convicted of witchcraft by Jacques Gelu
D) Because she failed to prove her virginity to the Bourgeois of Paris
  • 34. What did Joan vow in her testimony regarding her clothing, according to court records cited by Leslie Feinberg?
A) "What it was, God only knows."
B) "For nothing in the world will I swear not to arm myself and put on a man's dress."
C) "It pleases God that I wear women's clothing."
D) "Dead wrong but fun."
  • 35. According to the text, what did Joan's judges in the verbatim proceedings of her interrogation find repugnant?
A) Her refusal to engage in secular affairs
B) Her support for Charles VII
C) 她的 bed-sharing habits
D) Her transvestism
  • 36. Which of the following descriptions was NOT used by Kelly DeVries to characterize how Joan of Arc has been portrayed?
A) Heretic
B) Religious zealot
C) Absolute monarch
D) Seer
  • 37. What was the common medieval practice used to rebut Vita Sackville-West's claim about Joan sharing a bed with women?
A) Guards sleeping in the same quarters as prisoners for safety
B) Women sharing beds with one another without sexual connotations
C) Saints sleeping on stone floors as penance
D) Warriors resting in communal tents during the Hundred Years War
  • 38. Whose testimony at the Rehabilitation trial did Régine Pernoud cite regarding Joan's complaints about guards attempting rape?
A) Jules Quicherat
B) Guillaume Manchon
C) Gérard Machet
D) Jacques Gelu
  • 39. According to Marina Warner, pre-industrial Europe saw a link between transvestism and what other function?
A) Military leadership
B) Monastic bed-sharing
C) Priestly functions
D) Peasant labor
  • 40. How does Marina Warner categorize Joan of Arc regarding her gender?
A) As a traditional heterosexual woman
B) As a biological male
C) As an androgyne
D) As a strict traditionalist
  • 41. Who is credited by Bouzy as forming the basis of most modern scholarship on Joan through the work 'Procès de Jeanne d'Arc'?
A) Jules Quicherat
B) Marie Robine
C) Jacques Gelu
D) Gerson
  • 42. What criticism does Bouzy level against Jules Quicherat's work?
A) It completely ignores Joan's cross-dressing
B) It advocates for Joan as a Marxist liberator
C) It contains errors, selective editing, and manipulated versions of earlier documents
D) It was written entirely by Vita Sackville-West
  • 43. According to Anne Llewellyn Barstow, why did both friend and foe "thirsted to know whether she was a man or a woman"?
A) They were troubled by the notion that a woman could be a powerful war leader
B) Because Jules Quicherat's edits obscured her records
C) Because Marie Robine's prophecy demanded gender verification
D) Because she refused to sleep in prison cells
  • 44. What phrase does Susan Crane argue is risked by isolating transvestism from sexual identity?
A) Proving that Joan was a transgender warrior
B) Denying that Joan had any religious faith
C) Confirming the validity of Jacques Gelu's treatise
D) Assuming heterosexuality is the only possible position for Joan
  • 45. Which scholar notes Joan's repeated justification of her attire as something that "pleases God that I wear it"?
A) Vita Sackville-West
B) Joan Roughgarden
C) Susan Crane
D) Leslie Feinberg
  • 46. What argument regarding protection against rape does Susan Crane dispute concerning Joan's behavior?
A) The argument that guards never attempted to violate her
B) The argument that Joan slept fully clothed in armor
C) The argument that she was forced into female garments by the Inquisition
D) The argument that male clothing served merely as protection against rape
  • 47. Bynum notes that Joan's engagement in secular affairs and secular cross-dressing does what to her virginity?
A) Aligns her with Marie Robine's prophecy
B) Destroys her canonical status entirely
C) Proves she was a traditional religious cross-dresser
D) Queers her virginity, moving it beyond canonical meanings
  • 48. What term does Leslie Feinberg use under a specific book heading to refer to Joan of Arc?
A) 'Androgyne'
B) 'Seer'
C) 'Hommasse'
D) 'Proto-feminist'
  • 49. Which biologist cites and agrees with Leslie Feinberg's assessment, describing Joan as a "male-identified trans person"?
A) Bonnie Wheeler
B) Kelly DeVries
C) Steven Weiskopf
D) Joan Roughgarden
  • 50. In which book does Joan Roughgarden describe Joan of Arc as a "male-identified trans person"?
A) Saint Joan of Arc
B) Transgender Warriors
C) Secrecy, Specularity, and Speculation
D) Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People
  • 51. According to Leslie Feinberg in 'Transgender Liberation', why did Joan suffer the excruciating pain of being burned alive?
A) Rather than renounce her identity
B) Because she refused to answer Jacques Gelu's questions
C) Because she failed to convince Gérard Machet
D) Because she supported Jules Quicherat's edits
  • 52. What did Joan's judges demand that she wear during her interrogation proceedings?
A) Armor without weapons
B) Women's clothing
C) Priestly robes
D) Traditional bed-sharing attire
  • 53. Who is cited alongside Evans by Leslie Feinberg regarding the "enormous importance" of Joan's male costume?
A) Pernoud
B) Murray
C) Bynum
D) Crane
  • 54. According to the text, who wrote 'Secrecy, Specularity, and Speculation'?
A) Anne Llewellyn Barstow
B) Steven Weiskopf
C) Susan Crane
D) Kelly DeVries
  • 55. Apart from Gerson's tract, what is noted about several other treatises ordered for Joan's rehabilitation?
A) They prove conclusively that Joan was a lesbian
B) They have never been translated and are likely to hold surprises
C) They were all written by Jules Quicherat
D) They were fully edited and published by the Centre Jeanne d'Arc
  • 56. How did English soldiers primarily refer to Joan of Arc during her life?
A) A prophet
B) A saint
C) A witch
D) A queen
  • 57. At what age was Joan of Arc executed in the marketplace of Rouen?
A) Twenty-five
B) Twenty-one
C) Seventeen
D) Nineteen
  • 58. In what year was Joan executed in the marketplace of Rouen?
A) 1449
B) 1450
C) 1431
D) 1430
  • 59. Which Pope appointed the commission that organized Joan's rehabilitation trial?
A) Pope Gregory IX
B) Pope Pius II
C) Pope Urban II
D) Pope Calixtus III
  • 60. In what year were Normandy and Rouen restored to the French, allowing nullification proceedings to begin?
A) 1430
B) 1450
C) 1449
D) 1431
  • 61. Who dispatched a letter on 15 February 1450 ordering the creation of a commission to reexamine the Condemnation trial?
A) Charles VII
B) Guillaume d'Estouteville
C) Bedford
D) Pope Calixtus III
  • 62. During which siege was Joan of Arc captured?
A) Orléans
B) Reims
C) Paris
D) Compiègne
  • 63. Who handed Joan of Arc over to the English after her capture?
A) The Italians
B) The Spanish
C) The Burgundians
D) The Germans
  • 64. What document did Joan sign in which she agreed to cease wearing male clothing?
A) A concordat
B) An indulgence
C) A cedula
D) A writ
  • 65. Which saint cut off her hair, donned male attire, and joined a monastery as 'Father Marinos'?
A) Saint Margaret
B) Saint Uncumber
C) Saint Thecla
D) Saint Marina
  • 66. Who argued that 'sexuality is central to the construction of sanctity in the Middle Ages'?
A) Simon Gaunt
B) John Anson
C) William Shakespeare
D) Stith Thompson
  • 67. Which saint was a Portuguese princess who prayed to be saved from marrying the King of Sicily and grew a beard?
A) Saint Margaret
B) Saint Marina
C) Saint Uncumber
D) Saint Thecla
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