A) PRC1, PRC2, and Oct4 B) Sox2, Nanog, and TrxG C) Klf4, c-Myc, and Oct4 D) OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG
A) Maintenance of pluripotency B) Suppression of NANOG C) Neural ectodermal fate D) Mesendodermal fate
A) NANOG B) Klf4 C) OCT4 D) SOX2
A) Trimethylation of H3K4 B) Histone acetylation C) Mono-ubiquitinylation of H2A D) Di- and tri-methylation of H3K27
A) Promoting gene activation B) Maintaining pluripotency C) Catalyzing mono-ubiquitinylation of H2AK119 D) Trimethylation of H3K4
A) Stable maintenance of pluripotency B) Decreased differentiation potential C) Inhibition of TrxG recruitment D) Increased expression of lineage-affiliated genes
A) Trithorax group (TrxG) proteins B) RNA polymerase II C) Histone methyltransferases D) Pioneer factors
A) Trimethylation of H3K4 B) Mono-ubiquitinylation of H2A C) Tri-methylation of H3K27 D) Demethylation of H3K27
A) High levels of DNA methylation B) Constitutive high expression C) Permanent silencing of all genes D) Competition between PcG and TrxG complexes
A) Decreased levels of SOX2 promote neural ectodermal fate B) Increased levels of SOX2 promote neural ectodermal fate C) It has no effect on germ layer selection D) It suppresses NANOG but not SOX2
A) They cannot initiate differentiation B) They cannot maintain the differentiated phenotype C) They express excessive amounts of NANOG D) They are forced into a neural fate
A) It is not expressed in the presence of SOX2 B) It actively suppresses neural ectodermal genes C) It has no function regarding neural fate D) It promotes neural ectodermal genes
A) Excessive gene expression B) Loss of cell culture ability C) Over-differentiation of cells D) Dedifferentiation as an aberration
A) A purine analog B) A type of stem cell C) A protein found in worms D) A gene regulatory network
A) How cells revert to an earlier stage B) The random selection of genes for expression C) The effects of purine analogs on human immunity D) How developmental mechanisms interact to produce morphogenesis
A) The change in cell shape in the laboratory B) The administration of chemical analogs C) A predefined genetic roadmap D) A Darwinian selective process occurring among cells
A) Prions B) Viruses C) Archaea D) Plants
A) Morphogenesis B) Redifferentiation C) Stochasticity D) Integration
A) Muscle fibers B) Specialized neurons C) Cancerous tumors D) Stem cells
A) Two B) Five C) Four D) Three
A) 3.72 billion B) 3.72 trillion C) 37.2 billion D) 37.2 trillion
A) Polyploid B) Monoploid C) Haploid D) Diploid
A) Gastrula B) Blastocyst C) Zygote D) Blastula
A) Virtually all human body tissues B) An entire organism C) Only neural tissue D) Only skin cells
A) Multipotent B) Unipotent C) Totipotent D) Pluripotent
A) Blastoderm B) Endoderm C) Mesoderm D) Ectoderm
A) Mesoderm B) Epidermis C) Endoderm D) Ectoderm
A) Endoderm B) Mesoderm C) Dermis D) Ectoderm
A) Only during the embryonic stage B) Only when the organism is injured C) Multiple times during development D) Only after reaching adulthood
A) Natural selection B) DNA recombination C) Genetic mutation D) Epigenetics
A) Yes, during aging B) No C) Yes, always D) Yes, in stem cells only
A) Terminal differentiation B) Pluripotency C) Self-renewal D) Totipotency
A) Cell metabolic rate B) Cell potency C) Cell size D) Cell membrane thickness
A) Totipotent B) Multipotent C) Unipotent D) Pluripotent
A) Self-renewal B) Creating placental tissue C) Differentiating into all cell types D) Permanent cell cycle arrest
A) Cytoskeletal proteins B) Growth factors C) Regulatory enzymes D) Dormant receptors
A) Induction B) Competence C) Dormancy D) Asymmetry
A) The uniform distribution of regulatory molecules B) The absence of phosphorylation cascades C) Asymmetrically expressed maternal cytoplasmic determinants or signaling D) The lack of enzymatic activity in the receptor
A) Receptors B) Growth factors C) Ligands D) RNA molecules
A) Surface-dwelling fish B) Cave-dwelling fish C) Drosophila D) Volvox
A) Linear attractor B) Progenitor attractor C) Strange attractor D) Random attractor
A) Bacteria B) Mammals C) Unicellular eukaryotes D) Plants
A) Convergent with bacterial systems B) Evolutionarily conserved C) Randomly evolved D) Entirely novel and unique to animals
A) Watson and Crick B) Darwin and Wallace C) Mendel and Morgan D) Lister R, et al.
A) 80% B) 20% C) 40% D) 60%
A) 30% B) 50% C) 80% D) 60%
A) 88 B) 1175 C) 56 D) 44
A) 51-56% B) 44-49% C) 1.5% D) 88%
A) 12% B) 80% C) 51-56% D) 44-49%
A) 46% B) 88% C) 56% D) 44%
A) 49% B) 88% C) 51% D) 46%
A) Histone deacetylase B) Pioneer factors C) Histone acetyltransferase D) DNA methyltransferase
A) Increases chromatin accessibility B) Reverses histone acetylation C) Maintains heritable repression D) Promotes active transcription
A) H3K27me3-carrying B) Deacetylated nucleosomes C) H3K4me3-carrying D) Heterochromatic nucleosomes
A) Chromatin accessibility B) Total DNA quantity C) Nucleotide sequence order D) RNA interference
A) Apoptosis assay B) Histone acetylation mapping C) Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay D) DNA methylation profiling
A) Methylated euchromatin B) Heterochromatin C) Euchromatin D) Pioneer chromatin
A) DNA methyltransferases B) Histone acetyltransferases C) Histone deacetylases D) Histone demethylases
A) H3K27me3 B) Histone deacetylation C) H3K4me3 D) DNA methylation
A) Always permanently repressed B) Loosely bound C) Tightly bound D) Transcriptionally inactive
A) Cytosine B) Lysine C) Guanine D) Adenine
A) Jak-STAT3 complex. B) PcG complex. C) Smad complex. D) Mi-2/NuRD complex.
A) Decreased proliferation. B) Rapid differentiation. C) Increased apoptosis. D) Increased proliferation.
A) Sonic hedgehog pathway. B) Bmi1 signaling. C) Notch signaling. D) Jak-STAT3 pathway.
A) STAT3. B) BMI1. C) OCT4. D) KDM1A.
A) Random cellular movement. B) Mechanical signalling by the cytoskeleton. C) Oxygen concentration levels. D) Genetic mutation rates.
A) OCT4. B) Smad proteins. C) Wnt3a. D) H3K27me3.
A) Focal adhesions B) Ribosomes C) Cell nuclei D) Mitochondria
A) Non-muscle myosin IIa-c B) Microtubules C) Actin filaments D) Keratin filaments
A) Blebbistatin B) Bicellum C) RhoA D) Chemokine
A) IId B) IIa C) IIb D) IIc
A) Five hundred million years B) Two billion years C) Fifty million years D) One billion years
A) Deep ocean trenches B) Freshwater lakes C) Volcanic vents D) Arctic glaciers
A) Muscle tissue B) Skin epidermis C) Brain tissue D) Bone marrow
A) Bone mineralization B) Stem-cell like properties C) Brain neuronal activity D) Muscle fiber properties
A) Cell wall B) Endoplasmic reticulum C) Actin network D) Nuclear envelope |